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Revision as of 18:40, 7 December 2018 view sourceGilliam (talk | contribs)Administrators497,034 editsm Reverted edits by 72.138.108.74 (talk) to last version by KH-1Tag: Rollback← Previous edit Revision as of 18:40, 7 December 2018 view source 72.138.108.74 (talk) →Use in writing systemsTag: ReplacedNext edit →
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{{About|the letter of the Latin alphabet}}
{{redirect|ℛ|the Unicode block containing this character|Letterlike Symbols}}
{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{Refimprove|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox grapheme
|name=R
|letter=R r
|variations=(])
|image=File:R cursiva.gif
|imagesize=200
|imagealt= Writing cursive forms of R
|script=]
|type=]
|typedesc=ic and ]
|language=]
|phonemes=<br><br><br><br><br><br>(])<br>(])<br> {{IPAc-en|ɑr}}
|unicode=U+0052, U+0072
|alphanumber=18
|number=
|fam1=<hiero>D1</hiero>
|fam2=]
|fam3=]
|fam4=]
|fam5=] ]
|fam6=]
|fam7=]
|fam8= ] ]
|usageperiod=~50 to present
|children= {{bull}}]<br>{{bull}}]<br>{{bull}}]<br>{{bull}}]<br>{{bull}}]<br>{{bull}}]<br>{{bull}}]
|sisters=]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>] ]<br>] ]<br>]<br>]
|equivalents=
|associates=], ]
|direction=Left-to-Right
}}
{{Latin letter info|r}}
'''R''' (] ''ar/or'' {{IPAc-en|ɑr}}<ref>"R", '']'' || /ˈɔr/ 2nd edition (1989); "ar", ''op. cit''; a pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ɔr}} is common in Ireland.</ref>) is the 18th ] of the ] and the ].

==History==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#eee;"
| Egyptian hieroglyph <br/> ''tp'' (])
| Phoenician <br/> '']''
| ]/] <br/> '']''
| ] <br/>R
|15th century Florentine<br/> inscriptional capital
|blackletter (''Fraktur'')
|German '']''
|modern cursive<br/> (] 1978)
|--- align=center
|<hiero>D1</hiero>
| ]
| ] ]]]
|]
|]<!-- Bitstreat-Font Della Robbia, by Thomas Maitland Cleland, based on 15th century Florentine inscriptional capitals-->
|]
|]
|]
|}

===Antiquity===
] (280 BC) reveals the full development of the Latin ''R'' by that time; the letter ''P'' at the same time still retains its archaic shape distinguishing it from Greek or Old Italic ''rho''.]]
The original ] letter may have been inspired by an ] for ''tp'', "head".{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} It was used for {{IPA|/r/}} by Semites because in their language, the word for "head" was '']'' (also the name of the letter). It developed into Greek ']' {{lang|grc|ῥῶ}} (''rhô'') and Latin R.

The descending diagonal stroke develops as a graphic variant in some ] (writing ''rho'' as ]), but it was not adopted in most ]s; most Old Italic alphabets show variants of their ''rho'' between a "P" and a "D" shape, but without the Western Greek descending stroke.
Indeed, the oldest known forms of the Latin alphabet itself of the 7th to 6th centuries BC, in the ] and the ], still write ''r'' using the "P"<!--𐌓Ρ--> shape of the letter.
The ] inscription shows the form of the Latin alphabet around 500 BC. Here, the rounded, closing Π shape of the ''p'' <!--𐌐--> and the Ρ shape of the ''r'' have become difficult to distinguish.
The descending stroke of the Latin letter R has fully developed by the 3rd century BC, as seen in the ] sarcophagus inscriptions of that era. From around 50 AD, the letter ''P'' would be written with its loop fully closed, assuming the shape formerly taken by ''R''.

]

===Cursive===
]
], in '']'' (1509)]]

The minuscule (lowercase) form (''r'') developed through several variations on the capital form.
Along with Latin minuscule writing in general, it developed ultimately from ] via the ] script of Late Antiquity into the ] of the 9th century.

In handwriting, it was common not to close the bottom of the loop but continue into the leg, saving an extra pen stroke. The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used in the Carolingian minuscule and until today.

A calligraphic minuscule ''r'', known as ] (ꝛ), was used in the sequence ''or'', bending the shape of the ''r'' to accommodate the bulge of the ''o'' (as in ''oꝛ'' as opposed to ''or''). Later, the same variant was also used where ''r'' followed other lower case letters with a rounded loop towards the right (such as ''b, h, p'') and to write the geminate ''rr'' (as ''ꝛꝛ''). Use of ''r rotunda'' was mostly tied to ] typefaces, and the glyph fell out of use along with blackletter fonts in English language contexts mostly by the 18th century.

] used a minuscule which retained two downward strokes, but which did not close the loop ("Insular ''r''", ꞃ); this variant survives in the ] popular in Ireland until the mid-20th century (but now mostly limited to decorative purposes).

