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| {{For|administrative divisions that only cover cities|Independent city}} | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}} | |||
| {{Politics sidebar|expanded=Political systems}} | |||
| {{basic forms of government}} | |||
| A '''city-state''' is a ] state, also described as a type of small independent country, that usually consists of a single city and its dependent territories. Historically, this included cities such as ], ], ],<ref name="freed">{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/city-state|title=city-state|work=thefreedictionary.com|accessdate=1 February 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170120213732/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/city-state|archivedate=20 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and the ] during the ]. As of 2018, only a handful of sovereign city-states exist, with some disagreement as to which are city-states. A great deal of consensus exists that the term properly applies currently to ], ], and ]. City states are also sometimes called ]s which however also includes other configurations of very small countries. | |||
| A number of other small states share similar characteristics, and therefore are sometimes also cited as modern city-states—namely, ],<ref name="Parker, Geoffrey 2005. Pg. 219">Parker, Geoffrey. 2005. ''Sovereign City: The City-state Through History'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 219</ref><ref>Roberts, David. 2014. ''Qatar: Securing the Global Ambitions of a City-state.'' London: C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd.</ref> ],<ref name="Mogens, Hansen 2000. Pg. 19"/> ],<ref name="Mogens, Hansen 2000. Pg. 19" /><ref name="Parker, Geoffrey 2005. Pg. 219" /><ref>El-Katiri, Laura, Bassam Fattouh and Paul Segal. 2011 ''Anatomy of an oil-based welfare state: rent distribution in Kuwait.'' Kuwait City: Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States</ref> ],<ref name="Mogens, Hansen 2000. Pg. 19" /><ref name="Parker, Geoffrey 2005. Pg. 219" /> and ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://president.gov.mt/emblem_malta?l=1 |title=The emblem of Malta, Department of Information, Official Website of President of Malta |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher=Doi.gov.mt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022001053/http://president.gov.mt/emblem_malta?l=1 |archive-date=22 October 2013 |access-date= |accessdate=20 October 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1306213/England-populated-country-EU.html|title=This very crowded isle: England is most over-populated country in EU|author=|date=|website=dailymail.co.uk|accessdate=7 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120724031728/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1306213/England-populated-country-EU.html|archivedate=24 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.creativemalta.gov.mt/internationalisation/introduction |title=''Draft National Strategy for the Cultural and Creative Industries – Creative Malta'' |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher=Creativemalta.gov.mt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728080308/http://www.creativemalta.gov.mt/internationalisation/introduction |archive-date=28 July 2013 |access-date= |accessdate=20 October 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/coins/html/mt.en.html|title=Malta|first=European Central|last=Bank|date=|website=European Central Bank|accessdate=7 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084112/https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/coins/html/mt.en.html|archivedate=7 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> which each have an urban center comprising a significant proportion of the population, though all have several distinct settlements and a designated or '']'' ]. Occasionally, other small states with high population densities, such as ], are also cited,<ref name="Mogens, Hansen 2000. Pg. 19">Mogens, Hansen. 2000. "Introduction: The Concepts of City-States and City-State Culture." In ''A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures,'' Copenhagen: Copenhagen Polis Centre. Pg. 19</ref><ref name="Parker, Geoffrey 2005">Parker, Geoffrey. 2005. ''Sovereign City: The City-state Through History'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</ref><ref name="Mogens, Hansen 2002. Pg. 91">Mogens, Hansen. 2002. ''A Comparative Study of Six City-State Cultures: An Investigation'' p. 91</ref> despite lacking a large urban centre characteristic of traditional city-states. | |||
| Several non-sovereign cities enjoy a high degree of autonomy, and are sometimes considered city-states. ] and ], along with independent members of the ], most notably ] and ], are often cited as such.<ref name="Mogens, Hansen 2000. Pg. 19"/><ref name="Parker, Geoffrey 2005"/><ref>Kotkin, Joel. 2010. "A New Era for the City-State?" In ''Forbes.''</ref> | |||
| {{TOC limit|3}} | |||
| == Historical background == | |||
