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{{Infobox_Country
| native_name = <small>República Bolivariana de Venezuela<sup>1</sup><small>
| conventional_long_name = <small>Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela<sup>1</sup><small>
| common_name = Venezuela
| image_flag = Flag of Venezuela (state).svg
| image_coat = Venezuela coat of arms.png
| symbol_type = Coat of Arms
| image_map = LocationVenezuela.png
| national_motto = ''None'' <sup>2</sup>
| national_anthem = '']''<br>("Glory to the Brave People")
| official_languages = ] <sup>3</sup>
| capital = ]
| latd = 10 | latm = 30 | latNS = N | longd = 66 | longm = 58 | longEW = W
| largest_city = ]
| government_type = ]
| leader_title1 = ]
| leader_name1 = ]
| leader_title2 = ]
| leader_name2 = ]
| area_rank = 33rd
| area_magnitude = 1 E11
| area = 916,445
| areami² = 353,841
| percent_water = 0.3
| population_estimate = 26,749,000
| population_estimate_rank = 43rd
| population_estimate_year = July 2005
| population_census = 23,054,210
| population_census_year = 2001
| population_density =29
| population_densitymi² =75
| population_density_rank =175th
| GDP_PPP = $163.503 billion <!--IMF-->
| GDP_PPP_rank =51st
| GDP_PPP_year= 2005
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $6,186
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 95th
| sovereignty_type = ]
| established_event1 = From ]
| established_event2 = From ]
| established_event3 = Recognised
| established_date1 = ], ]
| established_date2 = ], ]
| established_date3 = ], ]
| HDI = 0.772
| HDI_rank =75th
| HDI_year =2003
| HDI_category =<font color="#FFCC00">medium</font>
| currency = ]
| currency_code =VEB
| country_code =
| time_zone = ]
| utc_offset = -4
| time_zone_DST = None
| utc_offset_DST =
| cctld =]
| calling_code =58
| footnotes = <sup>1</sup> The ''Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela'' has been the full official title of the state since the adoption of the ] constitution, when the state was renamed in honour of ].<br><sup>2</sup> '''Historical''': ''Dios y Federación'' (]: "God and Federation")<br><sup>3</sup> The Constitution also recognizes all indigenous languages existing in the country.
}}

'''Venezuela''' (]: {{IPA|}}; {{lang-es|Venezuela}}, IPA: {{IPA|}}) is a country on the northern coast of ]. Comprising a continental mainland and numerous islands in the ], Venezuela borders ] to the east, ] to the south, and ] to the west. ], ], and the ] lie just north of the Venezuelan coast.

A former ], Venezuela is a ]. Historically, Venezuela has had territorial disputes with ], largely concerning the ] area, and with ] concerning the ]. Today, Venezuela is known widely for its ] industry, the ] of its territory, and its sheer natural beauty. ] was so enthralled by Venezuela's landscape, when arriving to its coast in ], that he referred to the land as '''''Tierra de Gracia''''' (''Land of Grace''), which has become the country’s nickname.

==Origin of Venezuela==
]
The name ''Venezuela'' is believed to have originated from the cartographer ] who, together with Alonso de Ojeda, led a ] naval expedition along the northwestern coast's ]. Upon reaching the ], the crew observed the distinctive stilt villages ('']'') that the indigenous Añu people had built over the water. This reminded Vespucci of the city of ] (''Venezia'' in Italian); as a result the region was named ''Veneziela''. Some argue that this actually meant ''Little Venice'', later evolving to ''Venezuela''. Other historians (notably Francisco Herrera Luque), noted that the Spanish suffix ''-zuela'' usually has a pejorative meaning (e.g., ''mujerzuela'', ''cazuela'') and sustain the thesis that the name more implied the notion of a second-rate Venice.

On the other hand, the Spanish geographer Martín Fernández de Enciso, a member of the same crew, says in his work ''Summa de Geografía'' that the aforementioned population was called ''Veneciuela'', and that it was built on a large, plain rock. According to this theory, the name ''Venezuela'' could be a native word. Nevertheless, the first account remains by far the most popular and accepted version of the origin of the country's name.