==Name==
The name of the letter in Latin was ''er'' ({{IPA|/ɛr/}}), following the pattern of other letters representing ]s, such as F, L, M, N and S. This name is preserved in ] and many other languages. In ], the name of the letter changed from {{IPA|/ɛr/}} to {{IPA|/ar/}}, following a pattern exhibited in many other words such as ''farm'' (compare French ''ferme''), and ''star'' (compare German ''Stern'').

In ] the letter is called {{IPA|/ɒr/|}} or {{IPA|/ɔːr/|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1|title=Analysis of selected contemporary Irish dialects
|website=Digilib.k.utb.cz|accessdate=7 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fluentin3months.com/speak-like-the-irish/|title=How to speak English like the Irish - Fluent in 3 months - Language Hacking and Travel Tips|date=24 March 2010|website=Fluentin3months.com|accessdate=7 November 2017}}</ref>

{{anchor|Dog's letter}}
The letter R is sometimes referred to as the ''littera canina'' (canine letter). This phrase has Latin origins: the Latin R was ] to sound like a growling dog. A good example of a trilling R is the Spanish word for dog, ''perro''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wordsmith.org/words/dogs_letter.html |title=A Word A Day: Dog's letter |website=Wordsmith.org |accessdate=2012-01-17}}</ref>

In ]'s '']'', such a reference is made by Juliet's nurse in Act 2, scene 4, when she calls the letter R "the dog's name". The reference is also found in ]'s ''English Grammar''.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Shakespeare
| first = William
| authorlink =
|author2=Horace Howard Furness |author3=Frederick Williams
| title = Romeo and Juliet
| publisher = Lippincott
| year = 1913
| location =
| page = 189
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Wj0OAAAAIAAJ
| doi =
| isbn = }}</ref>

==Use in writing systems==
{{See also|Rhotic consonant|R-colored vowel|Guttural R}}

===English===
The letter {{angbr|r}} is the eighth most common letter in ] and the fourth-most common consonant (after {{angbr|t}}, {{angbr|n}}, and {{angbr|s}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html|title=Frequency Table|website=Math.cornell.edu|accessdate=7 November 2017}}</ref>

The letter {{angbr|r}} is used to form the ending "-re", which is used in certain words such as ''centre'' in some varieties of English spelling, such as ]. ] also uses the "-re" ending, unlike ], where the ending is usually replaced by "-er" (''center''). This does not affect pronunciation.

===Other languages===
{{angbr|r}} represents a ] in many languages, as shown in the table below.
<!-- PLEASE DO NOT ADD LANGUAGES THAT DO NOT USE THE ROMAN ALPHABET
-->
{| class="wikitable" style="width:85%;margin:auto"
|-
| style="width:35%" | ] {{IPA|}}
| style="text-align:center" | ]
| style="width:55%" | some dialects of ] or in emphatic speech, standard ], ], ], ] in some dialects, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] mostly in the northwest, ], ] (traditional form), ], ], ], ], ], ], ]; also ], ] and ] {{angbr|rr}}
|-
| style="width:35%" | ] {{IPA|}}
| style="text-align:center" | ]
| style="width:55%" | ] (most varieties), ] in some Dutch dialects (in specific positions of words), ], ]
|-
| style="width:35%" | ] / ] {{IPA|}}
| style="text-align:center" | ]
| style="width:55%" | ], ], ] and ] {{angbr|r}}, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]<!-- DO NOT ADD JAPANESE: IT DOES NOT USE THE ROMAN ALPHABET-->
|-
| style="width:35%" | ] {{IPA|}}
| style="text-align:center" | ]
| style="width:55%" | ] around ]; ] used as an allophone of /r/ in some South American accents; ] used before vowels, as in ''raana'', "toad", from Spanish rana; ] transliteration of ].
|-
| style="width:35%" | ] {{IPA|}}
| style="text-align:center" | ]
| style="width:55%" | some ] dialects (in the ], ], and ]), ]<!-- DO NOT ADD CHINESE: IT DOES NOT USE THE ROMAN ALPHABET-->
|-
| style="width:35%" | ] {{IPA|}}
| style="text-align:center" | ]
| style="width:55%" | ] when followed by <d>, sometimes in ]
|-
| style="width:35%" | ] {{IPA|}}
| style="text-align:center" | ]
| style="width:55%" | ] stage standard; some ] dialects (in Brabant and Limburg, and some city dialects in The Netherlands), ] in Southern Sweden, ] in western and southern parts, ] only in ] area.
|-
| style="width:35%" | ] {{IPA|}}
| style="text-align:center" | ]
| style="width:55%" | ], ], ], standard European ] {{angbr|rr}}, standard Brazilian ] {{angbr|rr}}, Puerto Rican Spanish {{angbr|rr}} and 'r-' in western parts, ] in western and southern parts.
|}

Other languages may use the letter {{angbr|r}} in their alphabets (or Latin transliterations schemes) to represent rhotic consonants different from the alveolar trill. In ], it represents a sound so weak that it is often written interchangeably with {{angbr|w}}, e.g. 'Kweyol' for 'Kreyol'.