| === Ancient and medieval world === | |||
| {{further|List of ancient Greek cities|List of Phoenician cities|Cities of the ancient Near East|Italian city-states|Maya city|Polis|Altepetl}} | |||
| Historical city-states included ]ian cities such as ] and ]; ]ian city-states, such as ] and ]; the ]n cities (such as ] and ]); the five ] city-states; the ] city-states of the ]; the city-states of ] (the ] such as ], ], ], and ]); the ] (which grew from a city-state into a ]); the ] and other cultures of pre-Columbian ] (including cities such as ], ], ] and ]); the ]n cities along the ]; the city-states of the ]; ]; ]; states of the medieval Russian lands such as ] and ]; and many others. Danish historian Poul Holm has classed the ] colonial cities in medieval ], most importantly ], as city-states.<ref>Holm, Poul, "Viking Dublin and the City-State Concept: Parameters and Significance of the Hiberno-Norse Settlement" (Respondent: Donnchadh Ó Corráin), in ] (ed.), '' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621023251/http://books.google.com/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC |date=21 June 2013 }}''. Denmark: Special-Trykkeriet Viborg. (University of Copenhagen, Polis Center). 2000. pp. 251–62.</ref> | |||
| ], a maritime city-state, was based in the ] of ]]] | |||
| In ], the ]n settlement of ] (in present-day Larnaca) was a city-state that existed from around 800 BC until the end of the 4th century BC. | |||
| Some of the most well-known examples of city-state culture in human history are the ancient Greek city-states and the merchant city-states of ], which organised themselves as small independent centers. The success of small regional units coexisting as ] actors in loose geographical and cultural unity, as in ] and ], often prevented their ] into larger national units.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} However, such small political entities often survived only for short periods because they lacked the resources to defend themselves against incursions by larger states. Thus they inevitably gave way to larger organisations of society, including the ] and the ].<ref>Sri Aurobindo, "Ideal of Human Unity" included in ''Social and Political Thought'', 1970.</ref>{{qn|date=August 2015}} | |||
| ===Southeast Asia=== | |||
| In the history of ], aristocratic groups, Buddhist leaders, and others organized settlements into autonomous or semi-autonomous city-states. These were referred to{{by whom|date=October 2017}} as '']'', and were usually related in a tributary relationship now described{{by whom|date=October 2017}} as ] or as ''over-lapping sovereignty'', in which smaller city-states paid tribute to larger ones that paid tribute to still larger ones—until reaching the apex in cities like ], ], ] and others that served as centers of Southeast Asian royalty. The system existed until the 19th century, when ] by European powers occurred. ], a regional power at the time, needed to define their territories for negotiation with the European powers so the Siamese government established a ] system, incorporated their tributary cities (], ] and some Malay cities) into their territory and abolished the mueang and the tributary system.<ref> | |||
| {{cite book | |||
| |last1 = Scott | |||
| |first1 = James C. | |||
| |author-link1 = James C. Scott | |||
| |title = The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia | |||
| |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oiLYu2-uc8IC | |||
| |series = Yale agrarian studies | |||
| |publisher = Yale University Press | |||
| |publication-date = 2009 | |||
| |page = | |||
| |isbn = 9780300156522 | |||
| |access-date = 2017-10-08 | |||
| |quote = | |||
| |deadurl = no | |||
| |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170504082541/https://books.google.com/books?id=oiLYu2-uc8IC | |||
| |archivedate = 4 May 2017 | |||
| |df = dmy-all | |||
| }} | |||
| </ref>{{qn|date=October 2017}}<ref>Winichakul, Thongchai. 1997. Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press</ref><ref>Baker, Chris and Pasuk Phongpaichit. 2009. ''A History of Thailand: 2nd ed.'' Sydney: Cambridge University Press</ref> | |||
| In early Philippine history, the ] was a complex sociopolitical unit which scholars have historically<ref name="ManoloQuezon20171002">{{Cite news |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/10/02/17/opinion-bamboozled-by-the-barangay |title=The Explainer: Bamboozled by the barangay |last=Quezon |first=Manolo |date=2017-10-02 |work=ABS-CBN News |access-date=2017-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002143838/http://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/10/02/17/opinion-bamboozled-by-the-barangay |archive-date=2017-10-02 |dead-url=No |language=en-US |author-link=Manolo Quezon}}</ref> considered the dominant organizational pattern among the various ] of the ].<ref name="Junker2000">{{Cite journal |last=Junker |first=Laura Lee |title=Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press | |||
