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Revision as of 22:41, 22 October 2018 view sourceD.Creish (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users864 edits Membership: This was correctly attributed to the SPLC. Restore attribution.← Previous edit Revision as of 22:50, 22 October 2018 view source D.Creish (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users864 edits rv elevation of political violence in lede and infobox based on National Review opinion piece. We wouldn't use an NR opinion piece for factual claims about Antifa eitherNext edit →
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| caption = | caption =
| formation = {{start date and age|2016}} | formation = {{start date and age|2016}}
| type = ] men's organization that promotes ]<ref name="Long">Colleen Long, , Associated Press (February 3, 2017): "a far-right men's organization"</ref><ref name=NRviolence/><ref name=Guardian2018/> | type = ] men's organization<ref name="Long">Colleen Long, , Associated Press (February 3, 2017): "a far-right men's organization"</ref><ref name=Guardian2018/>
| name = Proud Boys | name = Proud Boys
| named_after = "]" | named_after = "]"
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'''Proud Boys''' is a ] organization that admits only men as members and promotes ].<ref name="Long"/><ref name=NRviolence>{{cite news |last1=Lowry |first1=Rich |title=The Poisonous Allure of Right-Wing Violence |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/10/gavin-mcinnes-proud-boys-poisonous-violence/ |work=National Review |date=19 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=Guardian2018/> It has a presence in the United States, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom.<ref name=indigenous>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41116175|title='Proud Boys' back in Canada military after crashing indigenous ceremony|publisher=]|date=31 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="Gilbert">{{cite news|last1=Gilbert|first1=Simon|title=Right wing activist warns people to avoid "immigrant city" Coventry which he claims is "awful"|url=https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/coventry-immigration-right-wing-mcinnes-13400542|accessdate=8 February 2018|publisher=Coventry Telegraph|date=30 July 2017}}</ref> It was started in 2016 by ] co-founder and former commentator ]. Proud Boys emerged as part of the ], but in early 2017 McInnes began distancing himself from the alt-right, saying the alt-right's focus is race while his focus is what he defines as "Western values", a view which has been termed alt-lite. This re-branding effort intensified after the ].<ref name="Marantz"/><ref name="Woodhouse">{{cite news|last1=Woodhouse|first1=Leighton Akio|title=After Charlottesville, the American Far Right is Tearing Itself Apart|url=https://theintercept.com/2017/09/21/gavin-mcinnes-alt-right-proud-boys-richard-spencer-charlottesville/|accessdate=10 January 2018|publisher=The Intercept|date=21 September 2017}}</ref> The organization has been described as a ] by the Southern Poverty Law Center<ref name=SPLC/> and NPR's ''The Takeaway''.<ref name=Takeaway/> While the group claims it does not support ] views, its members often appear at racist rallies and events.<ref name=Beast2018/> The organization glorifies violence, and members participate in violence at events it attends; it has been called an "alt-right fight club".<ref name=NRviolence/> <ref name=Beast2018>{{cite news |last1=Weill |first1=Kelly |last2=Shallwani|first2=Pervaiz |title=NYPD Looks to Charge 9 Proud Boys With Assault for Manhattan Fight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/nypd-looks-to-charge-9-proud-boys-with-assault-for-manhattan-fight |work=The Daily Beast |date=15 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=SPLC2/><ref name="Carter">Mike Carter, , ''Seattle Times'' (May 1, 2017).</ref> '''Proud Boys''' is a ] organization that admits only men as members, with a presence in the United States, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom.<ref name=indigenous>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41116175|title='Proud Boys' back in Canada military after crashing indigenous ceremony|publisher=]|date=31 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="Gilbert">{{cite news|last1=Gilbert|first1=Simon|title=Right wing activist warns people to avoid "immigrant city" Coventry which he claims is "awful"|url=https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/coventry-immigration-right-wing-mcinnes-13400542|accessdate=8 February 2018|publisher=Coventry Telegraph|date=30 July 2017}}</ref> It was started in 2016 by ] co-founder and former commentator ]. Proud Boys emerged as part of the ], but in early 2017 McInnes began distancing himself from the alt-right, saying the alt-right's focus is race while his focus is what he defines as "Western values", a view which has been termed alt-lite. This re-branding effort intensified after the ].<ref name="Marantz"/><ref name="Woodhouse">{{cite news|last1=Woodhouse|first1=Leighton Akio|title=After Charlottesville, the American Far Right is Tearing Itself Apart|url=https://theintercept.com/2017/09/21/gavin-mcinnes-alt-right-proud-boys-richard-spencer-charlottesville/|accessdate=10 January 2018|publisher=The Intercept|date=21 September 2017}}</ref> The organization has been described as a ] by the Southern Poverty Law Center<ref name=SPLC/> and NPR's ''The Takeaway''.<ref name=Takeaway/> While the group claims it does not support ] views, its members often appear at racist rallies and events.<ref name=Beast2018/> The organization glorifies violence, and members participate in violence at events it attends; it has been called an "alt-right fight club".<ref name=Beast2018>{{cite news |last1=Weill |first1=Kelly |last2=Shallwani|first2=Pervaiz |title=NYPD Looks to Charge 9 Proud Boys With Assault for Manhattan Fight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/nypd-looks-to-charge-9-proud-boys-with-assault-for-manhattan-fight |work=The Daily Beast |date=15 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=SPLC2/><ref name="Carter">Mike Carter, , ''Seattle Times'' (May 1, 2017).</ref>


