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| ==Interpretations of quantum physics== | ==Interpretations of quantum physics== | ||
| {{further|Interpretations of quantum mechanics}} | {{further|Interpretations of quantum mechanics}} | ||
| According to the Irish physicist Andrew Whitaker, a powerful group of physicists centred on ], ] and ] made clear that "there was no place in physics |
According to the Irish physicist Andrew Whitaker, a powerful group of physicists centred on ], ] and ] made clear that "there was no place in physics – no jobs in physics! – for anybody who dared to question the ]" (Bohr's interpretation) of quantum theory.{{sfn|Whitaker|2012|pp=1–2}} John Clauser writes that any inquiry into the "wonders and peculiarities" of quantum mechanics and ] that went outside the "party line" was prohibited, in what he argues amounted to an "evangelical crusade".<ref name=Clauser2002p62/> ], editor of the prestigious '']'' and '']'' until he retired in 1974,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bederson |first1=Benjamin |title=Essay: Samuel Abraham Goudsmit (1902–1978) |url=https://journals.aps.org/prl/edannounce/PhysRevLett.101.010002 |journal=Physical Review Letters|date=30 June 2008 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.010002}}</ref> imposed a formal ban on the philosophical debate, issuing instructions to referees that they should feel free to reject material that even hinted at it.<ref name=Kaiser121/> | ||
| ==Alternative publications== | ==Alternative publications== | ||
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| L'Institut de la Méthode of the Association Ferdinand Gonseth,<ref name=Whitaker2012p145/> which had been established in honour of the philosopher ].<ref name=Kaiser121/> It described itself as "an open and informal journal allowing confrontation and ripening of ideas before publishing in some adequate journal."<ref name=Whitaker2012p145/> According to Clauser, it announced that the usual stigma against discussing certain ideas, such as ], was to be absent.<ref name=Clauser2002p62/> The newsletter's editors included ].<ref name=Whitaker2012p145/> | L'Institut de la Méthode of the Association Ferdinand Gonseth,<ref name=Whitaker2012p145/> which had been established in honour of the philosopher ].<ref name=Kaiser121/> It described itself as "an open and informal journal allowing confrontation and ripening of ideas before publishing in some adequate journal."<ref name=Whitaker2012p145/> According to Clauser, it announced that the usual stigma against discussing certain ideas, such as ], was to be absent.<ref name=Clauser2002p62/> The newsletter's editors included ].<ref name=Whitaker2012p145/> | ||
| Several eminent physicists published their material in ''Epistemological Letters'', including John Bell, the originator of Bell's theorem.<ref name=Kaiser121/> Clauser writes that much of the early work on Bell's theorem was published only in ''Epistemological Letters''.<ref name=Clauser2002p62/> Bell's paper, "The Theory of Local Beables" (''beable'', as opposed to ''observable'', |
Several eminent physicists published their material in ''Epistemological Letters'', including John Bell, the originator of Bell's theorem.<ref name=Kaiser121/> Clauser writes that much of the early work on Bell's theorem was published only in ''Epistemological Letters''.<ref name=Clauser2002p62/> Bell's paper, "The Theory of Local Beables" (''beable'', as opposed to ''observable'', referring to something that exists independently of any observer), appeared there in March 1976.<ref>{{harvnb|Whitaker|2012|pp=181–182}}; ] (1975). , , Jaca, Spain, 2–7 June 1975, reproduced in ''Epistemological Letters'', March 1976.</ref> Abner Shimony, John Clauser and Michael Horne published responses to it, also in the ''Letters''.<ref>{{harvnb|Whitaker|2012|p=181}}; Shimony, A; Horne, M. A.; and Clauser, J. F. (1976). "Comment on 'The Theory of Local Beable'", ''Epistemological Letters'', 13, pp. 1–8.</ref> ] was another prominent physicist who wrote for the ''Letters''.<ref>] (June 1979). "Colloquium on Bell's Theorem", ''Epistemological Letters'', 1081.</ref> ] published a paper in the ''Letters'' on the ] of quantum mechanics in 1981.<ref>] (1981). . ''Epistemological Letters'', 63, courtesy of CERN (with an addendum).</ref> | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 18:38, 25 October 2018
Academic journal
 | |
| Discipline | Quantum physics |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Abner Shimony and others |
| Publication details | |
| Publisher | L'Institut de la Méthode of the Association Ferdinand Gonseth (Switzerland) |
| Frequency | 36 or 37 newsletters, 1973–1984 |
| Standard abbreviations ISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt) NLM · MathSciNet | |
| ISO 4 | Epistemol. Lett. |
Epistemological Letters was a hand-typed, mimeographed "underground" newsletter about quantum physics that was distributed to a private mailing list, described by the physicist John Clauser as a "quantum subculture", between 1973 and 1984.