| |year=2000 |pages=, |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lbsfi30OXgMC}} {{ISBN|971-550-347-0}}, {{ISBN|978-971-550-347-1}}.</ref> These sociopolitical units were sometimes also referred to as Barangay states, but are more properly referred to using the technical term "],<ref name="Junker2000"/><ref name="Junker1990">{{cite journal | title=The Organization of IntraRegional and LongDistance Trade in PreHispanic Philippine Complex Societies | author=Junker, Laura Lee | journal=Asian Perspectives | year=1990 | volume=29 | issue=2 | pages=167–209}}</ref> so they are usually simply called "barangays." Evidence suggests a considerable degree of independence as "city states" ruled by ]'s, ]''s and ]'s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA108&dq=Barangay+city-states&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnrM3VlIzZAhWFv7wKHWDWCaUQ6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q=Barangay+city-states&f=false|title=Urban Development and Civil Society: The Role of Communities in Sustainable Cities|first1=Michael|last1=Carley|first2=Harry|last2=Smith|date=5 November 2013|publisher=Routledge|accessdate=7 May 2018|via=Google Books|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204182628/https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA108&dq=Barangay+city-states&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnrM3VlIzZAhWFv7wKHWDWCaUQ6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q=Barangay+city-states&f=false|archivedate=4 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Early chroniclers<ref name="Plasencia1589">{{Cite web |last=Plasencia |first=Fray Juan de |title=Customs of the Tagalogs |location=] |year=1589 |url=http://www.filipiniana.net/Search.do?searchString=%20Plasencia,%20Juan%20de |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123052115/http://www.filipiniana.net/Search.do?searchString=%20Plasencia%2C%20Juan%20de |archivedate=23 January 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> record that the name evolved from the term '']'', which refers to a plank boat widely used by various cultures of the Philippine archipelago prior to the arrival of European colonizers.<ref name="Junker2000"/> | |||
| ===Central Europe=== | |||
| ] in the 18th century]] | |||
| In the ] the ] enjoyed considerable autonomy, buttressed legally by ] following the ] (1648). Some, like the three ] of Bremen, Hamburg and Lübeck, pooled their economic relations with foreign powers and were able to wield considerable diplomatic clout. The cities often made protective alliances with other cities or neighbour regions, including the ], the ], the ], or the ]. The ] of ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] originated as city-states. | |||
| After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, cities{{spaced ndash}}then members of different ]{{spaced ndash}}officially became sovereign city-states {{spaced ndash}}such as the ] (1806–11 and again 1813–71), the ] (1815–66), the ] (1806–11 and again 1814–71), the ] (1806–11 and again 1813–71), and the ] (1815–1846). Under ] rule the city of ] had the status of a ], which – while falling short of an independent sovereignty – had many attributes of a city state. | |||
| A later city-state, though lacking sovereignty, was ] (1948–1990), being a state legally not belonging to any other state, but ruled by the ]. They allowed{{spaced ndash}}notwithstanding their overlordship as occupant powers{{spaced ndash}}its internal organisation as one state simultaneously being a city, officially called Berlin (West). Though West Berlin maintained close ties to the West German ], it was legally never part of it. | |||
| ===20th-century cities under international supervision=== | |||
| ====Danzig==== | |||
| {{Main|Free City of Danzig}} | |||
| The Free City of Danzig was a semi-] city-state that existed between 1920 and 1939, consisting of the ] port of Danzig (now ], ]) and nearly 200 towns in the surrounding areas. It was created on 15 November 1920<ref>{{cite book| title = Danzig – Biographie einer Stadt| url = https://books.google.com/?id=9ifeo6zdSMcC| date = February 2011| publisher = C.H. Beck| language = German| isbn = 978-3-406-60587-1| page = 189| last1 = Loew| first1 = Peter Oliver| authorlink1 = Peter Oliver Loew }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title = Das Bistum Danzig in Lebensbildern| url = https://books.google.com/?id=VMvgZQrdkxcC| year = 2003| publisher = LIT Verlag| language = German| isbn = 3-8258-6284-4| page = 8| last1 = Samerski| first1 = Stefan }}</ref> under the terms of Article 100 (Section XI of Part III) of the 1919 ] after the end of ]. | |||
| ====Fiume==== | |||
| {{Main|Free State of Fiume}} | |||
| After a prolonged period where the city of ] enjoyed considerable autonomy under ] rule (see ], The Free State of Fiume was proclaimed as a fully independent free state which existed between 1920 and 1924. Its territory of 28 km<sup>2</sup> (11 sq mi) comprised the city of Fiume (now in ] and, since the end of World War II, known as ]) and rural areas to its north, with a corridor to its west connecting it to ]. | |||