The group takes its name from the showtune "]," a song cut from the ], in which the title character apologizes to his mother.<ref name="Disser">Disser, Nicole (July 28, 2016). . Bedfordandbowery.com</ref><ref name=Wired1>Ellis, Emma Grey (May 22, 2017). ''Wired.com''. Retrieved October 16, 2018.</ref> The group takes its name from the showtune "]," a song cut from the ], in which the title character apologizes to his mother.<ref name="Disser">Disser, Nicole (July 28, 2016). . Bedfordandbowery.com</ref><ref name=Wired1>Ellis, Emma Grey (May 22, 2017). ''Wired.com''. Retrieved October 16, 2018.</ref>
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In early 2017 McInnes began distancing himself from the alt-right saying their focus is race and his focus is what he calls "Western values", a view which has been termed alt-lite; the rebranding effort intensified after the ].<ref name="Marantz">{{cite news |last1=Marantz |first1=Andrew |title=The Alt-Right Branding War Has Torn the Movement in Two |url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-alt-right-branding-war-has-torn-the-movement-in-two/ |work=The New Yorker |date=July 6, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Woodhouse"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Campbell |first1=Jon |title=Gavin McInnes Wants You to Know He’s Totally Not a White Supremacist |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2017/02/15/gavin-mcinnes-wants-you-to-know-hes-totally-not-a-white-supremacist/ |work=Village Voice |date=February 15, 2017}}</ref> In early 2017 McInnes began distancing himself from the alt-right saying their focus is race and his focus is what he calls "Western values", a view which has been termed alt-lite; the rebranding effort intensified after the ].<ref name="Marantz">{{cite news |last1=Marantz |first1=Andrew |title=The Alt-Right Branding War Has Torn the Movement in Two |url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-alt-right-branding-war-has-torn-the-movement-in-two/ |work=The New Yorker |date=July 6, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Woodhouse"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Campbell |first1=Jon |title=Gavin McInnes Wants You to Know He’s Totally Not a White Supremacist |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2017/02/15/gavin-mcinnes-wants-you-to-know-hes-totally-not-a-white-supremacist/ |work=Village Voice |date=February 15, 2017}}</ref>


