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Revision as of 16:21, 10 October 2018 view sourceClueBot NG (talk | contribs)Bots, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers6,439,200 editsm Reverting possible vandalism by Lelmessy to version by Quackslikeaduck. Report False Positive? Thanks, ClueBot NG. (3504382) (Bot)Tag: Rollback← Previous edit Revision as of 16:31, 10 October 2018 view source Lelmessy (talk | contribs)3 editsNo edit summaryTag: nonsense charactersNext edit →
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{{for|the historical civilization originating in this city|Ancient Rome}}
{{other uses|Rome (disambiguation)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2016}}

{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
| name = Rome
| official_name = ''Roma Capitale''
| native_name = ''Roma''
| settlement_type = '']''
| image_skyline = Rome Montage 2017.png
| image_caption = Clockwise from top: the ], ], ], ], ] and the ]
| image_flag = ]
| image_shield = ]
| nickname = The Eternal City, Capital of the World, Throne of St. Peter
<!-- maps and coordinates ------>
| image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg
| map_caption = The territory of the comune (''Roma Capitale'', in red) inside the Metropolitan City of Rome (''Città Metropolitana di Roma'', in yellow). The white area in the centre is Vatican City.
| pushpin_map = Italy#Lazio#Europe
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in ] & ]
|pushpin_relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|41|54|N|12|30|E|region:IT_type:city(3000000)|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = <!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) -->

<!-- re- location ------------------>
| subdivision_type = ]
| subdivision_name = {{nowrap|]{{efn|Excluding ]}}}}
| subdivision_type2 = ]
| subdivision_name2 = ]
<!-- government type, leaders -->
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = Special ] ("Roma Capitale")
| governing_body = Rome City Council
| leader_title = ]
| leader_name = ] (])
| total_type = Total
| unit_pref = IT
<!-- area ---------------------->
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_sq_mi = 496.3
| area_urban_sq_mi =
<!-- elevation ----------------->
| elevation_footnote =
| elevation_m = 21
| elevation_ft =
<!-- population ---------------->
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 30 April 2018
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 2236
| population_rank = ] (])
| population_blank1_title = Comune
| population_blank1 = 2,868,782<ref name="Istat">{{cite web |title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT |url = http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2017gen/index.html |accessdate=14 February 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707030831/http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2017gen/index.html |archivedate=7 July 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| population_blank2_title = ]
| population_blank2 = 4,355,725<ref name="PR"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205172000/http://demo.istat.it/pop2014/popol.php?m1=&m2=&m3=&m4=&m5=y&f1=&f2=&f3=&f4=&f5=y&daanno=0&adanno=100&lingua=eng&Rip=S3&Reg=R12&Pro=P058&Com=000&submit=Save |date=5 February 2015 }} – Demo.istat.it</ref>
| population_demonym = {{lang-it|Romano (masculine), Romana (feminine)}}<br>{{lang-en|Roman}}
<!-- time zone(s) -------------->
| timezone1 = ]
| utc_offset1 = +1
<!-- postal codes, area code --->
| postal_code_type = ]
| postal_code = 00100; 00118 to 00199
| area_code = 06
| website =
| pushpin_label = Rome
| un_locode =
<!-- website, footnotes -------->
}}

'''Rome''' ({{lang-it|Roma}} {{IPA-it|ˈroːma||It-Roma.ogg}}; {{lang-la|Roma}} {{IPA-la|ˈroːma|}}) is the ] of ] and a special ] (named ''Comune di Roma Capitale''). Rome also serves as the capital of the ] ]. With 2,868,782 residents in {{convert|1285|km2|mi2|1|abbr=on}},<ref name="Istat" /> it is also the country's most populated comune. It is the ] in the ] by population within city limits. It is the centre of the ], which has a population of 4.3 million residents.<ref name="PR" /> Rome is located in the central-western portion of the ], within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of the ]. The ] (the smallest country in the world)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.history.com/news/what-is-the-smallest-country-in-the-world|title=What is the smallest country in the world?|work=HISTORY|access-date=2018-09-27|language=en}}</ref> is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city: for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states.<ref>{{cite web|title=Discorsi del Presidente Ciampi |url=http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/ex-presidenti/Ciampi/dinamico/discorso.asp?id=21495 |publisher=Presidenza della Repubblica |accessdate=17 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053829/http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/ex-presidenti/Ciampi/dinamico/discorso.asp?id=21495 |archivedate=21 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Le istituzioni salutano Benedetto XVI|url=http://www.repubblica.it/2005/d/sezioni/esteri/nuovopapa/reazitalia/reazitalia.html|publisher=La Repubblica|accessdate=17 May 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302053332/http://www.repubblica.it/2005/d/sezioni/esteri/nuovopapa/reazitalia/reazitalia.html|archivedate=2 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

] spans 28 centuries. While ] dates the ] at around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the ] in Europe.<ref name="Heiken, G. 2005">Heiken, G., Funiciello, R. and De Rita, D. (2005), The Seven Hills of Rome: A Geological Tour of the Eternal City. Princeton University Press.</ref> The city's early population originated from a mix of ], ], and ]. Eventually, the city successively became the capital of the ], the ] and the ], and is regarded as the birthplace of ] and by some as the first ever ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historytoday.com/mary-harlow/old-age-ancient-rome|title=Old Age in Ancient Rome – History Today|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210546/https://www.historytoday.com/mary-harlow/old-age-ancient-rome|archivedate=12 June 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was first called ''The Eternal City'' ({{lang-la|Urbs Aeterna}}; {{lang-it|La Città Eterna}}) by the Roman poet ] in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by ], ], and ].<ref>Stephanie Malia Hom, "Consuming the View: Tourism, Rome, and the Topos of the Eternal City", ''Annali d'Igtalianistica'' '''28''':91–116 {{jstor|24016389}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Andres Perez|first=Javier|title=APROXIMACIÓN A LA ICONOGRAFÍA DE ROMA AETERNA|url=http://www.elfuturodelpasado.com/elfuturodelpasado/Ultimo_numero_files/023.pdf|publisher=El Futuro del Pasado|accessdate=28 May 2014|pages=349–363|year=2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923235403/http://www.elfuturodelpasado.com/elfuturodelpasado/Ultimo_numero_files/023.pdf|archivedate=23 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rome is also called the "]" (Capital of the World). After the ], which marked the beginning of the ], Rome slowly fell under the political control of the ], which had settled in the city since the 1st century AD, until in the 8th century it became the capital of the ], which lasted until 1870. Beginning with the ], almost all the popes since ] (1447–1455) pursued over four hundred years a coherent architectural and urban programme aimed at making the city the artistic and cultural centre of the world.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Giovannoni|first1=Gustavo|title=Topografia e urbanistica di Roma|date=1958|publisher=Istituto di Studi Romani|location=Rome|pages=346–47|language=Italian}}</ref> In this way, Rome became first one of the major centres of the ],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Rome, city, Italy |encyclopedia=Columbia Encyclopedia |edition=6th |year=2009 |url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=117042793 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324095132/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=117042793 |archivedate=24 March 2010 }}</ref> and then the birthplace of both the ] style and ]. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, creating masterpieces throughout the city. In 1871, Rome became the capital of the ], which, in 1946, became the ].

Rome has the status of a ].<ref name="lboro.ac.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html |title=GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2012 |publisher=Lboro.ac.uk |date=13 January 2014 |accessdate=2 August 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320212149/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html |archivedate=20 March 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citigroup.com/citi/citiforcities/pdfs/eiu_hotspots_2012.pdf |title=The Global City Competitiveness Index |publisher=The Economist |date=12 March 2012 |accessdate=9 May 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516142055/http://www.citigroup.com/citi/citiforcities/pdfs/eiu_hotspots_2012.pdf |archivedate=16 May 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="atkearney.at">{{cite web|url=http://www.atkearney.com/research-studies/global-cities-index/full-report |title=2014 Global Cities Index and Emerging Cities Outlook |accessdate=2 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417135221/http://www.atkearney.com/research-studies/global-cities-index/full-report |archivedate=17 April 2014 }}</ref> In 2016, Rome ranked as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the ], and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/29/travel/gallery/most-visited-cities-euromonitor/index.html|title=World's most visited cities|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307203514/http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/29/travel/gallery/most-visited-cities-euromonitor/index.html|archivedate=7 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Its historic centre is listed by ] as a ].<ref name="whc.unesco.org">{{cite web|title=Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/91|work=] World Heritage Centre|accessdate=8 June 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224124311/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/91|archivedate=24 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Monuments and museums such as the ] and the ] are among the world's most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year, and the city hosted the ]. Rome is the seat of several specialized agencies of the ], such as the ] (FAO), the ] (WFP) and the ] (IFAD). The city hosts the headquarters of many international business companies, such as ], ], ], ], and national and international banks such as ] and ]. Its business district, called EUR, is the base of many companies involved in the oil industry, the pharmaceutical industry, and financial services. Rome is also an important fashion and design centre thanks to renowned international brands centered in the city. Rome's ] Studios have been the set of many ]–winning movies.

==Etymology==
], ] in Rome]]

According to the ] of the city by the Ancient Romans themselves,<ref name="livy1797">{{cite book
| publisher = Printed for A.Strahan
| last = Livy
| others = George Baker (trans.)
| title = The history of Rome
| year = 1797
}}</ref> the long-held tradition of the origin of the name ''Roma'' is believed to have come from the city's founder and first ], ].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/509038/Romulus-and-Remus |title=Romulus and Remus |publisher=Britannica.com |date=25 November 2014 |accessdate=9 March 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317100831/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/509038/Romulus-and-Remus |archivedate=17 March 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

However, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself.<ref>Cf. Jaan Puhvel: ''Comparative mythology.'' The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London 1989, p. 287.</ref> As early as the 4th century, there have been alternative theories proposed on the origin of the name ''Roma''. Several hypotheses have been advanced focusing on its linguistic roots which however remain uncertain:<ref>Claudio Rendina: ''Roma Ieri, Oggi, Domani''. Newton Compton, Roma, 2007, p. 17.</ref>
* from ''Rumon'' or ''Rumen'', archaic name of the ], which in turn has the same root as the Greek verb ῥέω (''rhéō'') and the Latin verb ''ruo'', which both mean "flow";{{efn|This hypothesis originates from the Roman Grammarian ].}}
* from the ] word 𐌓𐌖𐌌𐌀 (''ruma''), whose root is ''*rum-'' "teat", with possible reference either to the ] the cognately named twins ], or to the shape of the ] and ]s;
* from the Greek word ῥώμη (''rhṓmē''), which means ''strength''.{{efn|This hypothesis originates from ].}}

==History==
{{Main article|History of Rome|Timeline of the city of Rome}}
{{Quote box
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| quote =
{{flagicon image|Lapis-niger.jpg}} ] c. 2nd millennium-753 BC
{{flagicon image|Lapis-niger.jpg}} ] (]) 10th century-753 BC<br>
(Foundation of the city) 9th-c. BC<br>
{{flagicon image|Capitoline Wolf of Roman Kingdom.svg}} ] 753–509 BC<br>
{{flagicon|Roman Empire}} ] 509–27 BC <br>
{{flag|Roman Empire}} 27 BC–285 AD <br>
{{flagicon image|Labarum of Constantine the Great.svg}} ] 285–476 <br>
{{flagicon image|Odovacar Ravenna 477.jpg}} ] 476–493 <br>
{{flagicon image|Teodorico re dei Goti (493-526).png}} ] 493–553 <br>
{{flagicon image|Simple Labarum.svg}} ] 553–754 <br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Papal States (1825-1870).svg}} ] 754–1870 <br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg}} ] 1870–1946 <br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Italy.svg}} ] 1946–present <br>
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg}} ] 1929–present
}}

===Earliest history===
{{Main article|Founding of Rome}}
There is archaeological evidence of human occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago, but the dense layer of much younger debris obscures Palaeolithic and Neolithic sites.<ref name="Heiken, G. 2005"/> Evidence of stone tools, pottery, and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence. Several excavations support the view that Rome grew from ] settlements on the ] built above the area of the future ]. Between the end of the ] and the beginning of the ], each hill between the sea and the Capitol was topped by a village (on the Capitol Hill, a village is attested since the end of the 14th century BC).<ref name=coa9>Coarelli (1984) p. 9</ref> However, none of them had yet an urban quality.<ref name=coa9/> Nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city developed gradually through the aggregation ("]") of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine.<ref name=coa9/> This aggregation was facilitated by the increase of agricultural productivity above the ], which also allowed the establishment of ] and ]. These in turn boosted the development of trade with the Greek colonies of southern Italy (mainly ] and ]).<ref name=coa9/> These developments, which according to archaeological evidence took place during the mid-eighth century BC, can be considered as the "birth" of the city.<ref name=coa9/> Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome was founded deliberately in the middle of the eighth century BC, as the legend of Romulus suggests, remains a fringe hypothesis.<ref name="foundation">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/12/science/12rome.html |title=More Clues in the Legend (or Is It Fact?) of Romulus |first=John Nobel |last=Wilford |date=12 June 2007 |work=New York Times |accessdate=11 August 2008 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417112437/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/12/science/12rome.html |archivedate=17 April 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

====Legend of the founding of Rome====
]'', sculpture of the ] suckling the infant twins ]]]
Traditional stories handed down by the ] themselves explain the earliest ] in terms of ] and ]. The most familiar of these myths, and perhaps the most famous of all ], is the story of ], the twins who were suckled by a ].<ref name="livy1797"/> They decided to build a city, but after an argument, ] killed his brother and the city took his name. According to the Roman ]s, this happened on 21 April 753 BC.<ref name=awg73>Hermann & Hilgemann(1964), p.73</ref> This legend had to be reconciled with a dual tradition, set earlier in time, that had the ] ] escape to Italy and found the line of Romans through his son ], the namesake of the ].<ref name="livy2005">{{Cite book| publisher = Penguin Books Ltd| isbn = 978-0-14-196307-5| last = Livy| title = The Early History of Rome| date = 26 May 2005}}</ref>
This was accomplished by the Roman poet ] in the first century BC.

===Monarchy, republic, empire===
{{Main article|Ancient Rome|Roman Kingdom|Roman Republic|Roman Empire}}
{{multiple image
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}}
After the legendary foundation by Romulus,<ref name=awg73/> Rome was ruled for a period of 244 years by a monarchical system, initially with sovereigns of ] and ] origin, later by ] kings. The tradition handed down seven kings: ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name=awg73/>
] visibly express the power and wealth of emperors from Augustus until the 4th century.]]

