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	'''''Homo sapiens idaltu''''' ({{lang-aa\|Idaltu}}; "elder" or "first born"<ref name="White03" />), also called '''Herto Man''',<ref name="White03" /> is the name given to a number of ] fossils found in 1997 in ], ]. They date to around 160,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2003/06/11_idaltu.shtml \|title= 160,000-year-old fossilized skulls uncovered in Ethiopia are oldest anatomically modern humans \| publisher= UC Berkeley \|date=June 11, 2003 \|accessdate=June 7, 2016}}</ref>		'''''Homo sapiens idaltu''''' ({{lang-aa\|Idaltu}}; "elder" or "first born"<ref name="White03" />), also called '''Herto Man''',<ref name="White03" /> is the name given to a number of ] fossils found in 1997 in ], ]. They date to around 160,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2003/06/11_idaltu.shtml \|title= 160,000-year-old fossilized skulls uncovered in Ethiopia are oldest anatomically modern humans \| publisher= UC Berkeley \|date=June 11, 2003 \|accessdate=June 7, 2016}}</ref>

		⚫	Paleoanthropologists determined that the skeletal finds belong to an extinct subspecies of ''Homo sapiens'' who lived in ] Africa. In the narrow definition of ''H. sapiens'', the subspecies ''H. s. idaltu'' falls under the umbrella of ].<ref>Robert Sanders, , \| 11 June 2003</ref> The recognition of ''H. s. idaltu'' as a ] of the anatomically modern human lineage would justify the description of contemporary humans with the subspecies name ''H. s. sapiens''. Because of their early dating and unique physical characteristics, they represent the immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans, as suggested by the ] theory.<ref name="White03">{{Citation \|last=White \|first=Tim D. \|authorlink=Tim White (anthropologist) \|last2=Asfaw \|first2=B. \|last3=DeGusta \|first3=D. \|last4=Gilbert \|first4=H. \|last5=Richards \|first5=G. D. \|last6=Suwa \|first6=G. \|last7=Howell \|first7=F. C. \|year=2003 \|title=Pleistocene ''Homo sapiens'' from Middle Awash, Ethiopia \|journal=] \|volume=423 \|issue=6491 \|pages=742–747 \|doi=10.1038/nature01669\|pmid=12802332 \|bibcode = 2003Natur.423..742W }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/meet-the-contenders-for-earliest-modern-human-17801455/?no-ist \|title= Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human \| publisher= Smithsonian \|date=January 11, 2012 \|accessdate=June 8, 2016}}</ref>
	Paleoanthropologists determined that the skeletal finds belong to an extinct subspecies of ''Homo sapiens'' which lived in ] Africa since the fossils possess some archaic cranial traits that are uncommon among ]s. They also generally lack the derived features of classic ]s. ''Homo sapiens idaltu'' are morphologically similar to both archaic African fossils and subsequent anatomically modern humans of the Late Pleistocene.

⚫	Because of their early dating and unique physical characteristics, they ~~were believed to~~ represent the immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans, as suggested by the ] theory.<ref name="White03">{{Citation \|last=White \|first=Tim D. \|authorlink=Tim White (anthropologist) \|last2=Asfaw \|first2=B. \|last3=DeGusta \|first3=D. \|last4=Gilbert \|first4=H. \|last5=Richards \|first5=G. D. \|last6=Suwa \|first6=G. \|last7=Howell \|first7=F. C. \|year=2003 \|title=Pleistocene ''Homo sapiens'' from Middle Awash, Ethiopia \|journal=] \|volume=423 \|issue=6491 \|pages=742–747 \|doi=10.1038/nature01669\|pmid=12802332 \|bibcode = 2003Natur.423..742W }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/meet-the-contenders-for-earliest-modern-human-17801455/?no-ist \|title= Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human \| publisher= Smithsonian \|date=January 11, 2012 \|accessdate=June 8, 2016}}</ref>
	The oldest anatomically modern human fossils (315,000 years old) discovered at ], ], have since been dated to nearly twice the age of the Herto fossils.