The organization glorifies ] against leftists, re-enacting political assassinations, wearing shirts that praise ]'s murders of leftists, and participating directly in political violence.<ref name=NRviolence/><ref name=Beast2018/><ref name=SPLC2/> In August 2018 Twitter shut down the official account for the group, as well as McInnes' account, under its policy prohibiting violent extremist groups; at the time, the group's profile photo was a member punching a counter-protestor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roettgers |first1=Janko |title=Twitter Shuts Down Accounts of Vice Co-Founder Gavin McInnes, Proud Boys Ahead of ‘Unite the Right’ Rally |url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/twitter-shuts-down-accounts-of-vice-co-founder-gavin-mcinnes-proud-boys-ahead-of-unite-the-right-rally-1202902397/ |work=Variety |date=10 August 2018}}</ref> The organization glorifies ] against leftists, re-enacting political assassinations, wearing shirts that praise ]'s murders of leftists, and participating directly in political violence.<ref name=Beast2018/><ref name=SPLC2/> In August 2018 Twitter shut down the official account for the group, as well as McInnes' account, under its policy prohibiting violent extremist groups; at the time, the group's profile photo was a member punching a counter-protestor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roettgers |first1=Janko |title=Twitter Shuts Down Accounts of Vice Co-Founder Gavin McInnes, Proud Boys Ahead of ‘Unite the Right’ Rally |url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/twitter-shuts-down-accounts-of-vice-co-founder-gavin-mcinnes-proud-boys-ahead-of-unite-the-right-rally-1202902397/ |work=Variety |date=10 August 2018}}</ref>


Some men who are not white have joined the Proud Boys, drawn by the organization's ], anti-immigrant stance, and embrace of violence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Arun |title=Why Young Men of Color Are Joining White-Supremacist Groups |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/why-young-men-of-color-are-joining-white-supremacist-groups |work=The Daily Beast |date=4 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Some men who are not white have joined the Proud Boys, drawn by the organization's ], anti-immigrant stance, and embrace of violence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Arun |title=Why Young Men of Color Are Joining White-Supremacist Groups |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/why-young-men-of-color-are-joining-white-supremacist-groups |work=The Daily Beast |date=4 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

Revision as of 22:50, 22 October 2018

Proud Boys
Named after"Proud of Your Boy"
Formation2016; 9 years ago (2016)
FounderGavin McInnes
TypeFar-right men's organization
Region International
WebsiteOfficialProudBoys.com

Proud Boys is a far-right organization that admits only men as members, with a presence in the United States, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom. It was started in 2016 by Vice Media co-founder and former commentator Gavin McInnes. Proud Boys emerged as part of the alt-right, but in early 2017 McInnes began distancing himself from the alt-right, saying the alt-right's focus is race while his focus is what he defines as "Western values", a view which has been termed alt-lite. This re-branding effort intensified after the Unite the Right Rally. The organization has been described as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center and NPR's The Takeaway. While the group claims it does not support white supremacist views, its members often appear at racist rallies and events. The organization glorifies violence, and members participate in violence at events it attends; it has been called an "alt-right fight club".

The group takes its name from the showtune "Proud of Your Boy," a song cut from the Disney film Aladdin, in which the title character apologizes to his mother.

The Organization

McInnes had co-founded Vice Magazine in 1994 but had been pushed out in 2008 after several years of turmoil following a New York Times interview when he talked about his pride in being white. After leaving he began "doggedly hacking a jagged but unrelenting path to the far-right fringes of American culture", according to a 2017 profile in The Globe and Mail.

The Proud Boys organization was launched in September 2016, on the website of Taki’s Magazine, a far-right publication for which Richard Spencer was executive editor. It existed informally before then as something like a McInnes fan club, and the first gathering of the Brooklyn chapter in July 2016 resulted in a brawl in the bar where they met. The name mocks the song Proud of Your Boy from the soundtrack for the film Aladdin, which had became a running theme on McInnes' podcast hosted by Anthony Cumia's Compound Media. McInnes had heard the song at a children's talent show in December 2015 and took immediate dislike to the perceived "fake, humble, and self-serving" nature of the lyrics.

The organization has been described as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center and NPR's The Takeaway, and Spencer, McInnes, and the Proud Boys have been described as hipster racists by Vox and Media Matters for America. McInnes says victim mentality of women and other historically oppressed groups is unhealthy; "There is an incentive to be a victim. It is cool to be a victim." He sees white men and Western culture as "under siege" and described criticism of his ideas as "victim blaming".

In early 2017 McInnes began distancing himself from the alt-right saying their focus is race and his focus is what he calls "Western values", a view which has been termed alt-lite; the rebranding effort intensified after the Unite the Right Rally.

The organization glorifies political violence against leftists, re-enacting political assassinations, wearing shirts that praise Augusto Pinochet's murders of leftists, and participating directly in political violence. In August 2018 Twitter shut down the official account for the group, as well as McInnes' account, under its policy prohibiting violent extremist groups; at the time, the group's profile photo was a member punching a counter-protestor.