In 509 BC, the Romans expelled the last king from their city and established an ] ]. Rome then began a period characterized by internal struggles between ] (aristocrats) and ] (small landowners), and by constant warfare against the populations of central Italy: Etruscans, Latins, ], ], ].<ref name=awg77>Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.77</ref> After becoming master of ], Rome led several wars (against the ], ]-] and the Greek colony of ], allied with ], king of ]) whose result was the conquest of the ], from the central area up to ].<ref name=awg79>Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.79</ref>

The third and second century BC saw the establishment of Roman hegemony over the Mediterranean and the East, through the three ] (264–146 BC) fought against the city of ] and the three ] (212–168 BC) against ].<ref name=awg8183>Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.81-83</ref> Then were established the first ]s: ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name=awg8185>Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.81-85</ref>

From the beginning of the 2nd century BC, power was contested between two groups of aristocrats: the ], representing the conservative part of the ], and the ], which relied on the help of the ] (urban lower class) to gain power. In the same period, the bankruptcy of the small farmers and the establishment of large slave estates provoked the migration to the city of a large number of people. The continuous warfare made necessary a professional army, which was more loyal to its generals than to the republic. Because of this, in the second half of the second century and during the first century BC there were conflicts both abroad and internally: after the failed attempt of social reform of the populares ] and ],<ref name=awg89>Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.89</ref> and the war against ],<ref name=awg89/> there was ] between ] and ].<ref name=awg89/> To this followed a ] under ],<ref name=awg91>Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.91</ref> and then the establishment of the ] with ], ] and ].<ref name=awg91/>
] belongs to a series of ''monumental fora'' (public squares) constructed in Rome by the emperors. Also in the image can be seen the ].]]
].]]
The conquest of ] made Caesar immensely powerful and popular, which led to a ] against the Senate and Pompey. After his victory, Caesar established himself as ].<ref name=awg91/> His assassination led to a ] among ] (Caesar's grandnephew and heir), ] and ], and to ] between Octavian and Antony.<ref name=awg93>Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.93</ref> The former in 27 BC became '']'' and got the title of ], founding the ], a ] between the ''princeps'' and the senate.<ref name=awg93/> Rome was established as a ] empire, which reached its greatest expansion in the second century under the Emperor ]. Rome was confirmed as ], i.e. the capital of the world, an expression which had already been given in the Republican period. During its first two centuries, the empire saw as rulers, emperors of the ],<ref name=awg97>Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.97</ref> ] (who also built eponymous amphitheatre, known as the ])<ref name=awg97/> and ] dynasties.<ref name=awg99>Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.99</ref> This time was also characterised by the spread of the Christian religion, preached by ] in ] in the first half of the first century (under ]) and popularized by his ]s through the empire and beyond.<ref name=awg107>Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.107</ref> The Antonine age is considered the apogee of the Empire, whose territory ranged from the ] to the ] and from ] to ].<ref name=awg99/>

]
], it was erected by the ] to commemorate ]'s victory over ] at the ] in 312.]]
] are the remains of those buildings that during most of the Ancient Rome's time represented the political, legal, religious and economical center of the city and the neuralgic center of all the Roman civilization.<ref>{{cite|url=https://www.ancient.eu/article/26/the-roman-forum/|title=The Roman Forum|author=Ancient History Encyclopedia|date=January 18, 2012}}</ref>]]

After the end of the Severan Dynasty in 235, the Empire entered into 50-year period known as the ] during which there were numerous putsches by generals, who sought to secure the region of the empire they were entrusted with due to the weakness of central authority in Rome. There was the so-called Gallic Empire from 260-274 and the revolts of Zenobia and her father from the mid-260s which sought to fend off Persian incursions. Some regions - Britain, Spain, and North Africa - were hardly affected. Instability caused economic deterioration, and there was a rapid rise in inflation as the government debased the currency in order to meet expenses. The ] along the Rhine and north of the Balkans made serious, uncoordinated incursions from the 250s-280s that were more like giant raiding parties rather than attempts to settle. The ] in the East invaded several times during the 230s to 260s but were eventually defeated.<ref name=awg101>Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.101</ref>
Emperor ] (284) undertook the restoration of the State. He ended the Principate and introduced the so-called ] which tried to give the impression of absolute power. The most marked feature was the unprecedented intervention of the State down to the city level: whereas the State had submitted a tax demand to a city and allowed it to allocate the charges, from his reign the State did this down to the village level. In a vain attempt to control inflation, he imposed ] which did not last. He or Constantine regionalized the administration of the empire which fundamentally changed the way it was governed by creating regional dioceses (the consensus seems to have shifted from 297 to 313/14 as the date of creation due to the argument of Constantin Zuckerman in 2002 "Sur la liste de Verone et la province de grande armenie, Melanges Gilber Dagron). The existence of regional fiscal units from 286 served as the model for this unprecedented innovation. The emperor quickened the process of removing military command from governors. Henceforth, civilian administration and military command would be separate. He gave governors more fiscal duties and placed them in charge of the army logistical support system as an attempt to control it by removing the support system from its control. Diocletian ruled the eastern half (with residence in ]). In 296, he elevated ] as ''Augustus'' of the western half where he ruled mostly from ] (Current day Milan) when not on the move.<ref name=awg101/> In 292, he created two 'junior' emperors, the Caesars, one for each Augustus, Constantius for Britain, Gaul, and Spain whose seat of power was in Trier and Licinius in Srimium in the Balkans. The appointment of a Caesar was not unknown: Diocletian tried to turn into a system of non-dynastic succession. Upon abdication in 305, Caesars succeeded and they in turn appointed to colleagues for themselves.<ref name=awg101/>

].]]
] theater.]]

After the abdication of Diocletian and Maximian in 305 and a series of civil wars between rival claimants to imperial power during the years 306-313, the Tetrarchy was abandoned. Constantine called the Great undertook a major reform of the bureaucracy not by changing the structure but by rationalizing the competencies of the several ministries during the years 325-330 after he defeated Licinius, emperor in the East at the end of 324.The so-called ] of 313, actually a fragment of a Letter from Licinius to the governors of the eastern provinces, granted freedom of worship to everyone including to Christians and ordered the restoration of confiscated church properties upon petition to the newly created vicars of dioceses. He funded the building of several churches and allowed clergy to act as arbitrators in civil suits (a measure that did not outlast him but which was restored in part much later). He transformed the town of Byzantium into his new residence, which however, was not officially anything more than an imperial residence like Milan or Trier or Nicomedia until given a city prefect in May 359 by Constantius II; ].<ref name=awg103>Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.103</ref> The creation of Constantinople would have a profound effect on Europe: it was the bulwark against invasion and conquest from the East for 1000 years.

Christianity in the form of the Nicene Creed became the official religion of the empire in 380 via the ] issued in the name of three emperors—Gratian, Valentinian II, and ]—with Theodosius clearly the driving force behind it. He was the last emperor of a unified empire: after his death in 395 his sons, ] and ] divided the empire into ] and ] part. The seat of government in the Western Roman Empire was transferred to ] after the siege of Milan in 402. During the 5th century, the emperors from the 430s mostly resided in the capital, Rome.<ref name=awg103/>

] divided the empire into ] and ] part.]]
Rome, which had lost its central role in the administration of the empire, ] by the ] led by ],<ref name=awg115>Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.115</ref> but very little physical damage was done, most of which was repaired. What could not be so easily replaced were portable items such as art work in precious metals and items for domestic use (loot). The popes embellished the city with large basilicas, such as Santa Maria Maggiore (with the collaboration of the emperors). The population of the city had fallen from 800,000 to 450-500,000 by the time the city was sacked in 455 by ], king of the ].<ref name=awg117>Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.117</ref> The weak emperors of the fifth century could not stop the decay, until the deposition of ] on 22 August 476 marked the end of the Western Roman Empire and, for many historians, the beginning of the ].<ref name=awg103/> The decline of the city's population was caused by the loss of grain shipments from North Africa, from 440 on, and the unwillingness of the senatorial class to maintain donations to support a population that was too large for the resources available. Even so, strenuous efforts were made to maintain the monumental centre, the palatine, and the largest baths, which continued to function until the Gothic siege of 537. The large baths of Constantine on the Quirinale were even repaired in 443; and the extent of the damage exaggerated and dramatized (according to "Rome, An Urban History from Antiquity to the Present", Rabun Taylor, Katherine W. Rinne and Spiro Kostof, 2016 pp. 160–179). However, the city gave an appearance overall of shabbiness and decay because of the large abandoned areas due to population decline. Population declined to 500,000 by 452 and 100,000 by 500 AD (perhaps larger, though no certain figure can be known). After the Gothic siege of 537, population dropped to 30,000, but had risen to 90,000 by the papacy of Gregory the Great. ("Rome, Profile of a City": 321-1308, Richard Krautheimer, p.&nbsp;165.). The population decline coincided with the general collapse of urban life in the West in the 5th and 6th centuries, with few exceptions. Subsidized state grain distributions to the poorer members of society continued right through the 6th century and probably prevented the population from falling further ("Rome, Urban History", pp.&nbsp;184–185.) The figure of 450,000-500,000 is based on the amount of pork, 3,629,000 lbs. distributed to poorer Romans during five winter months at the rate of 5 Roman lbs per person per month, enough for 145,000 persons or 1/4 or 1/3 of the total population. (Novel 36, 2, Emperor Valeninian III). Grain distribution to 80,000 ticket holders at the same time suggests 400,000 (Augustus set the number at 200,000 or one-fifth of the population).

===Middle Ages===
] by the Visighotic king ]]]

The Bishop of Rome, called the ], was important since the early days of Christianity because of the martyrdom of both the apostles ] and ] there. The Bishops of Rome were also seen (and still are seen by Catholics) as the successors of Peter, who is considered the first Bishop of Rome. The city thus became of increasing importance as the centre of the ]. After the ] in 476 AD, Rome was first under the control of ] and then became part of the ] before returning to ] control after the ], which devastated the city. Its population declined from more than a million in 210 AD to 500,000 in 273<ref>{{cite web |last=Editors |first=Mandatory |url=http://www.mandatory.com/2013/01/24/the-16-greatest-cities-in-human-history/9 |title=travel, history, civilizations, greatest cities, largest cities, Rome |publisher=Mandatory |date=24 January 2013 |accessdate=12 March 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130090938/http://www.mandatory.com/2013/01/24/the-16-greatest-cities-in-human-history/9 |archivedate=30 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> to 35,000 after the Gothic War (535-554),<ref>Luc-Normand Tellier (2009). "'' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101113738/https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA185&dq&hl=en |date=1 January 2016 }}''". PUQ. p.185. {{ISBN|2-7605-1588-5}}</ref> reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins, vegetation, vineyards and market gardens.<ref>Norman John Greville Pounds. ''An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330''. p. 192.</ref>. It is generally thought the population of the city until 300 A.D. was 1 million (estimates range from 2 million to 750,000) declining to 750-800,000 in 400 A.D., 450-500,000 in 450 A.D. and down to 80-100,000 in 500 A.D. (though it may have been twice this), Rome in Late Antiquity, Bernard Lancon, 2001, pp. 14, 115-119; Rome Profile of a City, Richard Krautheimer, 2000, pp. 4, 65.

After the ], the city remained nominally Byzantine, but in reality the popes pursued a policy of equilibrium between ], the ], and the ].<ref name=be19>Bertarelli (1925), p.19</ref> In 729, the Lombard king ] donated to the church the north Latium town of ], starting the temporal power of the church.<ref name=be19/> In 756, ], after having defeated the Lombards, gave to the Pope temporal jurisdiction over the Roman Duchy and the ], thus creating the ].<ref name=be19/> Since this period, three powers tried to rule the city: the pope; the nobility, together with the chiefs of militias, the judges, the Senate and the populace; and the Frankish king, as king of the Lombards, patricius, and Emperor.<ref name=be19/> These three parties (theocratic, republican, and imperial) were a characteristic of Roman life during the entire Middle Ages.<ref name=be19/> On the Christmas night of 800, ] was crowned in Rome as emperor of the ] by ]: on that occasion the city hosted for the first time the two powers whose struggle for the universal power was to be a constant of the Middle Ages.<ref name=be19/>

] portraying the crowning of ] in ], on 25 December 800]]
In 846, Muslim Arabs ], but managed to loot ]'s and St. Paul's basilica, both outside the city wall.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205030647/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/06/eust/ht06eust.htm |date=5 December 2008 }}, ]</ref> After the decay of ], Rome fell prey to feudal anarchy: several noble families kept fighting against the pope, the emperor, and each other. These were the times of ] and her daughter ], concubines and mothers of several popes, and of ], a powerful feudal lord, who fought against the Emperors ] and ].<ref name=be20>Bertarelli (1925), p.20</ref> The scandals of this period pushed the papacy to reform itself: the election of the pope was reserved to the cardinals, and a reform of the clergy was attempted. The driving force behind this renewal was the monk ], who once elected pope under the name of ] became involved into the ] against Emperor ].<ref name=be20/> Subsequently, Rome ] by the ] of ] who had entered the city in support of the Pope, who was besieged in Castel S. Angelo.<ref name=be20/>

During this period, the city was autonomously ruled by a ''senatore'' or ''patrizio'': in the 12th century. This administration, as often in the Italian cities, evolved into the ], a new form of social organisation, expression of the new wealthy classes.<ref name=be20/> Pope ] had already to fight against the Roman commune, and the struggle was continued by his successor ]: then the commune, allied with the nobility, was supported by ], a monk who was a religious and social reformer.<ref name=be21>Bertarelli (1925), p.21</ref> After the pope's death, Arnaldo was taken prisoner by ], which marked the end of the comune's autonomy.<ref name=be21/> Under ], whose reign marked the apogee of the papacy, the commune liquidated the senate, and replaced it with a ''Senatore'', who was subject to the pope.<ref name=be21/>

In this period, the papacy played a role of secular importance in ], often acting as arbitrators between Christian ]s and exercising additional political powers.<ref name="Faus">Faus, José Ignacio Gonzáles. "''Autoridade da Verdade – Momentos Obscuros do Magistério Eclesiástico''". Capítulo VIII: Os papas repartem terras – Pág.: 64–65 e Capítulo VI: O papa tem poder temporal absoluto – Pág.: 49–55. Edições Loyola. {{ISBN|85-15-01750-4}}. Embora Faus critique profundamente o poder temporal dos papas ("''Mais uma vez isso salienta um dos maiores inconvenientes do status político dos sucessores de Pedro''" – pág.: 64), ele também admite um papel secular positivo por parte dos papas ("''Não podemos negar que intervenções papais desse gênero evitaram mais de uma guerra na Europa''" – pág.: 65).</ref><ref name="Papal Arbitration">{{cathEncy|wstitle=Papal Arbitration|author=Jarrett, Bede}}</ref><ref>Such as regulating the ] of the ]. See ] and ].</ref>