==History of colonization==
{{main|History of Venezuela}}
], ''El Libertador'']]
Venezuela was first ] by Spain in ]. Indeed, the ]'s first permanent ] settlement was in what is now ]. Most of Venezuela eventually became part of the ]; portions of eastern Venezuela became part of ]. After a series of unsuccessful uprisings, Venezuela &mdash; under the leadership of ], a Venezuelan who was a marshal in the ] &mdash; declared independence from Spain on ], ]. However, full sovereignty over Venezuelan territory was only achieved after Simón Bolívar, ''El Libertador'', aided by General ] and especially the then General ] ], whose battle plan Bolívar chose to follow, won the ] on ] ], and after ] won the ] on ] ].
] from ] and foreign invadors]]
New Granada's congress gave Bolívar control of the Granadian army, he then led several countries to freedom and created a new republic called Colombia (also known as Great or Greater Colombia to differentiate it from the Republic of Colombia) consisting of what are now ], ], ] and Venezuela. He then led the army towards the south, liberating ] and founding ] (named after the Libertador, formerly a part of Peru, known as 'Alto Peru') from the Spaniards. ], who won many battles for Bolívar, was to become his natural successor, until he was murdered in Berruecos. Venezuela became, after the war of independence, along with Colombia and Ecuador, part of the ] (''República de Gran Colombia'') until ], when the country separated through a rebellion led by ] and declared itself a sovereign ]. Páez became the first president of Venezuela.

Much of Venezuela's ]- and early ] history was characterized by political instability, political struggle and ]ial rule.<ref name="LOC_2005_2-3">{{Harv|Library of Congress|2005|pp=2-3}}.</ref> Following the death of ] in ] and the temporary demise of ''caudillismo'' (authoritarian rule), democratic struggles eventually forced the military to withdraw from direct involvement in national politics in ]. Since that year, Venezuela has enjoyed an unbroken tradition of democratic civilian rule, though even this has not been without conflict.

Venezuela is member of the ] (]).

{{See also|Discoverer of the Americas}}, '']''

==Government and politics==
<!--Please add new information into relevant articles of the series-->
{{morepolitics|country=Venezuela}}
].]]
The ] is elected by vote, with direct and ], and functions as both ] and ]. The term of office is six years, and a president may be re-elected to a single consecutive term. The president appoints the vice-president and decides the size and composition of the ] and makes appointments to it with the involvement of the legislature. The president can ask the legislature to reconsider portions of laws he finds objectionable, but a simple parliamentary majority can override these objections.

The ] Venezuelan ] is the ] or ''Asamblea Nacional''. Its 167 deputies, of which three are reserved for indigenous peoples, serve five-year terms and may be re-elected for a maximum of two additional terms. They are elected by popular vote through a combination of party lists and single member constituencies. The highest ] body is the ] or ''Tribunal Supremo de Justicia'', whose magistrates are elected by parliament for a single 12-year term. The ] (''Consejo Nacional Electoral'', or ''CNE'') is in charge of electoral processes; it is formed by five main directors elected by the National Assembly.

Venezuela abolished the ] in ], making it the country where this practice has been outlawed the longest.<ref>Amnesty International USA. Retrieved 19 August 2006</ref><ref> InfoPlease. Retrieved 19 August 2006.</ref>
{{seealso|Current political events of Venezuela}}

===New flag and new coat of arms===
Recent political change has resulted in the ] being changed by the addition of an eighth star, symbolizing the Guayana's contributions to the independence of the nation. The ] has been changed, with the horse facing to the left. Opposition to the government agree however that this move's main goal was to waste taxpayer's money. The changes are also seen by many as another step towards the Chavez's socialist goals. Such theories come as all official documents will have to be replaced in the next two to three years in accordance with a ruling made with the changes that will make all oficial documents obsolete should they not also contain the changes. This means, some argue, that many people will end up without passports and/or other important documents like national ID cards because due to corruption and the long, slow process that must be followed to obtain new documentation, the deadline to renew documents will expire too early, leaving thousands without means to travel out of the country.