Distributed by a Swiss foundation, the newsletter was created because mainstream academic journals were reluctant to publish articles about the philosophy of quantum mechanics, especially anything that implied support for ideas such as action at a distance. Thirty-six or thirty-seven issues of Epistemological Letters appeared, each between four and eighty-nine pages long. Several well-known scientists published their work there, including the Irish physicist John Bell, the originator of Bell's theorem. According to Clauser, much of the early work on Bell's theorem was published only in Epistemological Letters.
Interpretations of quantum physics
Further information: Interpretations of quantum mechanicsAccording to the Irish physicist Andrew Whitaker, a powerful group of physicists centred on Niels Bohr, Wolfgang Pauli and Werner Heisenberg made clear that "there was no place in physics – no jobs in physics! – for anybody who dared to question the Copenhagen interpretation" (Bohr's interpretation) of quantum theory. John Clauser writes that any inquiry into the "wonders and peculiarities" of quantum mechanics and quantum entanglement that went outside the "party line" was prohibited, in what he argues amounted to an "evangelical crusade". Samuel Goudsmit, editor of the prestigious Physical Review and Physical Review Letters until he retired in 1974, imposed a formal ban on the philosophical debate, issuing instructions to referees that they should feel free to reject material that even hinted at it.
Alternative publications
Articles questioning the mainstream position were therefore distributed in alternative publications, and Epistemological Letters became one of the main conduits. The newsletter was sent out by the L'Institut de la Méthode of the Association Ferdinand Gonseth, which had been established in honour of the philosopher Ferdinand Gonseth. It described itself as "an open and informal journal allowing confrontation and ripening of ideas before publishing in some adequate journal." According to Clauser, it announced that the usual stigma against discussing certain ideas, such as hidden-variable theories, was to be absent. The newsletter's editors included Abner Shimony.
Several eminent physicists published their material in Epistemological Letters, including John Bell, the originator of Bell's theorem. Clauser writes that much of the early work on Bell's theorem was published only in Epistemological Letters. Bell's paper, "The Theory of Local Beables" (beable, as opposed to observable, referring to something that exists independently of any observer), appeared there in March 1976. Abner Shimony, John Clauser and Michael Horne published responses to it, also in the Letters. Henry Stapp was another prominent physicist who wrote for the Letters. H. Dieter Zeh published a paper in the Letters on the many-minds interpretation of quantum mechanics in 1981.
See also
References
- ^ Whitaker, Andrew (2012). The New Quantum Age: From Bell's Theorem to Quantum Computation and Teleportation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 145.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ^ Clauser, John F. (2002). "Early History of Bell's Theorem", in R. A. Bertlmann and A. Zeilinger (eds.). Quantum (Un)speakables: From Bell to Quantum Information. Springer, p. 62.
- For 1973–1984, see "Epistemological letters", Abe Books (archived), and "Epistemological letters", Amazon. Andrew Whitaker gives the dates as 1974–1984; see Whitaker 2012, p. 145.
- ^ Kaiser, David (2011). How the Hippies Saved Physics: Science, Counterculture, and the Quantum Revival. New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, pp. 121–122; Kaiser, David (2010). "How the Hippies Saved Physics", Cambridge Science Festival, from 00:37:35.
- For 36 issues, see "Epistemological letters", Abe Books; for 37 issues and number of pages, see Whitaker 2012, p. 145.
- Whitaker 2012, pp. 1–2.
- Bederson, Benjamin (30 June 2008). "Essay: Samuel Abraham Goudsmit (1902–1978)". Physical Review Letters. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.010002.
- Whitaker 2012, pp. 181–182; Bell, J. S. (1975). "The Theory of Local Beables", "6th Gift Seminar on Theoretical Physics: Quantum Field Theory", Jaca, Spain, 2–7 June 1975, reproduced in Epistemological Letters, March 1976.
- Whitaker 2012, p. 181; Shimony, A; Horne, M. A.; and Clauser, J. F. (1976). "Comment on 'The Theory of Local Beable'", Epistemological Letters, 13, pp. 1–8.
- Stapp, Henry (June 1979). "Colloquium on Bell's Theorem", Epistemological Letters, 1081.
- Zeh, H. Dieter (1981). "The Problem of Conscious Observation in Quantum Mechanical Description". Epistemological Letters, 63, courtesy of CERN (with an addendum).
Further reading
- Epistemological Letters, WorldCat.
- Friere, Olival (2003). "A Story Without an Ending: The Quantum Physics Controversy 1950–1970", Science & Education, 12, pp. 573–586.
- Gusterson, Hugh (18 August 2011). "Physics: Quantum outsiders", Nature, 476, pp. 278–279.