]]]

In 1266, ], who was heading south to fight the ] on behalf of the pope, was appointed Senator. Charles founded the ], the university of Rome.<ref name=be21/> In that period the pope died, and the cardinals, summoned in ], could not agree on his successor: the people of the city, angered, unroofed the building where they had met, imprisoning them until they had nominated the new pope: this happening marked the birth of the ].<ref name=be21/> In this period the city was also shattered by continuous fights among the noble families: ], ], ], ], ], nested in their fortresses built above ancient Roman edifices, fought each other to control the papacy.<ref name=be21/>

], born Caetani, was the last pope to fight for the church's universal domain: he proclaimed a crusade against the Colonna and, in 1300, called for the first ], which brought to Rome millions of pilgrims.<ref name=be21/> However, his hopes were crushed by the French king ], who took him prisoner and slashed him in ], causing his death.<ref name=be21/> Afterwards, a new pope faithful to the French was elected, and the papacy was ] to ] (1309–1377).<ref name=be22>Bertarelli (1925), p.22</ref> During this period the city was neglected, until the power fell in the hand of a plebeian man, ].<ref name=be22/> An idealist and a lover of ancient Rome, Cola dreamed about a rebirth of the Roman Empire: after assuming the power with the title of '']'', his reforms were rejected by the populace.<ref name=be22/> Forced to flee, Cola could come back among the suite of cardinal ], in charge of restoring the church power in Italy.<ref name=be22/> Back in power for a short time, he was lynched by the populace, and Albornoz could take possession of the city, that, in 1377, under ], became again the seat of the papacy.<ref name=be22/> The return of the pope to Rome in that year unleashed the ] (1377–1418), and during the next forty years, the city was prey of the fights which shattered the church.<ref name=be22/>

===Early modern===
{{Main article|Roman Renaissance}}
] or Hadrian's Mausoleum, it's a Roman monument radically altered in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, here ] secluded himself, from the ] built in year 134 crowned with 16th and 17th centuries' statues.]]
] by ] in 1629]]
In 1418, the ] settled the ], and a Roman pope, ], was elected.<ref name=be22/>
This brought to Rome a century of internal peace, which marked the beginning of the ].<ref name=be22/> The ruling popes until the first half of the 16th century, from ], founder of the ], to ], humanist and literate, from ], a warrior pope, to ], immoral and ], from ], soldier and patron, to ], who gave his name to this period ("the century of Leo X"), all devoted their energy to the greatness and the beauty of the Eternal City, to the power of their stock{{clarify|date=August 2017}}, and to the patronage of the arts.<ref name=be22/>

During those years, the centre of the ] moved to Rome from Florence. Majestic works, as the new ], the ] and '']'' (the first bridge to be built across the ] since antiquity, although on Roman foundation) were created. To accomplish that, the Popes engaged the best artists of the time, including ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].

The period was also infamous for papal corruption, with many Popes fathering children, and engaging in ] and ]. The corruption of the Popes and the huge expenses for their building projects led, in part, to the ] and, in turn, the ]. ], for example, was well known for his decadence, extravagance and immoral life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nndb.com/people/159/000092880/ |title=Pope Alexander VI |publisher=Nndb.com |accessdate=3 February 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212192700/http://nndb.com/people/159/000092880/ |archivedate=12 February 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Under extravagant and rich popes, Rome was transformed into a centre of art, poetry, music, literature, education and culture. Rome became able to compete with other major European cities of the time in terms of wealth, grandeur, the arts, learning and architecture.

The ] period changed the face of Rome dramatically, with works like the ] by Michelangelo and the frescoes of the ]. Rome reached the highest point of splendour under ] (1503–1513) and his successors ] and ], both members of the ].
] in Rome circa 1650]]

], circa 1730]]
In this twenty-year period, Rome became one of the greatest centres of art in the world. The old St. Peter's Basilica built by Emperor ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13369b.htm |work=Catholic Encyclopedia |title=Basilica of St. Peter |publisher=Newadvent.org |date=1 February 1912 |accessdate=3 February 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110133607/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13369b.htm |archivedate=10 January 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> (which by then was in a dilapidated state) was demolished and a new one begun. The city hosted artists like ], ], ] and ], who built the temple of ] and planned a great project to renovate the ]. Raphael, who in Rome became one of the most famous painters of Italy, created frescoes in the ], the ], plus many other famous paintings. Michelangelo started the decoration of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and executed the famous statue of the ] for the tomb of Julius II. Rome lost in part its religious character, becoming increasingly a true Renaissance city, with a great number of popular feasts, horse races, parties, intrigues and licentious episodes.

Its economy was rich, with the presence of several Tuscan bankers, including ], who was a friend of Raphael and a patron of arts. Before his early death, Raphael also promoted for the first time the preservation of the ancient ruins. The fight between France and Spain in Europe caused the first plunder of the city in less than five hundred years after ]. In 1527, the ]s of Emperor ] ], putting to an abrupt end the golden age of the Renaissance in Rome.<ref name=be22/>

Beginning with the Council of Trent in 1545, the Church began the Counter-Reformation as an answer to the Reformation, a large-scale questioning of the Church's authority on spiritual matters and governmental affairs. (This loss of confidence then led to major shifts of power away from the Church.)<ref name=be22/> Under the popes from ] to ], Rome became the centre of the reformed Catholicism and saw the instalment of new monuments which celebrated the papacy's restored greatness.<ref name=be23>Bertarelli (1925), p.23</ref> The popes and cardinals of the 17th and early 18th centuries continued the movement by having the city's landscape enriched with baroque buildings.<ref name=be23/>

This was another nepotistic age: the new noble families (], ], ], ], ], ]) were protected by their respective popes, who built for their relatives huge baroque buildings.<ref name=be23/> During the ], new ideas reached also the Eternal City, where the papacy supported archaeological studies and improved the people's welfare.<ref name=be22/> But not everything went well for the Church during the Counter-Reformation. There were setbacks in the attempts to restrain the anti-Church policies of European powers of the time, the most notable setback perhaps being in 1773 when Pope Clement XIV was forced by secular powers to have the ].<ref name=be22/>

===Late modern and contemporary===
], ''St. Peter's Basilica and ]'', 1834]]
The rule of the Popes was interrupted by the short-lived ] (1798–1800), which was built under the influence of the ]. The Papal States were restored in June 1800, but during ]'s reign Rome was ] of the ]: first as ''Département du Tibre'' (1808–1810) and then as ''Département Rome'' (1810–1814). After the fall of Napoleon, the Church State under the pope was reinstated through the ] of 1814.

In 1849, ] arose within the framework of the ]. Two of the most influential figures of the ], ] and ], fought for the short-lived republic.

] on 20 September 1870]]

Rome then became the focus of hopes of Italian reunification, as the rest of Italy was reunited as the ], with a temporary capital at ]. In 1861, Rome was declared capital of Italy even though it was still under the Pope's control. During the 1860s, the last vestiges of the ] were under French protection, thanks to the foreign policy of ]. It was only when this was lifted in 1870, owing to the outbreak of the ], that Italian troops were able to ] entering the city through a breach near ]. Afterwards, ] declared himself as ], and in 1871 the capital of Italy was finally moved from Florence to Rome.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12134b.htm |work=Catholic Encyclopedia |title=Pope Pius IX |publisher=Newadvent.org |accessdate=3 February 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308223209/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12134b.htm |archivedate=8 March 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

] troops, 1943]]

Soon after World War I, Rome witnessed the rise of ], led by ], who ] in 1922, eventually declaring a new ] and allying Italy with ]. Mussolini pulled down large parts of the city centre in order to build wide avenues and squares which were supposed to celebrate the fascist regime and the resurgence of classical Rome.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cederna|first1=Antonio|title=Mussolini urbanista|date=1979|publisher=Laterza|location=Bari|pages=passim|language=Italian}}</ref> The interwar period saw a rapid growth in the city's population, which surpassed one million inhabitants. In World War II, due to its art treasuries and the presence of the Vatican, Rome largely escaped the tragic destiny of other European cities. However, on 19 July 1943 the ] was ], resulting in about 3,000 immediate deaths and 11,000 wounded of which another 1,500 died. After ] and the ] on 8 September 1943, the city was occupied by the Germans and declared an ] until ].

Rome developed momentously after the war, as one of the driving forces behind the "]" of post-war reconstruction and modernisation in the 1950s and early 1960s. During this period, the years of ''la dolce vita'' ("the sweet life"), Rome became a fashionable city, with popular classic films such as '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']'' filmed in the city's iconic ] film studios. The rising trend in population growth continued until the mid-1980s, when the ''comune'' had more than 2.8 million residents. After that, population started to decline slowly as inhabitants began to move to nearby suburbs of Rome.

==Government==
{{See also|Mayor of Rome|Administrative subdivision of Rome}}

===Local government===
] with the Rome City Hall]]

Rome constitutes a '']'', named ''"Roma Capitale"'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.roma.it/wps/portal/pcr?contentId=NEW151061&jp_pagecode=newsview.wp&ahew=contentId:jp_pagecode|title=Roma diventa Capitale|accessdate=6 March 2012|language=Italian|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205130517/http://www.comune.roma.it/wps/portal/pcr?contentId=NEW151061&jp_pagecode=newsview.wp&ahew=contentId:jp_pagecode|archivedate=5 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and is the largest both in terms of land area and population among the 8,101 ''comuni'' of Italy. It is governed by a mayor and a city council. The seat of the ''comune'' is the ''Palazzo Senatorio'' on the ], the historic seat of the city government. The local administration in Rome is commonly referred to as ''"Campidoglio"'', the Italian name of the hill.

====Administrative and historical subdivisions====
]
]]]
Since 1972, the city has been divided into administrative areas, called ''municipi'' (sing. ''municipio'') (until 2001 named ''circoscrizioni'').<ref>{{cite web|title=Territorio |publisher=Comune di Roma |accessdate=5 October 2009 |url=http://www.comune.roma.it/was/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_21L?menuPage=/Area_di_navigazione/Sezioni_del_portale/Dipartimenti_e_altri_uffici/Dipartimento_XV/www-9-romastatistica-9-it/Territorio/&flagSub= |language=Italian }}{{Dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> They were created for administrative reasons to increase decentralisation in the city. Each ''municipio'' is governed by a president and a council of twenty-five members who are elected by its residents every five years. The ''municipi'' frequently cross the boundaries of the traditional, non-administrative divisions of the city.<br> The municipi were originally 20, then 19.<ref>In 1992 after a ] the XIX Circoscrizione became the '']'' of ]</ref> In 2013, their number has been reduced to 15.<ref>{{cite news|title=Roma, sì all'accorpamento dei municipi: il Consiglio li riduce da 19 a 15|url=http://www.ilmessaggero.it/roma/campidoglio/roma_municipi_accorpamento_consiglio_s_riduzione/notizie/257651.shtml#|accessdate=13 March 2013|newspaper=Il Messaggero|date=11 March 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316064219/http://www.ilmessaggero.it/roma/campidoglio/roma_municipi_accorpamento_consiglio_s_riduzione/notizie/257651.shtml|archivedate=16 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Rome is also divided into differing types of non-administrative units. The historic centre is divided into 22 '']'', all of which are located within the ] except ] and ].

These originate from the ], which evolved in the Middle Ages into the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.romeartlover.it/Rioni.html |title=The "Rioni" of Rome |publisher=Romeartlover.it |accessdate=3 February 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519060423/http://www.romeartlover.it/Rioni.html |archivedate=19 May 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In the ], under Pope ], they reached again the number of fourteen, and their boundaries were finally defined under ] in 1743.

A new subdivision of the city under ] was ephemeral, and there were no sensible changes in the organisation of the city until 1870, when Rome became the third capital of Italy. The needs of the new capital led to an explosion both in the urbanisation and in the population within and outside the ]. In 1874, a fifteenth rione, ], was created on the newly urbanised zone of ]. At the beginning of the 20th century other rioni where created (the last one was Prati – the only one outside the Walls of ] – in 1921). Afterward, for the new administrative subdivisions of the city the name "quartiere" was used. Today all the rioni are part of the first Municipio, which therefore coincides completely with the ''historical city'' (''Centro Storico'').

===Metropolitan and regional government===
Rome is the principal town of the ], operative since 1 January 2015. The Metropolitan City replaced the old ], which included the city's metropolitan area and extends further north until ]. The Metropolitan City of Rome is the largest by area in Italy. At {{convert|5352|km2}}, its dimensions are comparable to the region of ]. Moreover, the city is also the capital of the ] region.

===National government===
], now seat of the ]]]
Rome is the national capital of Italy and is the seat of the ]. The official residences of the ] and the ], the seats of both houses of the ] and that of the ] are located in the historic centre. The state ministries are spread out around the city; these include the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is located in ] near the Olympic stadium.

==Geography==
===Location===
Rome is in the ] region of ] on the ] ({{lang-it|Tevere}}) river. The original settlement developed on hills that faced onto a ford beside the ], the only natural ford of the river in this area. The Rome of the Kings was built on seven hills: the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], and the ]. Modern Rome is also crossed by another river, the ], which flows into the Tiber north of the historic centre.

Although the city centre is about {{convert|24|km|mi|0}} inland from the ], the city territory extends to the shore, where the south-western district of ] is located. The altitude of the central part of Rome ranges from {{convert|13|m|0}} ] (at the base of the ]) to {{convert|139|m|0}} ] (the peak of ]).<ref>
{{cite book
|last1=Ravaglioli |first1=Armando
|title=Roma anno 2750 ab Urbe condita
|publisher=Tascabili Economici Newton
|year=1997
|location=Rome
|language=Italian
|isbn=88-8183-670-X
}}</ref> The ''Comune'' of Rome covers an overall area of about {{convert|1285|km2|0}}, including many green areas.

===Topography===
]
]
Throughout the history of Rome, the urban limits of the city were considered to be the area within the city’s walls. Originally, these consisted of the ], which was built twelve years after the ]ish sack of the city in 390 BC. This contained most of the Esquiline and Caelian hills, as well as the whole of the other five. Rome outgrew the ], but no more walls were constructed until almost 700 years later, when, in 270 AD, Emperor ] began building the ]. These were almost {{convert |19|km|0}} long, and were still the walls the troops of the ] had to breach to enter the city in 1870. The city's urban area is cut in two by its ring-road, the '']'' ("GRA"), finished in 1962, which circles the city centre at a distance of about {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=on}}. Although when the ring was completed most part of the inhabited area lay inside it (one of the few exceptions was the former village of ], which lies along the Tyrrhenian coast), in the meantime quarters have been built which extend up to {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} beyond it.