	==Discovery==		==Discovery==
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	==Morphology and taxonomy==		==Morphology and taxonomy==
	The ] differ from those of chronologically later forms of early '']'', ~~such as ] specimens found in ] and other parts of the world. Their~~ ] has features that show resemblances to ~~more primitive~~ African fossils, such as huge and robust skulls, yet have a globular shape of the brain-case and the facial features typical of ''H. sapiens''.<ref name="White03"/><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/origins/homo_sapiens_idaltu.php \|title= HOMO SAPIENS IDALTU \| publisher= Bradshaw foundation \|date= \|accessdate=June 7, 2016}}</ref>		The ] differ from those of chronologically later forms of early ''],'' their ] has features that show resemblances to African fossils, such as huge and robust skulls, yet have a globular shape of the brain-case and the facial features typical of ''H. sapiens''.<ref name="White03"/><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/origins/homo_sapiens_idaltu.php \|title= HOMO SAPIENS IDALTU \| publisher= Bradshaw foundation \|date= \|accessdate=June 7, 2016}}</ref>

	Anthropologist ] argued in a 2003 article in the journal ''Nature'' that "the skulls may not be distinctive enough to warrant a new subspecies name".<ref>{{Cite journal \|url=http://www.nature.com/index.html?file=/nature/journal/v423/n6941/full/423692a_fs.html \|title= Human evolution: Out of Ethiopia \|journal= Nature \|volume= 423 \|issue= 6941 \|pages= 693-695 \|date=June 12, 2003 \|accessdate=June 7, 2016\|bibcode= 2003Natur.423..692S \|last1= Stringer \|first1= Chris \|doi= 10.1038/423692a \|pmid= 12802315 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/herto.html \|title= Herto skulls (Homo sapiens idaltu) \| publisher= talkorigins org \|date= \|accessdate=June 7, 2016}}</ref>		Anthropologist ] argued in a 2003 article in the journal ''Nature'' that "the skulls may not be distinctive enough to warrant a new subspecies name".<ref>{{Cite journal \|url=http://www.nature.com/index.html?file=/nature/journal/v423/n6941/full/423692a_fs.html \|title= Human evolution: Out of Ethiopia \|journal= Nature \|volume= 423 \|issue= 6941 \|pages= 693-695 \|date=June 12, 2003 \|accessdate=June 7, 2016\|bibcode= 2003Natur.423..692S \|last1= Stringer \|first1= Chris \|doi= 10.1038/423692a \|pmid= 12802315 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/herto.html \|title= Herto skulls (Homo sapiens idaltu) \| publisher= talkorigins org \|date= \|accessdate=June 7, 2016}}</ref>
	]		]
	~~Despite the archaic features, these~~ specimens ~~were argued to~~ represent the direct ancestors of modern '']'' which, according to the "]" or "out of Africa" model, developed shortly after this period (] mitochondrial divergence dated not later than 110,000 ]) in ]. "The many morphological features shared by the Herto crania and ], to the exclusion of ] ], provide additional fossil data excluding Neanderthals from a significant contribution to the ancestry of modern humans."<ref name="White03"/>		These specimens represent the direct ancestors of modern '']'' which, according to the "]" or "out of Africa" model, developed shortly after this period (] mitochondrial divergence dated not later than 110,000 ]) in ]. "The many morphological features shared by the Herto crania and ], to the exclusion of ] ], provide additional fossil data excluding Neanderthals from a significant contribution to the ancestry of modern humans."<ref name="White03"/>

⚫	A 2005 ] of volcanic ] associated with the Omo remains showed them to date from around 195,000 years ago. At the time of the dating, this made these fossils the earliest known remains of ], older than the ''idaltu'' specimens.<ref>{{Citation \|last=McDougall \|first=I. \|last2=Brown \|first2=F. H. \|last3=Fleagle \|first3=J. G. \|year=2005 \|title=Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia \|journal=Nature \|volume=433 \|issue=7027 \|pages=733–736 \|doi=10.1038/nature03258 \|pmid=15716951 \|bibcode=2005Natur.433..733M}}</ref> ~~Fossils~~ ~~excavated~~ at ~~the~~ ] ~~site~~ in ] ~~have~~ ~~since~~ ~~been~~ ~~dated~~ to an ~~earlier~~ ~~period,~~ ~~around~~ ~~315,000~~ ~~years~~ ~~ago.<ref>{{cite~~ ~~journal\|last=Callaway\|first=Ewan\|title=Oldest~~ ~~''Homo~~ ~~sapiens''~~ ~~fossil~~ ~~claim~~ ~~rewrites~~ ~~our~~ ~~species'~~ ~~history\|url=http://www.nature.com/news/oldest-homo-sapiens-fossil-claim-rewrites-our-species-history-1.22114\|date=7~~ ~~June~~ ~~2017\|journal=~~]~~\|doi=10.1038/nature.2017.22114\|accessdate=5~~ ~~July~~ ~~2017}}</ref>~~