Some men who are not white have joined the Proud Boys, drawn by the organization's advocacy for men, anti-immigrant stance, and embrace of violence.

Membership

Proud Boys at a rally in Seattle, 2017

The Proud Boys say they have an initiation process that has four stages and includes hazing. The first stage is a loyalty oath, the second is getting punched until the person recites pop culture trivia, the third is getting a tattoo, and the fourth, according to the Southern Poverty Law Center, requires getting into a fight with someone from the political left.

The Proud Boys have adopted a black Fred Perry polo shirt with yellow piping as their unofficial uniform. Fred Perry was previously associated with the Mod subculture and skinhead groups, including the British National Front. Fred Perry's CEO John Flynn denounced the affiliation with the Proud Boys in a statement to CBC Radio saying, "We don't support the ideals or the group that you speak of. It is counter to our beliefs and the people we work with."

The Proud Boys discourages its members from masturbating and watching pornography so as to motivate them to get "off the couch" and meet women.

Events

2018 Metropolitan Republican Club

In October 2018 McInnes gave at a talk at the Metropolitan Republican Club on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. When he arrived at the club, he stepped out of his car wearing glasses with Asian eyes drawn on the front and pulled a samurai sword out of its sheath. Police forced him inside. Later, inside the event, McInnes and an Asian member of the Proud Boys re-enacted the 1960 murder of Inejiro Asanuma, the leader of the Japanese Socialist Party; a captioned photograph of the actual murder had become a meme in alt-right social media. Anti-fascist activists had started protesting before the event and had vandalized the club. During the event one of counter-protestors threw a bottle at Proud Boys outside the club, sparking a fight. NYC police were present and did nothing. The police later said they had evidence to charge nine Proud Boys and three Antifa members with counts of rioting, assault, and attempted assault.

New York University

In February 2017, McInnes arrived at New York University to give a speech, accompanied by a group of about ten Proud Boys. Minor scuffles broke out between Proud Boys and Antifa protesters, and the NYPD said that eleven people faced criminal charges. One member of the Proud Boys encouraged others to fight the "faggots wearing black that won't let us in", and was later arrested for punching a reporter from DNAinfo.

2017 Berkeley protests

Main article: 2017 Berkeley protests

At the 2017 March 4 Trump rally in Berkeley, California, Kyle Chapman was recorded hitting a counter-protester over the head with a wooden dowel. Images of Chapman went viral, and the Proud Boys organized a crowdfunding campaign for Chapman's bail after his arrest. After this, McInnes invited Chapman to become involved with the Proud Boys, through which he formed the Fraternal Order of the Alt-Knights.

On April 15, 2017, an alt-right rally was organized in Berkeley by the Liberty Revival Alliance, which did not seek or receive a permit, and was attended by members of the Proud Boys, Identity Evropa, and Oath Keepers; many of these people travelled to Berkeley from other parts of the country. The rally was counter-protested and violence broke out. 21 people were arrested.

Portland protests

In 2017 and 2018 Proud Boys participated in several rallies organized by Patriot Prayer in Portland, Oregon and nearby Vancouver, Washington. Scenes of violence from one of these rallies was turned into a sizzle reel for the Proud Boys and was circulated on social media.

Disruption of Halifax Indigenous Peoples' Protest

Main article: Edward Cornwallis Statue protests

On July 1, 2017, five Canadian Armed Forces members who self-identified as Proud Boys disrupted a protest organized by indigenous activists, in Halifax, Nova Scotia on Canada Day; Halifax had been debating how to deal with statues of Edward Cornwallis, who had placed a bounty for scalps of Mi'kmaq people after they had rebelled against the British. The Proud Boys carried the Canadian Red Ensign flag from the time of Cornwallis and one of them said to the indigenous protestors, "You are recognising your heritage and so are we." General Jonathan Vance, the head of the CAF, later stated that the five would be removed from training and duties as the military investigated and reviewed the circumstances surrounding their actions. General Vance also indicated that the members could possibly be released from the CAF permanently. Rear Admiral John Newton, Commander of the Maritime Fleet of the Royal Canadian Navy, was "personally horrified" by the incident and said the Proud Boys were "clearly a white supremacist group and we fundamentally stand opposed to any of their values."