The ''comune'' covers an area roughly three times the total area within the ''Raccordo'' and is comparable in area to the entire metropolitan cities of ] and ], and to an area six times the size of the territory of these cities. It also includes considerable areas of abandoned marsh land which is suitable neither for agriculture nor for urban development.

As a consequence, the density of the ''comune'' is not that high, its territory being divided between highly urbanised areas and areas designated as parks, ], and for agricultural use.

==Climate==
{{Main article|Climate of Rome}}
Rome has a ] (]: ''Csa''),<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/
|title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906034159/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/
|archivedate=6 September 2010
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref> with cool, humid winters and warm, dry summers.

Its average annual temperature is above {{convert|20|°C|°F|abbr=on}} during the day and {{convert|10|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at night. In the coldest month, January, the average temperature is {{convert|12|°C|°F|abbr=on}} during the day and {{convert|3|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at night. In the warmest months, July and August, the average temperature is {{convert|30|°C|°F|abbr=on}} during the day and {{convert|18|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at night.

December, January and February are the coldest months, with a daily mean temperature of {{convert|8|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.Temperatures during these months generally vary between {{convert|10|and|15|C|F}} during the day and between {{convert|3|and|5|C|F|abbr=on}} at night, with colder or warmer spells occurring frequently. Snowfall is rare but not unheard of, with light snow or flurries occurring almost every winter, generally without accumulation, and major snowfalls approximately once every 5 years (most recently in 2018, previously 2012).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteo-net.it/articoli/storiconeve.aspx|title=Storia della neve a Roma|accessdate=2 October 2014 |archivedate=27 July 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727130551/http://www.meteo-net.it/articoli/storiconeve.aspx}}</ref><ref>https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/26/europe-snow-rome-coldest-winter-top-wire/ Snow in surprising places during Europe’s coldest day of the winter]". ''Associated Press''. The Mercury News. 26 February 2018.</ref>

The average ] is 75%, varying from 72% in July to 77% in November. Sea temperatures vary from a low of {{convert|13|°C|°F|abbr=on}} in February and March to a high of {{convert|24|°C|°F|abbr=on}} in August.<ref name="sea temp"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624083053/http://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/italy/rome |date=24 June 2017 }}. Retrieved 9 June 2017</ref>

{{Weather box
|location= ] <small>(altitude: 105 m sl, {{convert|13|km|0|abbr=on}} south-east from Colosseum )</small>
|metric first= yes
|single line= yes
|Jan high C= 11.9
|Feb high C= 13.0
|Mar high C= 15.2
|Apr high C= 17.7
|May high C= 22.8
|Jun high C= 26.9
|Jul high C= 30.3
|Aug high C= 30.6
|Sep high C= 26.5
|Oct high C= 21.4
|Nov high C= 15.9
|Dec high C= 12.6
|year high C= 20.4
|Jan mean C= 7.5
|Feb mean C= 8.2
|Mar mean C= 10.2
|Apr mean C= 12.6
|May mean C= 17.2
|Jun mean C= 21.1
|Jul mean C= 24.1
|Aug mean C= 24.5
|Sep mean C= 20.8
|Oct mean C= 16.4
|Nov mean C= 11.4
|Dec mean C= 8.4
|year mean C= 15.2
|Jan low C= 3.1
|Feb low C= 3.5
|Mar low C= 5.2
|Apr low C= 7.5
|May low C= 11.6
|Jun low C= 15.3
|Jul low C= 18.0
|Aug low C= 18.3
|Sep low C= 15.2
|Oct low C= 11.3
|Nov low C= 6.9
|Dec low C= 4.2
|year low C= 10.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm= 66.9
|Feb precipitation mm= 73.3
|Mar precipitation mm= 57.8
|Apr precipitation mm= 80.5
|May precipitation mm= 52.8
|Jun precipitation mm= 34.0
|Jul precipitation mm= 19.2
|Aug precipitation mm= 36.8
|Sep precipitation mm= 73.3
|Oct precipitation mm= 113.3
|Nov precipitation mm= 115.4
|Dec precipitation mm= 81.0
|year precipitation mm= 804.3
|Jan precipitation days= 7.0
|Feb precipitation days= 7.6
|Mar precipitation days= 7.6
|Apr precipitation days= 9.2
|May precipitation days= 6.2
|Jun precipitation days= 4.3
|Jul precipitation days= 2.1
|Aug precipitation days= 3.3
|Sep precipitation days= 6.2
|Oct precipitation days= 8.2
|Nov precipitation days= 9.7
|Dec precipitation days= 8.0
|year precipitation days= 79.4
|unit precipitation days = 1&nbsp;mm
|Jan sun= 120.9
|Feb sun= 132.8
|Mar sun= 167.4
|Apr sun= 201.0
|May sun= 263.5
|Jun sun= 285.0
|Jul sun= 331.7
|Aug sun= 297.6
|Sep sun= 237.0
|Oct sun= 195.3
|Nov sun= 129.0
|Dec sun= 111.6
|year sun= 2472.8
|source 1= ],<ref name=ServizioMeteorologico1>{{cite web
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727013211/http://clima.meteoam.it/AtlanteClimatico/pdf/(239)Roma%20Ciampino.pdf
|archivedate=27 July 2017
|url=http://clima.meteoam.it/AtlanteClimatico/pdf/(239)Roma%20Ciampino.pdf
|title= Tabelle climatiche 1971–2000 della stazione meteorologica di Roma-Ciampino Ponente dall'Atlante Climatico 1971–2000
|publisher=Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare}}</ref> data of sunshine hours<ref>{{cite web
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727013115/http://clima.meteoam.it/web_clima_sysman/Clino6190/CLINO239.txt
|archivedate=27 July 2017
|url=http://clima.meteoam.it/web_clima_sysman/Clino6190/CLINO239.txt
|title=Visualizzazione tabella CLINO della stazione / CLINO Averages Listed for the station Roma Ciampino |accessdate=13 June 2011}}</ref> (1971–2000)
|date=December 2014}}

== Demographics ==
{{Main article|Demographics of Italy}}
{{Historical populations
|type=
|footnote= Source: ], 2001
|1861 |194500
|1871 |212432
|1881 |273952
|1901 |422411
|1911 |518917
|1921 |660235
|1931 |930926
|1936 |1150589
|1951 |1651754
|1961 |2188160
|1971 |2781993
|1981 |2840259
|1991 |2775250
|2001 |2663182
|2011 |2617175
|2017 |2876051
}}
In 550 BC, Rome was the second largest city in Italy, with ] being the largest. It had an area of about {{convert|285|ha|abbr=off}} and an estimated population of 35,000. Other sources suggest the population was just under 100,000 from 600–500 BC.<ref>Cornell (1995) 204–5</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vL2ntMk7j-4C&pg=PA78 |title=Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome |author=Gregory S. Aldrete |date=30 January 2007 |accessdate=13 July 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130043744/https://books.google.com/books?id=vL2ntMk7j-4C&pg=PA78 |archivedate=30 November 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> When the Republic was founded in 509 BC the census recorded a population of 130,000. The republic included the city itself and the immediate surroundings. Other sources suggest a population of 150,000 in 500 BC. It surpassed 300,000 in 150 BC.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHtvowE9bt8C&pg=PA168 |title=The History of Human Populations: Forms of growth and decline |author=P. M. G. Harris |accessdate=13 July 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101113738/https://books.google.com/books?id=fHtvowE9bt8C&pg=PA168 |archivedate=1 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Herreros |first=Francisco |url=https://www.academia.edu/1458998/Size_and_Virtue |title=Size and Virtue |publisher=Academia |accessdate=13 July 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904013536/http://www.academia.edu/1458998/Size_and_Virtue |archivedate=4 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|jstor=295257|title=Roman Population, Territory, Tribe, City, and Army Size from the Republic's Founding to the Veientane War, 509 B.C.-400 B.C.|first=Lorne H.|last=Ward|date=1 January 1990|publisher=|journal=The American Journal of Philology|volume=111|issue=1|pages=5–39|doi=10.2307/295257}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/14/14443392/1444339214.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=24 September 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6fFlTUkB0?url=http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/14/14443392/1444339214.pdf |archivedate=13 February 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg7JYZO_nEMC&pg=PA81 |title=Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present |author=Paul Bairoch |date=18 June 1991 |accessdate=13 July 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101113738/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg7JYZO_nEMC&pg=PA81 |archivedate=1 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The size of the city at the time of the Emperor ] is a matter of speculation, with estimates based on grain distribution, grain imports, aqueduct capacity, city limits, population density, census reports, and assumptions about the number of unreported women, children and slaves providing a very wide range. Glenn Storey estimates 450,000 people, Whitney Oates estimates 1.2 million, Neville Morely provides a rough estimate of 800,000 and excludes earlier suggestions of 2 million.<ref>N.Morley, ''Metropolis and Hinterland'' (Cambridge, 1996) 33–9</ref><ref>Duiker, 2001. page 149.</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501052229/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-20586744.html |date=1 May 2011 }} by Glenn R. Storey. HighBeam Research. Written 1 December 1997. Retrieved 22 April 2007.</ref><ref> by Whitney J. Oates. Originally published in ''Classical Philology''.
Vol. 29, No. 2 (April 1934), pp&nbsp;101–116. Retrieved 22 April 2007.</ref>

After the ], the city's population declined to less than 50,000 people. It continued to stagnate or shrink until the ].<ref>P. Llewellyn, ''Rome in the Dark Ages'' (London 1993), p. 97.</ref> When the ] annexed Rome in 1870, the city had a population of about 200,000. This increased to 600,000 by the eve of World War I. The ] regime of Mussolini tried to block an excessive demographic rise of the city, but failed to prevent it from reaching one million people by the early 1930s.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}{{clarify|why?|date=March 2014}} Population growth continued after the Second World War, helped by a post-war economic boom. A construction boom also created a large number of suburbs during the 1950s and 1960s.

In mid-2010, there were 2,754,440 residents in the city proper, while some 4.2&nbsp;million people lived in the greater Rome area (which can be approximately identified with its administrative metropolitan city, with a population density of about 800 inhab./km² stretching over more than 5,000&nbsp;km²). Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 17.00% of the population compared to pensioners who number 20.76%. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06% (minors) and 19.94% (pensioners). The average age of a Roman resident is 43 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Rome grew by 6.54%, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html |title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT |publisher=Demo.istat.it |accessdate=3 February 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426215446/http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html |archivedate=26 April 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The current{{when|date=August 2017}} birth rate of Rome is 9.10 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

The urban area of Rome extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 3.9 million.<ref name=World_Urban_Areas> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517065701/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |date=17 May 2017 }}, January 2015</ref> Between 3.2 and 4.2 million people live in the ].<ref>], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002318/http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf |date=24 September 2015 }}, Final Report, Chapter 3, (ESPON, 2007)</ref><ref>], {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6BOknujg6?url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table |date=14 October 2012 }}, accessed on 23 June 2009. Data for 2009 unless otherwise noted.</ref><ref>] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, , (United Nations, 2010), Table A.12. Data for 2007.</ref><ref>], '' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016032356/https://books.google.com/books?id=kBsfY-Pe2Q4C |date=16 October 2015 }}'', OECD Territorial Reviews, (OECD Publishing, 2006), Table 1.1</ref><ref>Thomas Brinkoff, {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5rRuMtUmh?url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |date=24 July 2010 }}, accessed on 12 March 2009. Data for 1 April 2011.</ref>

===Ethnic groups===
] '']''.]]
According to the latest statistics conducted by ISTAT,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://demo.istat.it/str2009/index.html |title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT |publisher=Demo.istat.it |accessdate=30 January 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117015639/http://demo.istat.it/str2009/index.html |archivedate=17 January 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> approximately 9.5% of the population consists of non-Italians. About half of the immigrant population consists of those of various other European origins (chiefly Romanian, Polish, Ukrainian, and Albanian) numbering a combined total of 131,118 or 4.7% of the population. The remaining 4.8% are those with non-European origins, chiefly Filipinos (26,933), Bangladeshis (12,154), and Chinese (10,283).

The ] '']'', off ], has evolved into a largely immigrant neighbourhood. It is perceived as Rome's Chinatown. Immigrants from more than a hundred different countries reside there. A commercial district, Esquilino contains restaurants featuring many kinds of international cuisine. There are wholesale clothes shops. Of the 1,300 or so commercial premises operating in the district 800 are Chinese-owned; around 300 are run by immigrants from other countries around the world; 200 are owned by Italians.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402172334/http://www.romepost.it/Rioni_of_Rome_Esquilino.htm |date=2 April 2015 }}</ref>

==Religion==
{{Main article|Religion in Rome}}
], Rome's Cathedral, start to built in 324, partly rebuilt between 1660-1734.]]
Much like the rest of Italy, Rome is predominantly ], and the city has been an important centre of religion and pilgrimage for centuries, the base of the ancient Roman religion with the ] and later the seat of the ] and the pope. Before the arrival of the Christians in Rome, the ] (literally, the "Roman Religion") was the major religion of the city in classical antiquity. The first gods held sacred by the Romans were ], the most high, and ], god of war, and father of Rome's twin founders, ], according to tradition. Other gods and goddesses such as ] and ] were honoured. Rome was also the base of several mystery cults, such as ]. Later, after ] and ] were martyred in the city, and the first Christians began to arrive, Rome became ], and the ] was constructed in 313 AD. Despite some interruptions (such as the ]), Rome has for centuries been the home of the ] and the ], otherwise known as the Pope.
], it is one of the four Papal ]s and it has numerous architectural styles, built between 4th century and 1743.]]
Despite the fact that Rome is home to the ] and St. Peter's Basilica, Rome's cathedral is the ], located to the south-east of the city-centre. There are around 900 churches in Rome in total, aside from the cathedral itself, some others of note include: the ], the ], the ], ] and the ]. There are also the ancient ] underneath the city. Numerous highly important religious educational institutions are also in Rome, such as the ], ], ], and ].