		⚫	A 2005 ] of volcanic ] associated with the Omo remains showed them to date from around 195,000 years ago. At the time of the dating, this made these fossils the earliest known remains of ], older than the ''idaltu'' specimens.<ref>{{Citation \|last=McDougall \|first=I. \|last2=Brown \|first2=F. H. \|last3=Fleagle \|first3=J. G. \|year=2005 \|title=Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia \|journal=Nature \|volume=433 \|issue=7027 \|pages=733–736 \|doi=10.1038/nature03258 \|pmid=15716951 \|bibcode=2005Natur.433..733M}}</ref> In 2013, comparative craniometric analysis of the Herto ''Homo idaltu'' skull with ancient and recent crania from other parts of Africa found that the specimen was morphologically closest to the Pleistocene ] fossil and Early Holocene Kef Oum Touiza skeleton.
	In 2013, comparative craniometric analysis of the Herto ''Homo idaltu'' skull with ancient and recent crania from other parts of Africa found that the specimen was morphologically closest to the Pleistocene ] fossil and Early Holocene Kef Oum Touiza skeleton. Herto and the prehistoric fossils were also distinct from crania belonging to modern ]-speaking populations from the Horn of Africa and ], which instead possessed Middle Eastern affinities. This suggests that the Afroasiatic-speaking groups settled in the area during a later epoch, having possibly arrived from the ].<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Terrazas Mata, A. Serrano Sánchez, C. and Benavente, M.\|title=The Late Peopling of Africa According to Craniometric Data. A Comparison of Genetic and Linguistic Models\|journal=Human Evolution\|date=2013\|issue=1–2\|pages=1–12\|url=https://www.academia.edu/download/31450171/Late_Peopling_of_Africa_.pdf\|accessdate=17 March 2017}}</ref>

	== See also ==		== See also ==

Revision as of 19:43, 6 November 2018

Herto Man Temporal range: Pleistocene (Lower Paleolithic), 0.16 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓

Homo sapiens idaltu skull
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Family:	Hominidae
Subfamily:	Homininae
Tribe:	Hominini
Genus:	Homo
Species:	H. sapiens
Subspecies:	H. s. idaltu
Trinomial name
*Homo sapiens idaltu* White et al., 2003

Homo sapiens idaltu (Template:Lang-aa; "elder" or "first born"), also called Herto Man, is the name given to a number of hominin fossils found in 1997 in Herto Bouri, Ethiopia. They date to around 160,000 years ago.

Paleoanthropologists determined that the skeletal finds belong to an extinct subspecies of Homo sapiens who lived in Pleistocene Africa. In the narrow definition of H. sapiens, the subspecies H. s. idaltu falls under the umbrella of Anatomically modern humans. The recognition of H. s. idaltu as a valid subspecies of the anatomically modern human lineage would justify the description of contemporary humans with the subspecies name H. s. sapiens. Because of their early dating and unique physical characteristics, they represent the immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans, as suggested by the Out-of-Africa theory.

Discovery

Hominin timeline

This box:

−10 —–−9 —–−8 —–−7 —–−6 —–−5 —–−4 —–−3 —–−2 —–−1 —–0 —

MiocenePliocenePleistoceneHomininiNakalipithecusSamburupithecusOuranopithecus
(Ou. turkae)
(Ou. macedoniensis)ChororapithecusOreopithecusSivapithecusSahelanthropusGraecopithecusOrrorin(O. praegens)
(O. tugenensis)Ardipithecus(Ar. kadabba)(Ar. ramidus)Australopithecus
(Au. africanus)
(Au. afarensis)
(Au. anamensis)H. habilis
(H. rudolfensis)
(Au. garhi)H. erectus
(H. antecessor)
(H. ergaster)
(Au. sediba)H. heidelbergensisHomo sapiensNeanderthals Denisovans