Brazilian ] has a great number of allophones of {{IPAslink|ʁ}} such as {{IPAblink|χ}}, {{IPAblink|h}}, {{IPAblink|ɦ}}, {{IPAblink|x}}, {{IPAblink|ɣ}}, {{IPAblink|ɹ}} and {{IPAblink|r}}, the latter three ones can be used only in certain contexts ({{IPAblink|ɣ}} and {{IPAblink|r}} as {{angbr|rr}}; {{IPAblink|ɹ}} in the syllable coda, as an allophone of {{IPAslink|ɾ}} according to the European Portuguese norm and {{IPAslink|ʁ}} according to the Brazilian Portuguese norm). Usually at least two of them are present in a single dialect, such as ]'s {{IPAblink|ʁ}}, {{IPAblink|χ}}, {{IPAblink|ɦ}} and, for a few speakers, {{IPAblink|ɣ}}.

===Other systems===
The ] uses several variations of the letter to represent the different rhotic consonants; {{angbr|{{IPA|r}}}} represents the ].

==Related characters==
<!-- Please only list characters (symbols in a writing system, but not just convenience code points in Unicode) that are actually related in terms of origin to the letter that is the topic of this article. Characters that merely look subjectively similar need not apply. See https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Verifiability and https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources before adding more. -->

===Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet===
*R with ]s: ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] Ꞧ ꞧ ] R̃ r̃ ᵲ<ref name="L203174">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03174r2-mid-tilde.pdf|title=L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS|date=2003-09-30|first=Peter|last=Constable|website=Unicode.org}}</ref> ᵳ<ref name="L203174"/> ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf|title=L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS|date=2004-04-19|first=Peter|last=Constable|website=Unicode.org}}</ref>
*]-specific symbols related to R: {{IPA link|ɹ}} {{IPA link|ɺ}} {{IPA link|ɾ}} {{IPA link|ɻ}} {{IPA link|ɽ}} {{IPA link|ʀ}} {{IPA link|ʁ}} ] ] ]
*]: ɼ ɿ
*]-specific symbols related to R:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf|title=L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS|date=2002-03-20|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|authorlink1=Michael Everson|display-authors=etal|website=Unicode.org}}</ref>
**{{Unichar|1D19|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL REVERSED R}}
**{{Unichar|1D1A|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL TURNED R}}
**{{Unichar|1D3F|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL R}}
**{{Unichar|1D63|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER R}}
*] phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to R:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf|title=L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS|date=2011-06-02|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Alois|last2=Dicklberger|first3=Karl|last3=Pentzlin|first4=Eveline|last4=Wandl-Vogt|website=Unicode.org}}</ref>
**{{Unichar|AB45|LATIN SMALL LETTER STIRRUP R}}
**{{Unichar|AB46|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R WITH RIGHT LEG}}
**{{Unichar|AB47|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITHOUT HANDLE}}
**{{Unichar|AB48|LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R}}
**{{Unichar|AB49|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CROSSED-TAIL}}
**{{Unichar|AB4A|LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R WITH CROSSED-TAIL}}
**{{Unichar|AB4B|LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R}}
**{{Unichar|AB4C|LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R WITH RING}}
*ⱹ : Turned r with tail is used in the ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06036-lma-proposal.pdf|title=L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS|date=2006-01-26|first1=Therese|last1=Lemonen|first2=Klaas|last2=Ruppel|first3=Erkki I.|last3=Kolehmainen|first4=Caroline|last4=Sandström|website=Unicode.org}}</ref>
*Other variations of R used for phonetic transcription: ] ]

===Calligraphic variants in the Latin alphabet===
*Ꝛ ꝛ : ]
*Ꞃ ꞃ : "Insular" R (])

===Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets===
*𐤓 : ] letter ], from which the following letters derive
**Ρ ρ : ] letter ], from which the following letters derive
***𐌓 : ] letter R, the ancestor of modern Latin R
****ᚱ : ] letter ]
***Р р : ] letter ]
***𐍂 : ] letter ]

===Abbreviations, signs and symbols===
*℟: symbol for "]" in liturgy
*℞ : ] Rx
*₽ : ]
*® : ]

== Physics ==
{| class="wikitable"
| rowspan="4" |'''R'''
|]
|] (Ω)
|-
|]
|unitless
|-
|]
|
|-
|]
|] per ]-<nowiki/>kelvin (J/molK)
|-
|'''r'''
|]
|] (m)
|-
|r
|radius of rotation or distance between two things such as the masses in ]
|] (m)
|}

==Encoding==
{{charmap
| 0052 | 0072 | name1 = Latin Capital Letter R | name2 = &#160; &#160; Latin Small Letter R
| map1 = ] family | map1char1 = D9 | map1char2 = 99
| map2 = ] <sup>1</sup> | map2char1 = 52 | map2char2 = 72
}}
: <sup>1</sup> {{midsize|Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.}}

==Other representations==
{{Letter other reps
|NATO=Romeo
|Morse=·–·
|Character=R
|Braille=⠗
|fingerspelling=R
}}

==See also==
* ]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscat-inline|R}}
*{{Wiktionary-inline|R}}
*{{Wiktionary-inline|r}}

{{LetterR}}
{{Latin alphabet|R|}}

]

Revision as of 18:40, 7 December 2018