| ====Shanghai==== | |||
| {{Main|Shanghai International Settlement}} | |||
| The Shanghai International Settlement (1845–1943) was an international zone with its own legal system, postal service, and currency. | |||
| ====Tangier==== | |||
| {{Main|Tangier International Zone}} | |||
| ] | |||
| The international zone within the city of ], in North Africa was approximately 373 km<sup>2</sup> (144 sq mi). It was at first under the joint administration of France, Spain, and the United Kingdom, plus later Portugal, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States. The international zone was initially attached to Morocco. It then became a French-Spanish protectorate from 1923 until the 29 of October 1956 when it was reintegrated into the state of Morocco. | |||
| ====Memel==== | |||
| {{Main|Klaipėda Region}} | |||
| The Klaipėda Region or Memel Territory was defined by the ] in 1920 when it was put under the administration of the ]. The Memel Territory was to remain under the control of the ] until a future day when the people of the region would be allowed to vote on whether the land would return to Germany or not. The then predominantly ] Memel Territory (] and Memellanders constituted the other ethnic groups), situated between the river and the town of that name, was occupied by ] in the ] of 1923. | |||
| ====Trieste==== | |||
| {{Main|Free Territory of Trieste}} | |||
| The Free Territory of Trieste was an independent territory situated in Central Europe between northern Italy and Yugoslavia, facing the north part of the Adriatic Sea, under direct responsibility of the ] in the aftermath of World War II, from 1947 to 1954. The UN attempted to make the Free Territory of Trieste into a city state, but it never gained real independence and in 1954 its territory was divided between ] and ]. | |||
| ====Jerusalem==== | |||
| {{Main|Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)}} | |||
| Under the ] of 1947, ] was to be partitioned into three states: a Jewish state of ], an Arab state of ], and a ''corpus separatum'' (] for "]") consisting of a Jerusalem city-state under the control of ]. Although the plan had some international support and the UN accepted this proposal (and still officially holds the stance that Jerusalem should be held under this regime), implementation of the plan failed as the ] broke out with the ], ultimately resulting in Jerusalem being split into ] and ]. Israel would eventually gain control of East Jerusalem in the ] in 1967. | |||
| ==Modern city-states== | |||
| {{Multiple image | |||
| | image1 = Monaco Monte Carlo 1.jpg | |||
| | caption1 = ], known for its ], ] and scenic ] | |||
| | width = 240 | |||
| | direction = vertical | |||
| | image2 = Singapore_skyline_at_sunset_viewed_from_Gardens_by_the_Bay_East_-_20120426.jpg | |||
| | caption2 = ], modern city-state and ] | |||
| }} | |||
| ===Monaco=== | |||
| {{Main|Monaco}} | |||
| The ] is an independent city-state. ] (the ancient fortified city) and Monaco's well-known area ] are districts of a continuous urban zone, not distinct cities, though they were three separate municipalities (''communes'') until 1917. The Principality of Monaco and the city of Monaco (each having specific powers) govern the same territory. Though they maintain a small ] they would still have to rely on France, for defence in the face of an aggressive world power. | |||
| ===Singapore=== | |||
| {{Main|Singapore}} | |||
| Singapore is an island city-state in ]. About 5.2 million people live and work within {{convert|700|km2}}, making Singapore the ] after Monaco, another city-state. Singapore was part of ] before it was ] in 1965, becoming an independent ], a city and a ] country. '']'' refers to the nation as the "world's only fully functioning city-state". In particular, it has its own ] and a full ] for deterrence to safeguard the nation's sovereignty against potential aggressors.<ref name="econ-CS">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21657606-continue-flourish-its-second-half-century-south-east-asias-miracle-city-state |title=The Singapore exception |date=18 July 2015 |work=The Economist |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731005515/http://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21657606-continue-flourish-its-second-half-century-south-east-asias-miracle-city-state |archivedate=31 July 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | |||
| ===Vatican City=== | |||
| ], a city-state well known for being the smallest country in the world]] | |||
| {{Main|Vatican City}} | |||
| Until September 1870, the city of ] had been controlled by the ] as part of his ]. When King ] seized the city in 1870, ] refused to recognize the newly formed ]. | |||
| Because he could not travel without effectively acknowledging the authority of the king, Pius IX and his successors each claimed to be a "]", unable to leave the {{convert|0.44|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} papal ] once they had ascended the ]. | |||