==Administrative divisions==
===States===
{{main|States of Venezuela}}
Venezuela is divided into 23 states (''estados''), a ] (''distrito capital'') correspondent to the city of ], the federal dependencies (''dependencias federales'') and Guayana Esequiba (border dispute/Guyana). Venezuela is further subdivided into 335 ] (''municipios''), and further subdivided into 1,084 ]es (''parroquias'').
]
The ] (with capitals in parentheses) include:
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</td></ol></table>

''Note: The ] are not a real state, but a special territorial subdivision.''

===Regions===
{{main|Regions of Venezuela}}
]
The ] are grouped into nine administrative regions (''regiones administrativas''), which were established by presidential ]. The ] are listed below along with the states:

'''Andean''' - ], ], ], ]; Páez Municipality of ].

'''Capital''' - ], ], ].

'''Central''' - ], ], ].

'''Central-Western''' - ], ], ], ].

'''Guayana''' - ], ], ].

'''Insular''' - ], ].

'''Llanos''' - ] (excluding Paez Municipality), ].

'''North-Eastern''' - ], ], ].

'''Zulian''' - ].

==Geography==
{{main|Geography of Venezuela}}
].]]
Venezuela is home to a wide variety of landscapes, such as the north-easternmost extensions of the ] mountains in the northwest and along the northern ] coast, of which the highest point is the ] at 4,981 metres (16,341&nbsp;]).

At 352,121&nbsp;] (912,050&nbsp;]),<ref name="ciafactbook"> CIA Factbook. Accessed 20 September 2006.</ref> Venezuela is the world's 33rd-largest country (after ]). It is comparable in size to ], and is about half the size of the ] state of ].

] (''Salto Ángel''), the world's highest waterfall]]

The center of the country is characterized by extensive plains known as the '']'' that stretch from the Colombian border to the ] of the ] east. To the south are found the dissected ], home to ], the world's highest ], <ref> Angel Falls. (2006). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved July 28, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9007543 </ref> and the northern edge of ]. Venezuela's forests are being depleted at the rate of about 200,000 hectares per annum through logging and ].

The country can also be divided into nine geographical areas, some corresponding to the natural regions, one being the ] Range. The ] region comprises the lowlands near the ]. The ], a mountainous block in the northern occidental territory, is the fount of several ]s and valleys. The ] is tied up with the coast and the hills surrounding ], while the ], separated from the Central by the ], covers all of ] and northern ]. The ] Region involves a third part of the country's area, above the ]. Under it, is the ] (the Guianas, above described). The ] is formed by ] and the ]. The last geographical region is the ] which forms a pantanous triangle, covering ], with the Atlantic platform branching off the coast.
], ].]]
The ] is the largest and most important river of the country, originating one of the biggest ]s in Latin America. Other important rivers are the ] and the ].

The local ] is tropical and generally hot and humid, though moderate and cold in the highlands. The capital, ] is also the country's largest city. Other major cities include ], ], ], ], and ].

Venezuela is one of the seventeen ], for the great number of animal and vegetable species that habitate there.

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Venezuela}}

The petroleum sector dominates the Venezuela's ], accounting for roughly a third of ], around 80% of export earnings, and more than half of government revenues. The oil sector operates through the government-owned ] (PDVSA), which among other things owns the US-based distributor ] and its more than 14,000 retail gasoline outlets.
] Dispite the huge oil wealth however, 80-90% of the population live in ], and thousands are ]. This fact has led the country into a crime wave in the last sixteen years that has generally been blamed on the ''Ampa Comun'', although rumors circulate about such crime's politically-motivated intentions against the goverment's opposition.