On August 14, 2017, the CAF confirmed that the investigation had been concluded. Later that month, Newton announced that four of the members had returned to duty, stating that the CAF had taken "appropriate measures to address individual shortcomings" and warning, "Any further inappropriate behavior could result in their termination from the Canadian Armed Forces."

Unite the Right rally

Main article: Unite the Right rally

In June, McInnes disavowed the then-upcoming Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. However, Proud Boys were at the August 2017 alt-right event, which was organized by white supremacist Jason Kessler. Kessler had joined the Proud Boys some time before organizing the event. McInnes said he had kicked Kessler out after his views on race had become clear. After the rally, Kessler accused McInnes of using him as a “patsy” and said: “You’re trying to cuck and save your own ass." Alex Michael Ramos, one of the men convicted for the assault of DeAndre Harris which took place at the rally, was associated with the Proud Boys and Fraternal Order of Alt-Knights.

Fraternal Order of the Alt-Knights

In 2017, Kyle Chapman, nicknamed "Based Stickman" due to the aforementioned wooden dowel incident, formed a paramilitary wing of the Proud Boys called the "Fraternal Order of the Alt-Knights" (FOAK). Alt-right figure Augustus Sol Invictus acted as FOAK's second-in-command until he left the group.

References

  1. Colleen Long, 11 arrests at NYU protest over speech by 'Proud Boys' leader, Associated Press (February 3, 2017): "a far-right men's organization"
  2. ^ Wilson, Jason (July 14, 2018). "Who are the Proud Boys, 'western chauvinists' involved in political violence?". the Guardian.
  3. ^ "'Proud Boys' back in Canada military after crashing indigenous ceremony". BBC News. August 31, 2017.
  4. Gilbert, Simon (July 30, 2017). "Right wing activist warns people to avoid "immigrant city" Coventry which he claims is "awful"". Coventry Telegraph. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  5. ^ Marantz, Andrew (July 6, 2017). "The Alt-Right Branding War Has Torn the Movement in Two". The New Yorker.
  6. ^ Woodhouse, Leighton Akio (September 21, 2017). "After Charlottesville, the American Far Right is Tearing Itself Apart". The Intercept. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
  7. ^ "Proud Boys". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  8. ^ "Gavin McInnes and the Proud Boys: Misogyny, Authoritarianism, and the Rise of Multiracial White Supremacy". The Takeaway: WNYC Studios. October 16, 2018.
  9. ^ Weill, Kelly; Shallwani, Pervaiz (October 15, 2018). "NYPD Looks to Charge 9 Proud Boys With Assault for Manhattan Fight". The Daily Beast.
  10. ^ Morlin, Bill (April 25, 2017). "New Alt-Right "Fight Club" Ready for Street Violence". Southern Poverty Law Center.
  11. Mike Carter, Seattle police wary of May Day violence between pro- and anti-Trump groups, Seattle Times (May 1, 2017).
  12. ^ Disser, Nicole (July 28, 2016). Gavin McInnes and his Proud Boys want to make white men great again. Bedfordandbowery.com
  13. ^ Ellis, Emma Grey (May 22, 2017). "Your Handy Field Guide to the Many Factions of the Far Right, from the Proud Boys to Identity Evropa." Wired.com. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  14. ^ Houpt, Simon (August 18, 2017). "Vice co-founder Gavin McInnes's path to the far-right frontier". Globe and Mail. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  15. ^ Coaston, Jane (October 15, 2018). "The Proud Boys, the bizarre far-right street fighters behind violence in New York, explained". Vox.
  16. Hemmer, Nicole (December 2, 2016). "Tweedy racists and "ironic" anti-Semites: the alt-right fits a historical pattern". Vox.
  17. Theel, Shauna (June 5, 2014). "Meet The Hipster Racist Fox News Guest Attacking Neil deGrasse Tyson". Media Matters for America.
  18. Osnos, Evan (February 6, 2017). "Trump Supporters at the DeploraBall". The New Yorker. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
  19. Campbell, Jon (February 15, 2017). "Gavin McInnes Wants You to Know He's Totally Not a White Supremacist". Village Voice.
  20. Roettgers, Janko (August 10, 2018). "Twitter Shuts Down Accounts of Vice Co-Founder Gavin McInnes, Proud Boys Ahead of 'Unite the Right' Rally". Variety.