In recent years, there has been a significant growth in Rome's ] community, mainly due to immigration from North African and Middle Eastern countries into the city.{{clarify |date=June 2017 |reason= How many Muslim migrants came; how many are living in Rome today?}} As a result of this increase of the local practitioners of the ]ic faith, the ''comune'' promoted the building of the ], which is the largest mosque in ], that was designed by architect ] and inaugurated on 21 June 1995. Since the end of the Roman Republic, Rome is also the centre of an important ] community,<ref>Coarelli, p. 308.</ref> which was once based in ], and later in the ]. There lies also the major synagogue in Rome, the '']''.

===Vatican City===
{{Main article|Vatican City}}
{{wide image|Vatikan Kolonaden Petersdom.jpg|1000px|alt=Panorama of St. Peter's Square|] in Vatican City.}}
The territory of Vatican City is part of the ''Mons Vaticanus'' (]), and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields, where ], the ], the ], and museums were built, along with various other buildings. The area was part of the Roman ] of ] until 1929. Being separated from the city on the west bank of the ], the area was a suburb that was protected by being included within the walls of ], later expanded by the current fortification walls of ]/]/].

When the ] of 1929 that created the Vatican state was being prepared, the boundaries of the proposed territory were influenced by the fact that much of it was all but enclosed by this loop. For some tracts of the frontier, there was no wall, but the line of certain buildings supplied part of the boundary, and for a small part of the frontier a modern wall was constructed.

The territory includes ], separated from the territory of Italy only by a white line along the limit of the square, where it borders Piazza Pio XII. St. Peter's Square is reached through the ], which runs from the Tiber to St. Peter's. This grand approach was designed by architects ] and Spaccarelli, for want of ] and in accordance with the church, after the conclusion of the ]. According to the ], certain ] located in Italian territory, most notably the ] and the ]s, enjoy extraterritorial status similar to that of foreign ].

===Pilgrimage===
] in Rome]]
Rome has been a major Christian pilgrimage site since the Middle Ages. People from all over the ] visit Vatican City, within the city of Rome, the seat of the papacy. The Pope was the most influential figure during the Middle Ages. The city became a major pilgrimage site during the ] and the focus of struggles between the Papacy and the ] starting with ], who was crowned its first emperor in Rome in 800 by ]. Apart from brief periods as an independent city during the ], Rome kept its status as Papal capital and "holy city" for centuries, even when the Papacy ] to ] (1309–1377). Catholics believe that the Vatican is the last resting place of St. Peter.

Pilgrimages to Rome can involve visits to a large number of sites, both within Vatican City and in Italian territory. A popular stopping point is the ]: these are, according to the Christian tradition, the steps that led up to the ] of ] in ], which ] stood on during his ] on his way to trial.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319025615/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F06%2F14%2Fwsteps114.xml |date=19 March 2008 }}, ''Daily Telegraph'', Malcolm Moore, 14 June 2007</ref> The stairs were, reputedly, brought to Rome by ] in the 4th Century. For centuries, the ''Scala Santa'' has attracted Christian pilgrims who wished to honour the Passion of Jesus. Object of pilgrimage are also several catacombs built in the Roman age, in which Christians prayed, buried their dead and performed worship during periods of persecution, and various national churches (among them ] and ]), or churches associated with individual religious orders, such as the Jesuit Churches of Jesus and Sant'Ignazio.

Traditionally, pilgrims in Rome and Roman citizens thanking God for a grace should visit by foot the ] ({{lang-it|Le sette chiese}}) in 24 hours. This custom, mandatory for each pilgrim in the Middle Ages, was codified in the 16th century by Saint ]. The seven churches are the four major Basilicas (], ], ] and ]), while the other three are ] (a palaeochristian Basilica), ] (a church founded by ], the mother of Constantine, which hosts fragments of wood attributed to the holy cross) and ] (which lies on the ] and is built above ]).

==Cityscape==
{{See also|List of tourist attractions in Rome|List of streets in Rome}}

===Architecture===
{{Main article|Architecture of Rome}}
], built as a temple dedicated to "all the gods of the past, present and future".]]
] is still today the largest ] in the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-3000/largest-amphitheatre/|title=Colosseum: The Largest Amphitheatre|work=Guinnesworldrecords.com|date=March 6, 2013}}</ref>. It was used for ] shows and other public events (hunting shows, recreations of famous battles and dramas based on classical mythology).]]

Rome's architecture over the centuries has greatly developed, especially from the Classical and Imperial Roman styles to modern ]. Rome was for a period one of the world's main epicentres of classical architecture, developing new forms such as the ], the ] and the ].<ref name="Eyewitness">Eyewitness Travel (2006), pg.36–37.</ref> The ] style in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries was also widely used in Roman architecture, and later the city became one of the main centres of ], ] and neoclassic architecture.<ref name="Eyewitness"/>

====Ancient Rome====
{{Main article|List of ancient monuments in Rome|Ancient Roman architecture}}
One of the symbols of Rome is the ] (70–80 AD), the largest ] ever built in the Roman Empire. Originally capable of seating 60,000 spectators, it was used for ]ial combat. A list of important monuments and sites of ancient Rome includes the ], the ], the ], ], ], the ], the ], the ], ], the ], the ], the ], the ], and the ].

====Medieval====
The medieval popular quarters of the city, situated mainly around the Capitol, were largely demolished between the end of the 19th century and the fascist period, but many notable buildings still remain. Basilicas dating from the ] include ] and ] (the latter largely rebuilt in the 19th century), both housing precious 4th century AD mosaics. Notable later notable medieval mosaics and frescoes can be also found in the churches of ], ], and ]. Secular buildings include a number of towers, the largest being the ] and the ], both next the Roman Forum, and the huge outdoor stairway leading up to the basilica of ].

====Renaissance and Baroque====
Rome was a major world centre of the ], second only to Florence, and was profoundly affected by the movement. Among others, a masterpiece of ] in Rome is the Piazza del Campidoglio by ]. During this period, the great aristocratic families of Rome used to build opulent dwellings as the ] (now seat of the ]), the ], the ], the ], the ] (now seat of the ]), the ], the ], and the ].

{{wide image|Piazza del Campidoglio panoramic view 39948px.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|Panoramic view of ], with the copy of the ].}}

Many of the famous city's squares – some huge, majestic and often adorned with ], some small and picturesque – got their present shape during the Renaissance and Baroque. The principal ones are ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. One of the most emblematic examples of Baroque art is the ] by ]. Other notable 17th-century ] are the ], now the seat of the ] and the ], now the seat of the ].

====Neoclassicism====
]]]
In 1870, Rome became the capital city of the new ]. During this time, ], a building style influenced by the architecture of ], became a predominant influence in ]. During this period, many great palaces in neoclassical styles were built to host ministries, embassies, and other governing agencies. One of the best-known symbols of Roman neoclassicism is the ] or "Altar of the Fatherland", where the ], that represents the 650,000 Italians that fell in World War I, is located.

====Fascist architecture====
]]]
{{See also|Fascist architecture}}

The Fascist regime that ruled in Italy between 1922 and 1943 had its showcase in Rome. Mussolini allowed the construction of new roads and piazzas, resulting in the destruction of roads, houses, churches and palaces erected during the papal rule. The main activities during his government were: the "isolation" of the ]; Via dei Monti, later renamed Via del'Impero, and finally ]; Via del Mare, later renamed Via del ]; the "isolation" of the ], with the erection of Piazza Augusto Imperatore; ].

Architecturally, Fascism favored the most modern movements, such as ]. Parallel to this, in the 1920s another style emerged, named "Stile Novecento", characterised by its links with ancient Roman architecture. One important construction in the latter style is the Foro Mussolini, now ], by ]. Next to it, the most important Fascist site in Rome is the ] district, designed in 1938 by ]. This new quarter emerged as a compromise between Rationalist and Novecento architects, the former being led by ]. The EUR was originally conceived for the ], and was called "E.42" (''"Esposizione 42"''). The most representative buildings of EUR are the ] (1938–1943), the iconic design of which has been labelled the cubic of Square Colosseum, and the ], example of Rationalist style. The world exhibition, however, never took place because Italy entered the Second World War in 1940, and the realised buildings were partly destroyed in 1943 during the fighting between Italian and German army after the armistice and later abandoned. The quarter was restored in the 1950s, when the Roman authorities found that they already had the seed of an off-centre business district of the type that other capitals were still planning (] and ] in Paris). Also, the ], the current seat of the ], was designed in 1935 in pure Fascist style.

===Parks and gardens===
], in the gardens of the ]]]
{{Main article|List of parks and gardens in Rome}}
Public parks and nature reserves cover a large area in Rome, and the city has one of the largest areas of green space among European capitals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.romaperkyoto.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=35&Itemid=52 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204030918/http://www.romaperkyoto.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=35&Itemid=52 |archivedate=4 February 2008 |title=Green Areas |publisher=RomaPerKyoto.org |accessdate=9 November 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The most notable part of this green space is represented by the large number of villas and landscaped gardens created by the Italian aristocracy. While most of the parks surrounding the villas were destroyed during the building boom of the late 19th century, some of them remain. The most notable of these are ], ], and ]. Villa Doria Pamphili is west of the Gianicolo hill comprising some {{convert|1.8|km2|1|abbr=out|lk=out}}. Also on the Gianicolo hill there is ], with playgrounds for children and shaded walking areas. In the nearby area of Trastevere the ] (Botanical Garden) is a cool and shady green space. The old Roman hippodrome (Circus Maximus) is another large green space: it has few trees, but is overlooked by the Palatine and the Rose Garden ('roseto comunale'). Nearby is the lush ], close to the gardens surrounding the Baths of Caracalla. The Villa Borghese garden is the best known large green space in Rome, with famous art galleries among its shaded walks. Overlooking ] and the Spanish Steps are the gardens of ] and ]. Noteworthy is also the Pine wood of ], near Ostia. Rome also has a number of regional parks of much more recent origin including the ] and the Appian Way Regional Park. There are also nature reserves at Marcigliana and at Tenuta di Castelporziano.

===Fountains and aqueducts===
{{Main article|List of fountains in Rome|List of aqueducts in the city of Rome}}
], start to built in the Ancient Rome and completed in 1762 by a design of ]]]
Rome is a city famous for its numerous fountains, built in all different styles, from Classical and Medieval, to Baroque and Neoclassical. The city has had ]s for more than two thousand years, and they have provided drinking water and decorated the ]s of Rome. During the ], in 98 AD, according to ], the Roman consul who was named ''curator aquarum'' or guardian of the water of the city, Rome had nine ] which fed 39 monumental fountains and 591 public basins, not counting the water supplied to the Imperial household, baths, and owners of private villas. Each of the major fountains was connected to two different aqueducts, in case one was shut down for service.<ref>Frontin, Les Aqueducs de la ville de Rome, translation and commentary by Pierre Grimal, Société d'édition Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 1944.</ref>

During the 17th and 18th century, the Roman popes reconstructed other ruined Roman aqueducts and built new display fountains to mark their termini, launching the golden age of the Roman fountain. The fountains of Rome, like the paintings of ], were expressions of the new style of Baroque art. They were crowded with allegorical figures, and filled with emotion and movement. In these fountains, sculpture became the principal element, and the water was used simply to animate and decorate the sculptures. They, like baroque gardens, were "a visual representation of confidence and power".<ref>''Italian Gardens, a Cultural History'', Helen Attlee. Francis Lincoln Limited, London 2006.</ref>

===Statues===
{{See also|Talking statues of Rome}}
] in 1648]]
Rome is well known for its statues but, in particular, the ]. These are usually ancient statues which have become popular soapboxes for political and social discussion, and places for people to (often satirically) voice their opinions. There are two main talking statues: the ] and the ], yet there are four other noted ones: ], ], ] and ]. Most of these statues are ancient Roman or classical, and most of them also depict mythical gods, ancient people or legendary figures; il Pasquino represents ], Abbot Luigi is an unknown Roman magistrate, il Babuino is supposed to be ], ] represents ], Madama Lucrezia is a bust of ], and ] is the only non-Roman statue, created in 1580, and not representing anyone in particular. They are often, due to their status, covered with placards or ] expressing political ideas and points of view. Other statues in the city, which are not related to the talking statues, include those of the Ponte Sant'Angelo, or several monuments scattered across the city, such as that to ] in the Campo de'Fiori.

===Obelisks and columns===
{{Main article|List of obelisks in Rome}}
]]]

The city hosts eight ]ian and five ] ]s, together with a number of more modern obelisks; there was also formerly (until 2005) an ] obelisk in Rome.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.initaly.com/regions/classic/obelisks.htm |title=Chasing Obelisks in Rome |publisher=Initaly.com |accessdate=3 February 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206125357/http://initaly.com/regions/classic/obelisks.htm |archivedate=6 February 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The city contains some of obelisks in ]s, such as in ], ], ], and ], and others in ]s, ] parks and gardens, such as in ], the ], and the ]. Moreover, the centre of Rome hosts also ]'s and ], two ancient Roman columns with spiral relief. The Column of Marcus Aurelius is located in ] and it was built around 180 AD by ] in memory of his parents. The ] was inspired by ] at ], which is part of the ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roundtheworldmagazine.com/free-things-to-do-in-rome/ |title=7 Free Things To Do In Rome |publisher=roundtheworldmagazin.com |accessdate=17 January 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217200236/http://www.roundtheworldmagazine.com/free-things-to-do-in-rome/ |archivedate=17 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Bridges===
{{Main article|List of bridges in Rome}}
] at sunset]]
The city of Rome contains numerous famous bridges which cross the ]. The only bridge to remain unaltered until today from the classical age is ], which connects the ] with the left bank. The other surviving – albeit modified – ancient Roman bridges crossing the Tiber are ], ] and ]. Considering ], also built during ancient Rome, which crosses the ], currently there are five ancient Roman bridges still remaining in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citrag.it/archi/page/bridges/e_f_pn_ro.htm |title=The Bridges of Ancient Rome |publisher=Citrag.it |accessdate=3 February 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113044759/http://www.citrag.it/archi/page/bridges/e_f_pn_ro.htm |archivedate=13 January 2010 }}</ref> Other noteworthy bridges are ], the first bridge built in the Renaissance above Roman foundations; ], actually the only remaining arch of the ancient ''Pons Aemilius'', collapsed during the flood of 1598 and demolished at the end of the 19th century; and ], a modern bridge connecting Corso Vittorio Emanuele and Borgo. Most of the city's public bridges were built in Classical or Renaissance style, but also in Baroque, Neoclassical and Modern styles. According to the ], the finest ancient bridge remaining in Rome is the ], which was completed in 135 AD, and was decorated with ten statues of the angels, designed by ] in 1688.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/523159/SantAngelo-Bridge |title=Sant'Angelo Bridge |accessdate=3 February 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109154613/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/523159/SantAngelo-Bridge |archivedate=9 January 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Catacombs===
{{Main article|Catacombs of Rome}}
], the place where the popes of history are buried]]
Rome has extensive amount of ancient catacombs, or underground burial places under or near the city, of which there are at least forty, some discovered only in recent decades. Though most famous for Christian burials, they include ] and Jewish burials, either in separate catacombs or mixed together. The first large-scale catacombs were excavated from the 2nd century onwards. Originally they were carved through ], a soft ], outside the boundaries of the city, because ] forbade burial places within city limits. Currently, maintenance of the catacombs is in the hands of the ] which has invested in the ] the supervision of the Catacombs of St. Callixtus on the outskirts of Rome.

