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| {{About-distinguish2|the siege that occurred in 597 BC|the second siege by Nebuchadnezzar, see ]}} | |||
| {{otheruses|Siege of Jerusalem (disambiguation){{!}}Siege of Jerusalem}} | |||
| {{Infobox military conflict | |||
| |image = | |||
| |caption = | |||
| |conflict = Siege of Jerusalem | |||
| |partof = ] (601–587 BC) | |||
| |date = c. 597 BC | |||
| |place = ] | |||
| |result = Babylon takes and despoils Jerusalem; Babylonian victory | |||
| |combatant1 = ] | |||
| |combatant2 = ] | |||
| |commander1 = ]<br/>] | |||
| |commander2 = ] | |||
| |strength1 = Much fewer | |||
| |strength2 = Unknown | |||
| |casualties1 = Many slain, others taken to captivity | |||
| |casualties2 = Unknown}} | |||
| {{Campaignbox Campaigns of the Israelites}} | |||
| {{Campaignbox Campaigns of Nebuchadnezzar II}} | |||
| The '''Siege of Jerusalem''' was a military campaign carried out by ], king of ] in 597 BC. In 605 BC, he defeated ] at the ], and subsequently invaded ]. According to the ], King ] of Judah rebelled against Babylonian rule, but Nebuchadnezzar captured the city and installed ] as ruler. | |||
| ==Siege== | |||
| To avoid the destruction of Jerusalem, King ] ], in his third year, changed allegiances from Egypt to Babylon. He paid tribute from the treasury in Jerusalem, some temple artifacts and some of the royal family and nobility as hostages.<ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to the Old Testament Prophetic Books|author=]|page=340|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KabKHP4qZMIC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA340#v=onepage&f=false}}</ref> In 601 BC, during the fourth year of his reign, Nebuchadnezzar unsuccessfully attempted to invade ] and was repulsed with heavy losses. The failure led to numerous rebellions among the states of the ] which owed allegiance to Babylon, including ], where King Jehoiakim stopped paying tribute to Nebuchadnezzar<ref></ref> and took a pro-Egyptian position. | |||
| Nebuchadnezzar soon dealt with these rebellions. According to the ],<ref>Geoffrey Wigoder, ''The Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible'' Pub. by Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. (2006)</ref> he laid siege to ], which eventually fell on 2 ] (March 16) 597 BC. The Chronicle states: | |||
| <blockquote>In the seventh year in the month Chislev the king of Babylon assembled his army, and after he had invaded the land of Hatti (Syria/Palestine) he laid siege to the city of Judah. On the second day of the month of Adar he conquered the city and took the king prisoner. He installed in his place a king of his own choice, and after he had received rich tribute, he sent forth to Babylon.<ref>No 24 WA21946, The Babylonian Chronicles, The British Museum</ref></blockquote> | |||
| Jehoiakim died during the siege, possibly on 22 ] (December 10) 598 BC,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Horn|first=Siegfried H. |authorlink=Siegfried Horn |title=The Babylonian Chronicle and the Ancient Calendar of the Kingdom of Judah |journal=] |volume=V |issue=1 |pages=21 |date=1967|format=pdf|url=http://www.andrews.edu/library/car/cardigital/Periodicals/AUSS/1967-1/1967-1-02.pdf}}</ref> or during the months of ],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lipschits |first=Oded |authorlink=:de:Oded Lipschits|title='Jehoiakim Slept with his Fathers...' (II Kings 24:6) - Did He? |journal=Journal of Hebrew Scriptures|volume=4 |pages=23 |date=2002 |url=http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_23.pdf |format=pdf |issn=1203-1542 |doi=10.5508/jhs.2002.v4.a1}}</ref> or ].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Green |first=Alberto R.|title=The fate of Jehoiakim |journal=] |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=106|date=1982|format=pdf |url=http://www.auss.info/auss_publication_file.php?pub_id=646&journal=1&type=pdf}}</ref> Nebuchadnezzar pillaged the city and its ], and the new king ], who was either 8 or 18, and his court and other prominent citizens and craftsmen, and much of the Jewish population of Judah, numbering about 10,000 were ].<ref>''The Oxford History of the Biblical World'', ed. by Michael D Coogan. Published by Oxford University Press, 1999. pg 350</ref> The deportation occurred prior to Nisan of 597 BC, and dates in the ] are counted from that event.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Young |first=Rodger C. |title=When Did Jerusalem Fall? |journal=] |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=32ff |date=March 2004|format=pdf |url=http://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/47/47-1/47-1-pp021-038_JETS.pdf}}</ref> A biblical text reports, "None remained except the poorest people of the land". Also, taken to Babylon were the treasures and furnishings of the Temple, including golden vessels dedicated by ].({{bibleverse|2|Kings|24:13–14|NIV}}) | |||
| The events are described in the ] and ] sections of the ] (], also known as the ]). The ] is the start of the Jewish ] (or exile). ({{bibleverse|2|Kings|24:10–16|NIV}}) Nebuchadnezzar installed Jeconiah's uncle, ] as puppet-king of Judah, and Jeconiah was compelled to remain in Babylon.<ref></ref> The start of Zedekiah's reign has been variously dated within a few weeks before,<ref>{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=John Arthur|authorlink=J. A. Thompson|year=1980|title=The Book of Jeremiah|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|pages=729}}</ref> or after<ref>{{cite book|last=Hayes|first=John H.|author2=Hooker, Paul K.|year=2007|title=A New Chronology for the Kings of Israel and Judah and Its Implications for Biblical History and Literature|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|pages=95}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Thiele|first=Edwin R.|authorlink=Edwin R. Thiele|year=1970|title=The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings|publisher=Kregel Academic|pages=192}}</ref> the start of Nisan 597 BC. | |||
| ==Chronological note== | |||
| The ], which were published by ] in 1956, establish that ] captured Jerusalem the first time on 2 Adar (16 March) 597 BC.<ref>D. J. Wiseman, ''Chronicles of Chaldean Kings in the British Museum'' (London: Trustees of the British Museum, 1956) 73.</ref> Before Wiseman's publication, ] had determined from the biblical texts that Nebuchadnezzar's initial capture of Jerusalem occurred in the spring of 597 BC,<ref>Edwin Thiele, '']'', (1st ed.; New York: Macmillan, 1951; 2d ed.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965; 3rd ed.; Grand Rapids: Zondervan/Kregel, 1983). {{ISBN|0-8254-3825-X}}, 9780825438257, 217.</ref> but other scholars, including ], more frequently dated the event to 598 BC.<ref>Kenneth Strand, "Thiele's Biblical Chronology As a Corrective for Extrabiblical Dates," ''Andrews University Seminary Studies'' 34 (1996) 310, 317.</ref> | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist|2}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Portal|Judaism|Military history|Ancient Near East}} | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * [http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html The Chronicle | |||