  21. Gupta, Arun (September 4, 2018). "Why Young Men of Color Are Joining White-Supremacist Groups". The Daily Beast.
  22. Proud Boys: ‘Willing to go places and disrupt things’ Toronto Sun (July 6, 2017)
  23. Gilmour, David (September 7, 2017). "Meet the Proud Boys, the pro-men, anti-masturbation enemy of 'antifa'". The Daily Dot. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
  24. ^ Hall, Alexandra (November 26, 2017). "Controversial Proud Boys Embrace 'Western Values,' Reject Feminism And Political Correctness". Wisconsin Public Radio. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
  25. ^ Flammia, Christine (July 10, 2017). "Fred Perry Wants Nothing to Do With Its Alt-Right Fanboys." Esquire.
  26. ^ Fred Perry chairman says he wants nothing to do with Gavin McInnes and his Proud Boys CBC Radio (July 7, 2017)
  27. Jake Wolff, The Proud Boys are the latest losers to try to co-opt the classic polo GQ(July 11, 2017)
  28. Southall, Ashley; Pager, Tyler (October 14, 2018). "Proud Boys Fight at G.O.P. Club Spurs Calls for Inquiry; Cuomo Blames Trump". The New York Times.
  29. Offenhartz, Jake (February 3, 2017). "Anti-Fascist Protesters Clash With 'Proud Boys' As Gavin McInnes Speaks At NYU". Gothamist. Archived from the original on March 20, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. Campbell, Jon (February 15, 2017). "Gavin McInnes Wants You to Know He's Totally Not a White Supremacist". Village Voice. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
  31. Feuer, Alan; Peters, Jeremy W. (June 2, 2017). "Fringe Groups Revel as Protests Turn Violent". The New York Times. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  32. St. John, Paige; Rocha, Veronica (April 27, 2017). "Conservative and alt-right groups gather for 'free speech' rally in Berkeley". Los Angeles Times.
  33. John, Paige St. (April 28, 2017). "For many at violent Berkeley rally, it wasn't really about Trump or free speech: They came to make trouble". Los Angeles Times.
  34. Matarrese, Andy (September 10, 2017). "Protesters clash in Patriot Prayer demonstration on Vancouver waterfront". The Columbian.
  35. Flaccus, Gillian (August 3, 2018). "Portland prepares for right-wing, anti-fascist rallies". Associated Press via The Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on August 4, 2018.
  36. Neiwert, David (October 15, 2018). "Patriot Prayer again brings violence to Portland with 'flash march' downtown, rounding out a weekend of far-right violence". Southern Poverty Law Center.
  37. Tasker, John Paul. "Head of Canada's Indigenous veterans group hopes Proud Boys don't lose their CAF jobs". CBC. CBC. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  38. Elizabeth McMillan (July 4, 2017). "Forces members who disrupted Indigenous rally face 'severe consequences'". CBC. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  39. Roache, Trina (July 5, 2017). "The military apologizes while a grandmother demands action on "Proud Boys" behavior". APTN National News. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
  40. Previl, Sean (August 14, 2017). "Investigation into 'Proud Boys' incident in Halifax concluded: military official". Global News. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
  41. "No criminal or disciplinary charges for Canadian military "Proud Boys" – group now back on the job". Ottawa Citizen. August 31, 2017. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
  42. Yager, Jordy (August 23, 2017). "Living Next Door to a White Supremacist". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
  43. Strickland, Patrick (August 13, 2017). "Unite the Right: White supremacists rally in Virginia". Al Jazeera. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  44. Porter, Tom (August 12, 2017). "Who are the alt-right leaders and provocateurs addressing the Charlottesville white nationalist rally?". Newsweek. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  45. Lind, Dara (August 12, 2017). "Unite the Right, the violent white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, explained". Vox. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  46. "Charlottesville Beating Suspect Is Guilty". njtoday.net. May 3, 2018.
  47. Feuer, Alan; Peters, Jeremy W. (June 2, 2017). "Fringe Groups Revel as Protests Turn Violent". New York Times. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
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