==Economy==
As the capital of Italy, Rome hosts all the principal institutions of the nation, including the Presidency of the Republic, the government (and its single Ministeri), the Parliament, the main judicial Courts, and the diplomatic representatives of all the countries for the states of Italy and Vatican City. Many international institutions are located in Rome, notably cultural and scientific ones, such as the American Institute, the British School, the French Academy, the Scandinavian Institutes, and the German Archaeological Institute. There are also specialised agencies of the United Nations, such as the ]. Rome also hosts major international and worldwide political and cultural organisations, such as the ] (IFAD), ] (WFP), the ] and the ] (ICCROM).

{{wide image|Panoramic view of EUR business district, Rome.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|Panoramic view of ] business district.}}
According to the ] of ],
Rome is a beta + city, ranking below Milan.<ref name="lboro.ac.uk"/> Rome was ranked in 2014 as 32nd in the Global Cities Index, the highest in Italy.<ref name="atkearney.at"/> With a 2005 GDP of €94.376&nbsp;billion (US$121.5&nbsp;billion),<ref name="rapporto2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.censis.it/277/372/5732/5766/5783/5784/content.asp |title=Rapporto Censis 2006 |publisher=Censis.it |accessdate=3 February 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418003612/http://www.censis.it/277/372/5732/5766/5783/5784/content.ASP |archivedate=18 April 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{update inline|date=May 2018}} the city produces 6.7% of the national GDP (more than any other single city in Italy), and its unemployment rate, lowered from 11.1% to 6.5% between 2001 and 2005, is now one of the lowest rates of all the European Union capital cities.<ref name="rapporto2006"/> Rome's economy grows at around 4.4% annually and continues to grow at a higher rate in comparison to any other city in the rest of the country.<ref name="rapporto2006"/> This means that were Rome a country, it would be the world's 52nd richest country by GDP, near to the size to that of Egypt. Rome also had a 2003 GDP per capita of €29,153 (US$37,412), which was second in Italy, (after Milan), and is more than 134.1% of the EU average GDP per capita.<ref name="observatoribarcelona.org"> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806145437/http://www.observatoribarcelona.org/eng/Indicadors.php?IdentificadorTema=1&Identificador=11 |date=6 August 2007 }}</ref>{{Update inline|date=May 2018}} Rome, on the whole, has the highest total earnings in Italy, reaching €47,076,890,463 in 2008,<ref name="ilsole24ore.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.ilsole24ore.com/speciali/redditi_comuni_08/ |title=La classifica dei redditi nei comuni capoluogo di provincia |publisher=Il Sole 24 ORE |accessdate=14 June 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512174557/http://www.ilsole24ore.com/speciali/redditi_comuni_08/ |archivedate=12 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{Update inline|date=May 2018}} yet, in terms of average workers' incomes, the city places itself 9th in Italy, with €24,509.<ref name="ilsole24ore.com"/> On a global level, Rome's workers receive the 30th highest wages in 2009, coming three places higher than in 2008, in which the city ranked 33rd.<ref name="citymayors_a">{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/economics/richest_cities.html |title=World's richest cities in 2009 |publisher=City Mayors |date=22 August 2009 |accessdate=14 June 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612160130/http://www.citymayors.com/economics/richest_cities.html |archivedate=12 June 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{Update inline|date=May 2018}} The Rome area had a ], and $38,765 per capita.<ref name="Brookings">{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |title=Global city GDP 2011 |publisher=Brookings Institution |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6H7Jql2A9?url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |archivedate= 4 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
]]]

Although the economy of Rome is characterised by the absence of heavy industry and it is largely dominated by ], high-technology companies (IT, aerospace, defence, telecommunications), research, construction and commercial activities (especially banking), and the huge development of tourism are very dynamic and extremely important to its economy. Rome's international airport, ], is the largest in Italy, and the city hosts the head offices of the vast majority of the major Italian companies, as well as the headquarters of three of the world's 100 largest companies: ], ], and ].<ref name="Forbes">{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/2006/03/29/06f2k_worlds-largest-public-companies_land.html |title=The World's 2000 Largest Public Companies |first=Scott |last=DeCarlo |date=30 March 2006 |work=Forbes |accessdate=16 January 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113092755/http://www.forbes.com/2006/03/29/06f2k_worlds-largest-public-companies_land.html |archivedate=13 January 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Universities, national radio and television and the movie industry in Rome are also important parts of the economy: Rome is also the hub of the ], thanks to the Cinecittà studios, working since the 1930s. The city is also a centre for banking and insurance as well as electronics, energy, transport, and aerospace industries. Numerous international companies and agencies headquarters, government ministries, conference centres, sports venues, and museums are located in Rome's principal business districts: the ] (EUR); the ''Torrino'' (further south from the EUR); the ''Magliana''; the ''Parco de' Medici-Laurentina'' and the so-called ''Tiburtina-valley'' along the ancient ].

==Education==
] founded in 1303]]

Rome is a nationwide and major international centre for higher education, containing numerous academies, colleges and universities. It boasts a large variety of academies and colleges, and has always been a major worldwide intellectual and educational centre, especially during ] and the ], along with Florence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01083b.htm |work=Catholic Encyclopedia |title=Roman Academies |publisher=Newadvent.org |date=1 March 1907 |accessdate=3 February 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112132437/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01083b.htm |archivedate=12 January 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> According to the City Brands Index, Rome is considered the world's second most historically, educationally and culturally interesting and beautiful city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gfkamerica.com/practice_areas/roper_pam/nbi_index/index.en.html/downloads/cbi2006-q4-free.pdf|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081217002737/http://www.gfkamerica.com/practice_areas/roper_pam/nbi_index/index.en.html/downloads/cbi2006-q4-free.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2008-12-17|title=Anholt-GfK Roper Nation Brands Index|website=wayback.archive-it.org}}</ref>

Rome has a large number of universities and colleges. Its first university, ] (founded in 1303), is one of the largest in the world, with more than 140,000 students attending; in 2005 it ranked as Europe's 33rd best university<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129082351/http://www.arwu.org/rank/2005/ARWU2005_TopEuro.htm |date=29 January 2009 }}</ref> and in 2013 the Sapienza University of Rome ranked as the 62nd in the world and the top in Italy in its ''World University Rankings''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cwur.org/top100.html | title=World University Rankings 2013|publisher=Center for World University Rankings |year=2013 |accessdate=17 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717114037/http://cwur.org/top100.html |archivedate=17 July 2013 }}</ref> and has been ranked among Europe's 50 and the world's 150 best colleges.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521224840/http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_TopEuro%28EN%29.htm |date=21 May 2009 }}</ref> In order to decrease the overcrowding of La Sapienza, two new public universities were founded during the last decades: ] in 1982, and ] in 1992. Rome hosts also the , Italy's most important graduate university in the areas of international affairs and European studies as well as ], Italy's most important business school. Rome ] was founded in 1973 by ] and is Italy's oldest institution in the field of ].
]]]

Rome contains also a large number of ] and other institutes, including the ], the ], the ] (the oldest ] university in the world, founded in 1551), ], the ], the Link ], and the ]. Rome is also the location of two American Universities; ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aur.edu/american-university-rome/ |title=The American University of Rome |publisher=The American University of Rome |accessdate=4 February 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128230359/http://www.aur.edu/american-university-rome/ |archivedate=28 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and ] as well as ] branch campus, ], a campus of ] and Temple University Rome, a campus of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.temple.edu/studyabroad/programs/semester_year/italy/index.html |title=Temple Rome Study Abroad |publisher=Temple University |accessdate=4 February 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201112645/http://www.temple.edu/studyabroad/programs/semester_year/italy/index.html |archivedate=1 February 2013 }}</ref> The ] are several ] for students from foreign countries studying for the ] at the Pontifical Universities.<ref name="NAC">{{cite web|url=http://www.pnac.org/about-us/about-the-nac/|title=About the NAC|publisher=]|accessdate=1 October 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825005857/http://www.pnac.org/about-us/about-the-nac/|archivedate=25 August 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Examples include the ], the ], the ], and the ].
]]]

Rome's major libraries include: the ], opened in 1604, making it Italy's first public library; the ], established in 1565; the ], opened in 1701; the ], one of the two national libraries in Italy, which contains 4,126,002 volumes; The Biblioteca del Ministero degli Affari Esteri, specialised in diplomacy, foreign affairs and modern history; the Biblioteca dell'Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana; the Biblioteca Don Bosco, one of the largest and most modern of all Salesian libraries; the Biblioteca e Museo teatrale del Burcardo, a museum-library specialised in history of drama and theatre; the Biblioteca della ], which is based in the ] and is the most important geographical library in Italy, and one of Europe's most important;<ref>Amedeo Benedetti, ''La Biblioteca della Società Geografica Italiana'', "Biblioteche oggi", n. 3, aprile 2009, p. 41.</ref> and the ], one of the oldest and most important libraries in the world, which was formally established in 1475, though in fact much older and has 75,000 ], as well as 1.1 million printed books, which include some 8,500 ]. There are also a large number of specialist libraries attached to various foreign cultural institutes in Rome, among them that of the ], the ] and the ], a German library, often noted for excellence in the arts and sciences;<ref>{{cite web|author=Max Planck Gesellschaft e.V |url=http://www.mpg.de/english/aboutTheSociety/aboutUs/scientificAwards/awardsOfMPS/hannoIlseHahnPrize/index.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613192334/http://www.mpg.de/english/aboutTheSociety/aboutUs/scientificAwards/awardsOfMPS/hannoIlseHahnPrize/index.html |archivedate=13 June 2008 |title=Max Planck Society – Hanno and Ilse Hahn Prize |publisher=Mpg.de |date=17 May 2006 |accessdate=25 January 2010 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main article|Culture in Rome}}

===Entertainment and performing arts===
{{Main article|Music of Rome|Events in Rome}}
] at the Piazza Beniamino Gigli ]]

Rome is an important centre for music, and it has an intense musical scene, including several prestigious music conservatories and theatres. It hosts the ] (founded in 1585), for which new concert halls have been built in the new ], one of the largest musical venues in the world. Rome also has an opera house, the ], as well as several minor musical institutions. The city also played host to the ] in 1991 and the ] in 2004.

Rome has also had a major impact in music history. The ] was a group of composers of predominantly church music, which were active in the city during the 16th and 17th centuries, therefore spanning the late ] and early ] eras. The term also refers to the music they produced. Many of the composers had a direct connection to the ] and the ], though they worked at several churches; stylistically they are often contrasted with the ] of composers, a concurrent movement which was much more progressive. By far the most famous composer of the Roman School is ], whose name has been associated for four hundred years with smooth, clear, ] perfection. However, there were other composers working in Rome, and in a variety of styles and forms.

===Tourism===
{{Main article|Tourism in Rome}}
]]]
]]]
Rome today is one of the most important tourist destinations of the world, due to the incalculable immensity of its archaeological and artistic treasures, as well as for the charm of its unique traditions, the beauty of its panoramic views, and the majesty of its magnificent "villas" (parks). Among the most significant resources are the many museums – Musei Capitolini, the Vatican Museums and the Galleria Borghese and others dedicated to modern and contemporary art – ], ]s, churches, ]s, historical buildings, the ]s and ruins of the ], and the ]. Rome is the third most visited city in the EU, after London and Paris, and receives an average of 7–10&nbsp;million tourists a year, which sometimes doubles on holy years. The Colosseum (4&nbsp;million tourists) and the ] (4.2&nbsp;million tourists) are the 39th and 37th (respectively) most visited places in the world, according to a recent study.<ref name="itvnews.tv"> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002073926/http://www.itvnews.tv/Blog/Blog/the-50-most-visited-places.html |date=2 October 2009 }}</ref>

Rome is a major archaeological hub, and one of the world's main centres of ]. There are numerous cultural and research institutes located in the city, such as the ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.romanculture.org/index.php?page=airc-hc-rome-program-in-archaeology-and-classical-studies |title=AIRC-HC Program in Archaeology, Classics, and Mediterranean Culture |publisher=Romanculture.org |accessdate=3 February 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329144605/http://www.romanculture.org/index.php?page=airc-hc-rome-program-in-archaeology-and-classical-studies |archivedate=29 March 2010 |df= }}</ref> and The Swedish Institute at Rome.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isvroma.it/public/EN/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=%20 |title=Isvroma.it |publisher=Isvroma.it |accessdate=3 February 2010 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418182423/http://www.isvroma.it/public/EN/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=%20 |archive-date=18 April 2008}}</ref> Rome contains numerous ], including the ], ], ],<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Trajan's Glorious Forum |magazine=Archaeology |volume=51 |issue=1 |date=January–February 1998 |author=James E. Packer |publisher=Archaeological Institute of America |url=http://www.archaeology.org/9801/abstracts/trajan.html |accessdate=2 October 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216035602/http://www.archaeology.org/9801/abstracts/trajan.html |archivedate=16 February 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> the ], and the ], to name but a few. The ], arguably one of Rome's most iconic archaeological sites, is regarded as a ].<ref name=brewers>I H Evans (reviser), ''Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'' (Centenary edition Fourth impression (corrected); London: Cassell, 1975), page 1163</ref><ref name=miller>], ], ], ]. ''America, the Land We Love'' (1915), {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101113738/https://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00334597&id=UAMqLz88aXAC&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&dq=%22seven+wonders+of+the+middle+ages%22 |date=1 January 2016 }}</ref>

Rome contains a vast and impressive collection of art, sculpture, ]s, ]s, ]s, and paintings, from all different periods. Rome first became a major artistic centre during ancient Rome, with forms of important ] such as ], painting, sculpture and ] work. ], ] and gem engraving, ]s, figurine glass, ], and book illustrations are considered to be 'minor' forms of Roman artwork.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0009840X00221331 |last=Toynbee |first=J. M. C. |date=December 1971 |title=Roman Art |journal=The Classical Review |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=439–442 |jstor=708631}}</ref> Rome later became a major centre of ] art, since the popes spent vast sums of money for the constructions of grandiose ]s, ]s, ]s and public buildings in general. Rome became one of Europe's major centres of Renaissance artwork, second only to ], and able to compare to other major cities and cultural centres, such as Paris and ]. The city was affected greatly by the ], and Rome became the home of numerous artists and architects, such as ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/rome/curriculum/rome211.html |title=Baroque Art of Rome (ROME 211) |publisher=Trincoll.edu |accessdate=3 February 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530094548/http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/rome/curriculum/rome211.html |archivedate=30 May 2008 }}</ref> In the late 18th century and early 19th century, the city was one of the centres of the ],<ref>{{cite web |title=Grand Tour of Europe: The Travels of 17th & 18th Century Twenty-Somethings |author=Matt Rosenberg |publisher=About.com |url=http://geography.about.com/od/historyofgeography/a/grandtour.htm |accessdate=3 February 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205235817/http://geography.about.com/od/historyofgeography/a/grandtour.htm |archivedate=5 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> when wealthy, young English and other European aristocrats visited the city to learn about ], art, philosophy, and architecture. Rome hosted a great number of neoclassical and rococo artists, such as ] and ]. Today, the city is a major artistic centre, with numerous art institutes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/rome/curriculum/rome350.html |title=The Franca Camiz Memorial Field Seminar in Art History |publisher=Trinity College, Hartford Connecticlt |accessdate=3 February 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530094628/http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/rome/curriculum/rome350.html |archivedate=30 May 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and museums.