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←

←

←

←

Earliest sign of Ardipithecus

←

Earliest sign of Australopithecus

←

Earliest stone tools

←

Earliest sign of
Homo

←

Dispersal beyond Africa

←

Earliest language

←

Earliest fire / cooking

←

Earliest rock art

←

Earliest clothes

←

Modern humans

H o m i n i d sP a r a n t h r o p u s

(million years ago)

The fossilized remains of Homo sapiens idaltu were discovered at Herto Bouri near the Middle Awash site of Ethiopia's Afar Triangle in 1997 by Tim White, but were first unveiled in 2003. Herto Bouri is a region of Ethiopia under volcanic layers. According to radioisotope dating, the layers are between 154,000 and 160,000 years old. Three well preserved crania are accounted for, the best preserved being from an adult male (BOU-VP-16/1) having a brain capacity of 1,450 cm (88 cu in). The other crania include another partial adult male and a six-year-old child.

Morphology and taxonomy

The Omo fossils differ from those of chronologically later forms of early Homo sapiens, their morphology has features that show resemblances to African fossils, such as huge and robust skulls, yet have a globular shape of the brain-case and the facial features typical of H. sapiens.

Anthropologist Chris Stringer argued in a 2003 article in the journal Nature that "the skulls may not be distinctive enough to warrant a new subspecies name".

These specimens represent the direct ancestors of modern Homo sapiens sapiens which, according to the "recent African origin (RAO)" or "out of Africa" model, developed shortly after this period (Khoisan mitochondrial divergence dated not later than 110,000 BCE) in Eastern Africa. "The many morphological features shared by the Herto crania and AMHS, to the exclusion of penecontemporaneous Neanderthals, provide additional fossil data excluding Neanderthals from a significant contribution to the ancestry of modern humans."

A 2005 potassium-argon dating of volcanic tuff associated with the Omo remains showed them to date from around 195,000 years ago. At the time of the dating, this made these fossils the earliest known remains of anatomically modern humans, older than the idaltu specimens. In 2013, comparative craniometric analysis of the Herto Homo idaltu skull with ancient and recent crania from other parts of Africa found that the specimen was morphologically closest to the Pleistocene Rabat fossil and Early Holocene Kef Oum Touiza skeleton.

References

^ White, Tim D.; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003), "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia", Nature, 423 (6491): 742–747, Bibcode:2003Natur.423..742W, doi:10.1038/nature01669, PMID 12802332
"160,000-year-old fossilized skulls uncovered in Ethiopia are oldest anatomically modern humans". UC Berkeley. June 11, 2003. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
Robert Sanders, 160,000-year-old fossilized skulls uncovered in Ethiopia are oldest anatomically modern humans, | 11 June 2003
"Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human". Smithsonian. January 11, 2012. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
White, TD; Asfaw, B; DeGusta, D; et al. (June 2003). "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia". Nature. 423 (6941): 742–7. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..742W. doi:10.1038/nature01669. PMID 12802332. Retrieved June 7, 2016. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last4= (help)
"HOMO SAPIENS IDALTU". Bradshaw foundation. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
Stringer, Chris (June 12, 2003). "Human evolution: Out of Ethiopia". Nature. 423 (6941): 693–695. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..692S. doi:10.1038/423692a. PMID 12802315. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
"Herto skulls (Homo sapiens idaltu)". talkorigins org. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
McDougall, I.; Brown, F. H.; Fleagle, J. G. (2005), "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature, 433 (7027): 733–736, Bibcode:2005Natur.433..733M, doi:10.1038/nature03258, PMID 15716951

External links

Origins - Exploring the Fossil Record - Homo sapiens idaltu Bradshaw Foundation
Missing link in human evolution found in Africa (abc.net.au 12 June 2003)
Oldest Homo Sapiens Fossils Found, Experts Say (National Geographic News)
Chris Stringer (Natural History Museum) Human origins; new fossil human finds in Ethiopia. 12 June 2003
BBC report and image of the reconstructed skull discovered at Herto
Homo sapiens idaltu - Nature Journal Article
Fossil Hominids - Middle Awash Research Project
Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).
160,000-year-old fossilized skulls uncovered in Ethiopia are oldest anatomically modern humans, Robert Sanders, UC Berkeley, 11 June 2003.