| The ] was resolved in 1929 by the ] negotiated by the Italian dictator ] between King ] and ]. Under this treaty, the Vatican was recognized as an independent state, with the Pope as its head. The ] has its own ], ], ], and ]s. With a population of less than 1,000 (mostly clergymen), it is by far the smallest sovereign country in the world. | |||
| == Non-sovereign city-states == | |||
| ], the world's most populous city-state]] | |||
| Some cities or urban areas, while not sovereign states, may nevertheless enjoy such a high degree of autonomy that they function as "city-states" within the context of the sovereign state that they belong to. Historian ] describes this aspect of self-government as: "The city-state is a self-governing, but not necessarily independent political unit."<ref name="Mogens, Hansen 2000. Pg. 19" /> | |||
| *] and ] (])<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2iQVUhGSoQC&pg=PA197&lpg=PA197&dq=Ceuta+city+state&source=bl&ots=4qLYHdtdK-&sig=D_UztLN-5p5wt_wTe8SS3HUF9Wo&hl=de&sa=X&ei=JgIlVYyfAoKPsgG0x4GYCg&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBzgU#v=onepage&q=Ceuta%20city%20state&f=false |title=A History of African Higher Education from Antiquity to the Present |last1=Lulat |first1=Y. G.-M. |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |date=2015 |page=197 |isbn=9780313320613 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102052322/https://books.google.com/books?id=L2iQVUhGSoQC&pg=PA197&lpg=PA197&dq=Ceuta+city+state&source=bl&ots=4qLYHdtdK-&sig=D_UztLN-5p5wt_wTe8SS3HUF9Wo&hl=de&sa=X&ei=JgIlVYyfAoKPsgG0x4GYCg&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBzgU#v=onepage&q=Ceuta%20city%20state&f=false |archivedate=2 November 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | |||
| *] and ] (])<ref name="Mogens, Hansen 2000. Pg. 19" /> | |||
| *] (])<ref>Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Bernard A. Cook p.506, {{ISBN|0815313365}} </ref> | |||
| <!--- DO NOT ADD WASHINGTON, D.C. TO THIS LIST: | |||
| Non-sovereign city-states have a high degree of autonomy. Article One, Section Eight of the United States Constitution grants the United States Congress "exclusive jurisdiction" over the city. The 1973 Home Rule Act devolved certain Congressional powers to an elected mayor and the thirteen-member Council of the District of Columbia. However, Congress remains free to enact any legislation for the District so long as constitutionally permissible, to review and overturn any legislation by the city government, and technically to revoke the city government at any time. Congress regularly intervenes in local affairs, e.g. the budget is set by the mayor but must be approved by Congress. | |||
| --> | |||
| === ''Stadtstaaten'' of Germany === | |||
| Two cities in Germany, namely ] and ], are considered city-states (]: ''Stadtstaaten''). Additionally, the state of ] is often called a city-state although it consists of the two cities of ] and ], which are separated by the state of ]. Together with thirteen area states (]: ''Flächenländer'') they form the sixteen federal ].<ref name="Mogens, Hansen 2000. Pg. 19" /> | |||
| Generally, the city-states have no other rights or duties than the other states. Through the financial redistribution system of ] (German: ''Länderfinanzausgleich''), they do receive more money because of their demographic characteristics. The city-states are most distinctive due to the names of their state organs: their governments are called Senate, the prime ministers 'mayor' (Governing Mayor in ] and First Mayor in Hamburg) or President of the Senate (in Bremen) and also the expressions for their state parliaments differ from the other states. | |||
| In the 18th century many German cities were ] (German: ''Reichsstädte''), without a principality ]. After the Napoleonic era, in 1815, four were still city-states: Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck in Northern Germany, and Frankfurt where the ] was located. Frankfurt was incorporated by Prussia in 1866, and Lübeck became a part of Prussia during the national socialist regime in 1937 (Greater Hamburg Law). After 1945, Berlin was a divided city, and the Western part became a German quasi-state under (Western) Allied supervision. Since 1990/1991, the reunited Berlin is an ordinary German state among others. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *], a Mesoamerican political unit similar to a city state | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|30em}} | |||
| == Further reading == | |||
| * ] (ed.), ''A comparative study of thirty city-state cultures : an investigation conducted by the Copenhagen Polis Centre'', Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 2000. (Historisk-filosofiske skrifter, 21). {{ISBN|87-7876-177-8}}. | |||
| * Mogens Herman Hansen (ed.), ''A comparative study of six city-state cultures : an investigation'', Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 2002. (Historisk-filosofiske skrifter, 27). {{ISBN|87-7876-316-9}}. | |||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:City-State}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||