{{wide image|Colosseo_di_Roma_panoramic.jpg|600px|align-cap=center|Internal view of the Colosseum}}

] is the 4th most visited art museum in the world.]]
Rome has a growing stock of contemporary and modern art and architecture. The National Gallery of Modern Art has works by Balla, Morandi, Pirandello, Carrà, De Chirico, De Pisis, Guttuso, Fontana, Burri, Mastroianni, Turcato, Kandisky, and Cézanne on permanent exhibition. 2010 saw the opening of Rome's newest arts foundation, a contemporary art and architecture gallery designed by acclaimed Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid. Known as ] it restores a dilapidated area with striking modern architecture. Maxxi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maxxi.beniculturali.it/english/ |title=Maxxi_Museo Nazionale Delle Arti Del Xxi Secolo |publisher=Maxxi.beniculturali.it |accessdate=25 March 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211132529/http://www.maxxi.beniculturali.it/english/ |archivedate=11 February 2010 }}</ref> features a campus dedicated to culture, experimental research laboratories, international exchange and study and research. It is one of Rome's most ambitious modern architecture projects alongside ]'s Auditorium Parco della Musica<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.auditorium.com/ |title=Auditorium Parco della Musica |publisher=Auditorium.com |accessdate=25 March 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323151419/http://www.auditorium.com/ |archivedate=23 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and ] Rome Convention Center, Centro Congressi Italia EUR, in the EUR district, due to open in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pelati|first1=Manuela|title=Eur spa, Diacetti: «La nuvola di Fuksas sarà completata entro il 2016|url=http://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/15_settembre_30/eur-spa-diacetti-la-nuvola-fuksas-sara-completata-entro-2016-c4b647de-678d-11e5-9bc4-2d55534839fc.shtml|accessdate=5 December 2015|work=Corriere della Sera|date=30 September 2015|language=Italian|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208165359/http://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/15_settembre_30/eur-spa-diacetti-la-nuvola-fuksas-sara-completata-entro-2016-c4b647de-678d-11e5-9bc4-2d55534839fc.shtml|archivedate=8 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The convention centre features a huge translucent container inside which is suspended a steel and teflon structure resembling a cloud and which contains meeting rooms and an auditorium with two piazzas open to the neighbourhood on either side.

===Fashion===
]]]
Rome is also widely recognised as a world ]. Although not as important as Milan, Rome is the fourth most important centre for fashion in the world, according to the 2009 ] after ], New York, and Paris, and beating London.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.languagemonitor.com/popular-culture/fashion |title=The Global Language Monitor » Fashion |publisher=Languagemonitor.com |date=20 July 2009 |accessdate=17 October 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101191133/http://www.languagemonitor.com/popular-culture/fashion |archivedate=1 November 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Major luxury fashion houses and jewelry chains, such as ], ], ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fendi.com/ |title=Fendi |publisher=fendi.com |accessdate=17 October 2009 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131001741/http://www.fendi.com/ |archivedate=31 January 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ], ], and ], are headquartered or were founded in the city. Also, other major labels, such as ], ], ], ], and ] have luxury boutiques in Rome, primarily along its prestigious and upscale ].

===Cuisine===
]'', a typical Roman dish]]
]

{{Main article|Roman cuisine}}
Rome's cuisine has evolved through centuries and periods of social, cultural, and political changes. Rome became a major gastronomical centre during the ]. ] was highly influenced by Ancient Greek culture, and after, the empire's enormous expansion exposed Romans to many new, provincial culinary habits and cooking techniques. Later, during the ], Rome became well known as a centre of high-cuisine, since some of the best chefs of the time worked for the popes. An example of this was ], who was a chef working for ] in the Vatican kitchen, and he acquired fame in 1570 when his cookbook ''Opera dell'arte del cucinare'' was published. In the book he lists approximately 1000 recipes of the Renaissance ] and describes cooking techniques and tools, giving the first known picture of a ].<ref name="Rolland_1">{{Harv|Rolland|2006|p=273}}.</ref> <br> In the modern age, the city developed its own peculiar cuisine, based on products of the nearby ], as lamb and vegetables (] are common).<ref>Piras, 291.</ref> In parallel, Roman Jews -present in the city since the 1st century BC- developed their own cuisine, the ''cucina giudaico-romanesca''. Examples of Roman dishes include "''] alla Romana''" – a veal cutlet, Roman-style; topped with raw ham and sage and simmered with white wine and butter; "'']''" – artichokes Roman-style; outer leaves removed, stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; "'']''" – artichokes fried in olive oil, typical of Roman Jewish cooking; outer leaves removed, stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; "'']''" – ] with ], ] and ], and "''] di semolino alla romana''" – ] dumpling, Roman-style, to name but a few.<ref>{{cite book| last=Carnacina|author2=Buonassisi, Vincenzo | first= Luigi| title=Roma in Cucina| publisher= Giunti Martello| location = Milano| year=1975| language=Italian}}</ref>

===Cinema===

{{Main article|List of films set in Rome|List of films set in ancient Rome}}
]'' with ] and ]]]
Rome hosts the ] Studios,<ref name="romefile1">{{cite web |url=http://www.romefile.com/culture/cinecitta.php |title=history of Cinecittà Studios in Rome |publisher=Romefile.com |accessdate=17 October 2009 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501020709/http://www.romefile.com/culture/cinecitta.php |archivedate=1 May 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> the largest film and television production facility in continental Europe and the centre of the ], where a large number of today's biggest box office hits are filmed. The {{convert|99|acre|ha|adj=on}} studio complex is {{convert|9.0|km|mi}} from the centre of Rome and is part of one of the biggest production communities in the world, second only to ], with well over 5,000 professionals – from period costume makers to visual effects specialists. More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot, from recent features like '']'', '']'', ], '']'' and ]' '']'', to such cinema classics as '']'', '']'', and the films of ].

Founded in 1937 by ], the studios were bombed by the ] during the Second World War. In the 1950s, Cinecittà was the filming location for several large American film productions, and subsequently became the studio most closely associated with ]. Today, Cinecittà is the only studio in the world with pre-production, production, and full post-production facilities on one lot, allowing directors and producers to walk in with their script and "walk out" with a completed film.

===Language===
{{Main article|Roman dialect|Latin}}
] inscription, in the ]]]
Although associated today only with Latin, ancient Rome was in fact multilingual. In highest antiquity, ] tribes shared the area of what is today Rome with Latin tribes. The Sabine language was one of the ] group of ancient Italian languages, along with Etruscan, which would have been the main language of the last three kings who ruled the city till the founding of the Republic in 509 BC. Urganilla, or ], wife of Emperor Claudius, is thought to have been a speaker of Etruscan many centuries after this date, according to Suetonius' entry on Claudius. However Latin, in various evolving forms, was the main language of classical Rome, but as the city had immigrants, slaves, residents, ambassadors from many parts of the world it was also multilingual. Many educated Romans also spoke Greek, and there was a large Greek, Syriac and Jewish population in parts of Rome from well before the Empire.

] evolved during the Middle Ages into a new language, the "''volgare''". The latter emerged as the confluence of various regional dialects, among which the ] predominated, but the population of Rome also developed its own dialect, the ]. The ''Romanesco'' spoken during the Middle Ages was more like a southern Italian dialect, very close to the ] in ]. The influence of the ] culture during the ], and above all, the immigration to Rome of many Florentines following the two ] Popes (] and ]), caused a major shift in the dialect, which began to resemble more the Tuscan varieties. This remained largely confined to Rome until the 19th century, but then expanded to other zones of ] (], ] and others), from the beginning of the 20th century, thanks to the rising population of Rome and to improving transportation systems. As a consequence of education and media like radio and television, Romanesco became more similar to standard Italian. Dialectal literature in the traditional form of Romanesco includes the works of such authors as ] (one of the most important Italian poets altogether), ] and ]. It is worth remembering though that Romanesco was a "''lingua vernacola''" (vernacular language), meaning that for centuries, it did not have a written form but it was only spoken by the population.

Contemporary Romanesco is mainly represented by popular actors and actresses, such as ], ], ]. ], ], ] and ].

Rome's historic contribution to language in a worldwide sense is much more extensive however. Through the process of ], the peoples of Italy, ], the ] and ] developed languages which derive directly from Latin and were adopted in large areas of the world, all through cultural influence, colonization and migration. Moreover, also modern English, because of the ], borrowed a large percentage of its vocabulary from the Latin language. The ] is the most widely used writing system in the world used by the greatest number of languages.<ref>Ostler, N. (2007), Ad Infinitum: A Biography of Latin. London: HarperCollins</ref>

Rome has long hosted artistic communities, foreign resident communities and a large number of foreign religious students or pilgrims and so has always been a multilingual city. Today because of mass tourism, many languages are used in servicing tourism, especially English which is widely known in tourist areas, and the city hosts large numbers of immigrants and so has many multilingual immigrant areas.

==Sports==
], home of ] and ], one of the largest in Europe, with a capacity of over 70,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maspostatevilaregina.com/2009/05/05/brief-guide-to-olympic-stadium-of-rome/ |title=Brief Guide to Olympic Stadium of Rome &#124; SPOSTARE LA FINALE DA ROMA? NO! GRAZIE |publisher=Maspostatevilaregina.com |date=23 April 2009 |accessdate=30 January 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512172341/http://www.maspostatevilaregina.com/2009/05/05/brief-guide-to-olympic-stadium-of-rome/ |archivedate=12 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>]]

] is the most popular sport in Rome, as in the rest of the country.
The city hosted the final games of the ] and ].
The latter took place in the ], which is also the shared home stadium for local ] clubs ], founded in 1900, and ], founded in 1927, whose rivalry in the ] has become a staple of Roman sports culture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SPORT/football/10/22/first11.derbies/index.html |title=Football First 11: Do or die derbies |publisher=CNN |date=22 October 2008 |accessdate=5 October 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017011443/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SPORT/football/10/22/first11.derbies/index.html |archivedate=17 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Footballers who play for these teams and are also born in the city tend to become especially popular, as has been the case with players such as ] and ] (both for A.S. Roma), and ] (for S.S. Lazio).
] is a minor team that played in ] until 2012; its home stadium was ].
].]]

Rome hosted the ], with great success, using many ancient sites such as the ] and the ] as venues. For the Olympic Games many new structures were created, notably the new large Olympic Stadium (which was also enlarged and renewed to host qualification and the final match of the ]), the Villaggio Olimpico (Olympic Village, created to host the athletes and redeveloped after the games as a residential district), ecc. Rome made a ] to host the ] but it was withdrawn before the deadline for applicant files.<ref name="olympic.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/media?articleid=138217 |title=Media |publisher=Olympic.org |accessdate=15 September 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019052200/http://www.olympic.org/media?articleid=138217 |archivedate=19 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Bladesplace.id.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.bladesplace.id.au/olympic-games-candidates.html |title=Candidate Cities for Future Olympic Games |publisher=Bladesplace.id.au |accessdate=17 October 2009 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012174517/http://www.bladesplace.id.au/olympic-games-candidates.html |archivedate=12 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Further, Rome hosted the ] and is home to the internationally recognized basketball team ]. ] is gaining wider acceptance.
Until 2011 the ] was the home stadium for the ], which has been playing in the ] since 2000. The team now plays home games at the Stadio Olimpico because the Stadio Flaminio needs works of renovation in order to improve both its capacity and safety.
Rome is home to local rugby union teams such as ] (founded in 1930 and winner of five Italian championships, the latter in 1999–2000), ] and ] (rugby union branch of the multisport club ]).

Every May, Rome hosts the ] tennis tournament on the clay courts of the ]. Cycling was popular in the post-World War II period, although its popularity has faded. Rome has hosted the final portion of the ] three times, in 1911, 1950, and 2009. Rome is also home to other sports teams, including volleyball (]), ] or ].

==Transport==
{{Main article|Transport in Rome}}
] was the ] in Europe in 2016.]]
]]]

Rome is at the centre of the radial network of roads that roughly follow the lines of the ancient Roman roads which began at the ] and connected Rome with its empire. Today Rome is circled, at a distance of about {{convert|10|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from the Capitol, by the ring-road (the '']'' or ''GRA'').

Due to its location in the centre of the Italian peninsula, Rome is the principal railway node for central Italy. Rome's main railway station, ], is one of the largest railway stations in Europe and the most heavily used in Italy, with around 400 thousand travellers passing through every day. The second-largest station in the city, ], has been redeveloped as a ] terminus.<ref> {{it icon}}</ref>. As well as frequent high speed day trains to all major Italian cities, Rome is linked nightly by 'boat train' sleeper services to Sicily, and internationally by overnight sleeper services to Munich and Vienna by ÖBB Austrian railways.