Human evolution

Taxonomy
(Hominins)

Last common ancestors

Australopithecines

Nakalipithecus Orrorin Sahelanthropus Kenyanthropus
Ardipithecus	A. kadabba A. ramidus
Australopithecus	A. afarensis A. africanus A. anamensis A. bahrelghazali A. deyiremeda A. garhi A. sediba
Paranthropus	P. aethiopicus P. boisei P. robustus

Humans and
proto-humans
(Homo)

Proto-humans

H. gautengensis (?) H. habilis H. naledi H. rudolfensis (?) H. tsaichangensis (?)
Homo erectus	H. e. erectus H. e. georgicus H. e. lantianensis H. e. nankinensis H. e. pekinensis H. e. soloensis H. e. tautavelensis H. e. yuanmouensis

Archaic humans

Modern humans

Homo sapiens	H. s. sapiens (archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans) Jebel Irhoud H. s. idaltu Cro-Magnon Manot people Tam Pa Ling Red Deer Cave people

Ancestors

Homo habilis → Homo ergaster / Homo erectus (→ Homo antecessor) → Homo heidelbergensis → archaic Homo sapiens → Homo sapiens

Models

General models	Hunting Gathering Endurance running Aquatic ape Sexual selection Self-domestication
Specific models	Diet Cooking Expensive tissue Shore-based Drugs Drunken monkey Evolutionary models of human drug use Stoned ape theory Behavior Killer ape Cooperative eye Life history Grandmother Patriarch
Topics	Bipedalism Skeleton Muscles Skin color Hair Thermoregulation Speech Language Intelligence Gender roles
Origin of modern humans	Recent African origin Multiregional origin Archaic admixture Behavioral modernity Early migrations Recent evolution

Timelines

Others

Prehistoric technology

Tools

Farming

Food processing

Hunting

Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear spear-thrower baton harpoon Schöningen woomera
Projectile points	Arrowhead Transverse Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Mastodon Plano
Systems	Game drive system Buffalo jump

Toolmaking

Other tools

Architecture

Ceremonial	Kiva Pyramid Standing stones megalith row Stonehenge
Dwellings	Neolithic architecture long house British megalith architecture Nordic megalith architecture Burdei Cave Cliff dwelling Dugout Hut Quiggly hole Jacal Longhouse Mudbrick Mehrgarh Pit-house Pueblitos Pueblo Rock shelter Blombos Cave Abri de la Madeleine Sibudu Cave Roundhouse Stilt house Alp pile dwellings Stone roof Wattle and daub
Water management	Check dam Cistern Flush toilet Reservoir Well
Other architecture	Archaeological features Broch Burnt mound fulacht fiadh Causewayed enclosure Tor enclosure Circular enclosure Goseck Cursus Henge Thornborough Megalithic architectural elements Midden Oldest extant buildings Timber circle Timber trackway Sweet Track

Arts and culture

Material goods	Baskets Beadwork Beds Chalcolithic Clothing/textiles timeline Cosmetics Glue Hides shoes Ötzi Jewelry amber use Mirrors Pottery Cardium Cord-marked Grooved ware Jōmon Linear Unstan ware Sewing needle Weaving Wine winery wine press
Prehistoric art	Art of the Upper Paleolithic Art of the Middle Paleolithic Blombos Cave List of Stone Age art Bird stone Cairn Carved stone balls Cave paintings Cup and ring mark Geoglyph Hill figure Golden hats Guardian stones Gwion Gwion rock paintings painting pigment Megalithic art Petroform Petroglyph Petrosomatoglyph Pictogram Rock art Rock cupule Stone carving Sculpture Statue menhir Stone circle list British Isles and Brittany Venus figurine
Burial	Burial mounds Bowl barrow Round barrow Mound Builders culture U.S. sites Chamber tomb Cotswold-Severn Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court cairn Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge-shaped Grave goods Jar burial Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Unchambered long cairn
Other cultural	Archaeoastronomy sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Evolutionary musicology music archaeology Evolutionary origin of religion Paleolithic religion Prehistoric religion Spiritual drug use Origin of language Prehistoric counting Prehistoric medicine trepanning Prehistoric music Alligator drum flutes Divje Babe flute gudi Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism

Taxon identifiers
Homo sapiens idaltu	Wikidata: Q131686 Wikispecies: Homo sapiens idaltu EoL: 8824323 GBIF: 4974719 Paleobiology Database: 91596

Categories:

Revision as of 19:43, 6 November 2018

Discovery

Morphology and taxonomy

See also

References

External links