Rome is served by three airports. The intercontinental ] is Italy's chief airport, is located within the nearby ], south-west of Rome. The older ] is a joint civilian and military airport. It is commonly referred to as "Ciampino Airport", as it is located beside ], south-east of Rome. A third airport, the ] Airport, is a small, low-traffic airport located about {{convert|6|km|0|abbr=on}} north of the city centre, which handles most helicopter and private flights.

Although the city has its own quarter on the Mediterranean Sea (]), this has only a marina and a small channel-harbour for fishing boats. The main harbour which serves Rome is ], located about {{convert|62|km|abbr=off}} northwest of the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Porti di Roma|url=http://www.port-of-rome.org/|accessdate=6 March 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307140526/http://www.port-of-rome.org/|archivedate=7 March 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The city suffers from traffic problems largely due to this radial street pattern, making it difficult for Romans to move easily from the vicinity of one of the radial roads to another without going into the historic centre or using the ring-road. These problems are not helped by the limited size of Rome's metro system when compared to other cities of similar size. In addition, Rome has only 21 taxis for every 10,000 inhabitants, far below other major European cities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Central Rome Streets Blocked by Taxi Drivers |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/30/world/europe/30rome.html?scp=93&sq=Rome&st=nyt |date=30 November 2007 |accessdate=10 February 2008 |first=Peter |last=Kiefer |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417112759/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/30/world/europe/30rome.html?scp=93&sq=Rome&st=nyt |archivedate=17 April 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Chronic congestion caused by cars during the 1970s and 1980s led to restrictions being placed on vehicle access to the inner city-centre during the hours of daylight. Areas where these restriction apply are known as Limited Traffic Zones (''Zona a Traffico Limitato'' (ZTL) in Italian). More recently, heavy night-time traffic in ], ] and ] has led to the creation of night-time ZTLs in those districts.

]
] metro station]]
A 3-line metro system called the '']'' operates in Rome. Construction on the first branch started in the 1930s. The line had been planned to quickly connect the ] with the newly planned E42 area in the southern suburbs, where the 1942 ] was supposed to be held. The event never took place because of war, but the area was later partly redesigned and renamed ] (Esposizione Universale di Roma: Rome Universal Exhibition) in the 1950s to serve as a modern business district. The line was finally opened in 1955, and it is now the south part of the B Line.

The A line opened in 1980 from Ottaviano to Anagnina stations, later extended in stages (1999–2000) to Battistini. In the 1990s, an extension of the B line was opened from Termini to Rebibbia. This underground network is generally reliable (although it may become very congested at peak times and during events, especially the A line) as it is relatively short.

The A and B lines intersect at Roma Termini station. A new branch of the B line (B1) opened on 13 June 2012 after an estimated building cost of €500&nbsp;million. B1 connects to line B at Piazza Bologna and has four stations over a distance of {{convert|3.9|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}.

A third line, the C line, is under construction with an estimated cost of €3&nbsp;billion and will have 30 stations over a distance of {{convert|25.5|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}. It will partly replace the existing ]-Pantano rail line. It will feature full automated, driverless trains.<ref>{{cite news |first=Tom |last=Kington |title=Roman remains threaten metro |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/14/italy.artnews |work=] |date=14 May 2007 |accessdate=10 August 2008 |location=London |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831074912/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/14/italy.artnews |archivedate=31 August 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The first section with 15 stations connecting Pantano with the quarter of Centocelle in the eastern part of the city, opened on 9 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Metro C, apre la Pantano-Centocelle: folla di romani all'inaugurazione|url=http://www.ilmessaggero.it/ROMA/CRONACA/metro_c_atac_sindaco_apertura_pantano_centocelle/notizie/1002186.shtml|accessdate=11 November 2014|work=Il Messaggero|date=9 November 2014|language=Italian|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111014416/http://ilmessaggero.it/ROMA/CRONACA/metro_c_atac_sindaco_apertura_pantano_centocelle/notizie/1002186.shtml|archivedate=11 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The end of the work was scheduled in 2015, but archaeological findings often delay underground construction work.

A fourth line, D line, is also planned. It will have 22 stations over a distance of {{convert|20|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}. The first section was projected to open in 2015 and the final sections before 2035, but due to the city's financial crisis the project has been put on hold.

Above-ground public transport in Rome is made up of a bus, tram and urban train network (FR lines). The bus, tram, metro and urban railways network is run by ''Atac S.p.A.'' (which originally stood for the Municipal Bus and Tramways Company, ''Azienda Tramvie e Autobus del Comune'' in Italian). The bus network has in excess of 350 bus lines and over eight thousand bus stops, whereas the more-limited tram system has {{convert|39|km|0|abbr=on}} of track and 192 stops.<ref>The figures are from the ATAC {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106212503/http://www.atac.roma.it/index.asp?p=2&i=616&o=3&m=1&a=7&ci=45&tpg=2&lingua=ITA |date=6 January 2012 }} {{it icon}}.</ref><ref>and from the information page of the ] app {{it icon}}.</ref> There is also one ] line, opened in 2005, and additional trolleybus lines are planned.<ref name="juts2009">Webb, Mary (ed.) (2009). ''Jane's Urban Transport Systems 2009–2010'', p. 195. Coulsdon (UK): ]. {{ISBN|978-0-7106-2903-6}}.</ref>

==International entities, organisations and involvement==
] headquarters in Rome, Circo Massimo]]
] headquarters in Rome]]

Among the ], Rome is unique in having two sovereign entities located entirely within its city limits, the Holy See, represented by the Vatican City State, and the territorially smaller ]. The Vatican is an enclave of the Italian ] and a sovereign possession of the ], which is the Diocese of Rome and the supreme government of the ]. Rome therefore hosts foreign embassies to the Italian government, to the Holy See, to the ] and to certain international organizations. Several international ] and ] are located in Rome.

The Pope is the ] and its official seat is the ] (of which the ] is '']'' the "first and only ]", a title held by the heads of the French state since ]). Another body, the ] (SMOM), took refuge in Rome in 1834, due to the conquest of Malta by ] in 1798. It is sometimes classified as having sovereignty but does not claim any territory in Rome or anywhere else, hence leading to dispute over its actual sovereign status.

Rome is the seat of the so-called '''Polo Romano'''<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143221/http://www.parlamento.it/application/xmanager/projects/parlamento/file/repository/affariinternazionali/osservatorio/approfondimenti/PI0093.pdf |date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> made up by three main international agencies of the ]: the ] (FAO), the ] (WFP) and the ] (IFAD).

Rome has traditionally been involved in the process of European political integration. The ] are located in ], seat of the ], due the fact that the Italian government is the depositary of the treaties. In 1957 the city hosted the signing of the ], which established the ] (predecessor to the ]), and also played host to the official signing of the proposed ] in July 2004.

Rome is the seat of the ] and of the ]. The city is the place where the ] and the ] were formulated.

The city hosts also other important international entities such as the ] (International Development Law Organisation), the ] (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property) and the ] (International Institute for the Unification of Private Law).

==International relations==

===Twin towns and sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}}

]
]]]

Rome is since 9 April 1956 exclusively and reciprocally ] only with:
* {{flagicon|FRA}} ], France
:{{it icon}} ''Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi.''
:{{fr icon}} ''Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris.''
:"Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |title=Gemellaggio Roma – Parigi – (1955) |format=PDF |location=Paris |date=30 January 1956 |publisher=Commune Roma |language=fr |work=Roma – Relazioni Internazionali Bilaterali |accessdate=10 September 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709150804/http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |archivedate=9 July 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |title=Dichiarazione congiunta Roma – Parigi – (2014) |format=PDF |location=Rome |date=1 October 2014 |publisher=Commune Roma |language=fr |work=Roma – Relazioni Internazionali Bilaterali |accessdate=10 September 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709150804/http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |archivedate=9 July 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120905235843/http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784|dead-url=yes|archive-date=5 September 2012|title=Twinning with Rome
|accessdate=27 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="Paris1">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |work=Mairie de Paris |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |accessdate=14 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011162140/http://paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |archivedate=11 October 2007 }}</ref><ref name="Paris2">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp |work=Mairie de Paris |title=International relations: special partners |accessdate=14 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20070806151309/http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp |archivedate=6 August 2007 }}</ref>

===Other relationships===
{{Refimprove section|date=September 2016}}
Rome's other partner cities are:{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* {{flagicon|BOL}} ], Bolivia<!--<ref>http://www.liberazione.it/giornale/051129/LB12D6D0.asp – Short newspaper article on the Rome / Achacachi twinning</ref> -->
* {{flagicon|ALG}} ], Algeria
* {{flagicon|PRC}} ], China<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|title=Sister Cities|publisher=Beijing Municipal Government|accessdate=23 June 2009|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69f21zR1l?url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|archivedate=4 August 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16467&portlet_id=14974 |title=Le jumelage avec Rome |accessdate=9 July 2008 |publisher=Municipalité de Paris |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141833/http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16467&portlet_id=14974 |archivedate=16 December 2008 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|SRB}} ], Serbia
* {{flagicon|BRA}} ], Brazil
* {{flagicon|ARG}} ], Argentina
* {{flagicon|EGY}} ], Egypt
* {{flagicon|USA}} ], United States
* {{flagicon|UKR}} ], Ukraine
* {{flagicon|Syria}} ], Syria<ref name="Rome declares Kobane 'sister city'">{{cite web|url=https://www.kurdishquestion.com/oldarticle.php?aid=rome-declares-kobane-sister-city|title=Rome declares Kobane 'sister city'|accessdate=18 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221110518/https://www.kurdishquestion.com/oldarticle.php?aid=rome-declares-kobane-sister-city|archivedate=21 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|POL}} ], Poland<ref name="Kraków partnerships">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,5,miasta_partnerskie.html |title=Kraków – Miasta Partnerskie |accessdate=10 August 2013 |work=Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków |language=Polish |trans-title=Kraków -Partnership Cities |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702010825/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C5%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html |archivedate=2 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|UK}} ], United Kingdom{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}
* {{flagicon|PAK}} ], Pakistan{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}
* {{flagicon|IND}} ], India{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}
* {{flagicon|ESP}} ], Spain<ref name="hermanadas">{{cite web|title=Mapa Mundi de las ciudades hermanadas |publisher=Ayuntamiento de Madrid |url=http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.dbd5147a4ba1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=especial1&idContenido=1da69a4192b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120526204453/http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.dbd5147a4ba1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=especial1&idContenido=1da69a4192b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD |dead-url=yes |archive-date=26 May 2012 |accessdate=17 October 2009 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ESP}} ], Spain{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}
* {{flagicon|CAN}} ], Canada{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}
* {{flagicon|IND}} ], India
* {{flagicon|USA}} ], United States<ref name="New York sisters">{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/gp/html/partner/partner.shtml |title=NYC's Partner Cities |publisher=The City of New York |accessdate=16 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814165415/http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/gp/html/partner/partner.shtml |archivedate=14 August 2013 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|BUL}} ], Bulgaria
* {{flagicon|KOR}} ], South Korea<ref name="Seoul twinnings2">{{cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities |accessdate=26 January 2008 |work=Seoul Metropolitan Government |publisher=www.seoul.go.kr |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |archivedate=10 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Seoul twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120325052520/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=25 March 2012 |title=Seoul -Sister Cities |accessdate=23 August 2013 |work=Seoul Metropolitan Government (archived 2012-04-25) }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|AUS}} ], Australia
* {{flagicon|ALB}} ], Albania<ref name="International relations">{{cite web|url=http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |title=Twinning Cities: International Relations |accessdate=23 June 2009 |work=Municipality of Tirana |publisher=www.tirana.gov.al |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010042121/http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |archivedate=10 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>Twinning Cities: International Relations. Municipality of Tirana. www.tirana.gov.al. Retrieved on 25 January 2008.</ref>
* {{flagicon|IRN}} ], Iran
* {{flagicon|JPN}} ], Japan
* {{flagicon|BEL}} ], Belgium
* {{flagicon|TUN}} ], Tunisia<ref name="Tunis">{{cite web|url=http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_cooperation1.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508191341/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_cooperation1.htm |archivedate=8 May 2008 |title=Cooperation Internationale |publisher=2003–2009 City of Tunis Portal |language=French |accessdate=31 July 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|USA}} ], United States<ref>{{cite web|title=Visita a Washington del Sindaco|url=http://www.comune.roma.it/wps/portal/pcr?contentId=NEW183956&jp_pagecode=newsview.wp&ahew=contentId:jp_pagecode|accessdate=3 October 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125222237/http://www.comune.roma.it/wps/portal/pcr?contentId=NEW183956&jp_pagecode=newsview.wp&ahew=contentId:jp_pagecode|archivedate=25 November 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
}}

==Documentaries==
* '']'' – ]
* ''The Holy Cities: Rome'' produced by Danae Film Production, distributed by HDH Communications; 2006.

==See also==
{{portal|Rome|Italy|European Union}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* '']''
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
''See also: {{illm|Bibliography of Rome|it|Bibliografia su Roma}}''
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{Cite book |last=Bertarelli |first=Luigi Vittorio |year=1925 |title=Guida d'Italia |volume=IV |publisher=CTI |location=Rome |language=Italian}}
*{{Cite book |last=Brilliant |first=Richard |year=2006 |title=Roman Art. An American's View |publisher=Di Renzo Editore |location=Rome |isbn=88-8323-085-X}}
*{{Cite book |last=Coarelli|first=Filippo|title=Guida archeologica di Roma|publisher=Arnoldo Mondadori Editore|year=1984|language=Italian|location=Milano}}
* De Muro, P., Monni, S., Tridico, P. (2011),
*{{Cite book |title=Rome – Eyewitness Travel|publisher=DK|year=2006|isbn=1-4053-1090-1}}
*{{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=Robert |year=2011 |title=Rome |volume=|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Kinder|first1=Hermann|last2=Hilgemann|first2=Werner|title=Dtv-atlas zur Weltgeschichte|volume=1|language=German|year=1964|publisher=Ex Libris |location=Zürich}}
*{{Cite book |last=Lucentini |first=Mario |year=2002 |title=La Grande Guida di Roma |publisher=Newton & Compton Editori |location=Rome |isbn=88-8289-053-8 |language=Italian}}
*{{Cite book |last=Rendina|first=Mario |year=2007 |title=Roma ieri, oggi, domani|publisher=Newton & Compton Editori |location=Rome |language=Italian}}
*{{Cite book |last=Spoto |first=Salvatore |year=1999 |title=Roma Esoterica |publisher=Newton & Compton Editori |location=Rome |isbn=88-8289-265-4 |language=Italian}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Rome|Rome}}
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* {{en icon}}
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Revision as of 16:31, 10 October 2018

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