Venezuela also depends highly on the agricultural sector. Sectors with major potential for export-led growth are production of both ] and ] crops. At one time, Venezuela ranked close to Colombia in coffee production, but in the ] and ], as petroleum temporarily turned Venezuela into the richest country in South America, coffee was relegated to the economic back burner. Today, Venezuela produces less than one percent of the world's coffee and most of it is drunk by the Venezuelans themselves. However, some interesting Venezuelan coffees are again entering the North American specialty market. Venezuela's ] industry has decayed since the days of Spanish colonialism, when African slaves toiled in sweltering, snake-infested estates. The focus of cocoa cultivation has long since moved to tropical West Africa and Venezuela now grows under 1% of the world crop. In recent years, there has been an attempt to resuscitate this industry, as its rare variety of ], known as ''Chuao'', is considered the finest and most aromatic in the world and is used in certain single-origin ]s. The largest Venezuelan fine chocolate producer is ], though some companies such as ''Savoy'' (]) also manufacture chocolate from Venezuelan cacao, and export it to Europe.

Venezuela is one of the five founding members of ], the international oil cartel. It was the initiative of ], who proposed it in 1960 as a response to low domestic and international oil prices. Since 2005, Venezuela has been a member of ], joining ], ], ], and ]; it has yet to gain voting rights, and its prospects look especially bad with Chavez' extended presidency. This is because of ]' huge influence being badly used by the authoritative president, especially when it comes to influencing opposition to democracy and the ] in the past half decade.

{{see also|List of Venezuelan Companies}}, '']''

==Demographics==
], the capital city of Venezuela]]
{{main|Demographics of Venezuela}}
A recent study on racial groups showed that 60% of the population are ] (mixed race between white, black and indian), 29% ] (mostly ]s, ], ] and ]), 8% ], 1% ] and 2% ] (China, Japan, Vietnam, Korea, and the Middle East ). The Venezuelan people comprise a combination of heritages. The historically present Amerindians, Spanish colonists and imported African slaves were joined by sponsored ] groups and others from neighbouring countries in South America during waves of immigration in the 20th century. There are also various communities from ] such as Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Bulgaria, Croatia and Hungary. About 85% of the population live in urban areas in the northern portion of the country. While almost half of Venezuela's land area lies south of the Orinoco river, this region contains only 5% of the population.

The national and official language is ], but about 31 other indigenous languages also exist (], ], ], ], ], ], etc), as do languages introduced by immigrants. 96% of the population is at least nominally ]. Around 4% of the population adheres to other faiths.

{{see also|List of cities in Venezuela}}

==Public health==

]

] in Venezuela stands at 21.54 deaths per 1000 births, for comparison this rate is almost eight times higher than ]. Child ] (for children under age five) stands at about 17 percent of the population classified as stunted or wasted, which are the official ] categories for malnutrition. Areas more affected by the stunting and wasting include some of the poorest populations: ] (30%) and ] (24%).<ref> FAO.org Accessed 20 September 2006.</ref>

According to the ], the fraction of population without adequate sanitation is 32 percent, with a majority of people in many rural areas lacking in this basic commodity.<ref>Unicef. Accessed 20 September 2006.</ref> Travellers to Venezuela are advised to obtain vaccinations for a variety of diseases including ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref> Guardian. Accessed 20 September 2006.</ref> In a cholera epidemic of contemporary times in the ] Delta, Venezuela's political leaders were accused of ] of their own indigeneous people to deflect blame from the country's institutions, thereby aggravating the epidemic.<ref>http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=62-0520230310-2</ref>.
Visitors to Venezuela are advised to drink only bottled water, due to the prevalence of cross contamination of ] with untreated ]. In Venezuela only three percent of the sewage receives treatment, and none of the following major cities have any wastewater treatment: ], ] and ]<ref>''Appropriate Technology for Sewage Pollution Control in the Wider ] Region'', Caribbean Environment Programme Technical Report #40 1998 available online at http://www.cep.unep.org/pubs/Techreports/tr40en/chapter5.html</ref>. There are approximately 5,000,000 people in Venezuela living without access to safe ], resulting in a percentage of population ranking of Venezuela among the poorest in ].<ref> UNICEF. Accessed 20 September 2006.</ref> As of the year 1999 there were an estimated 110,000 people in Venezuela living with ].<ref>http://www.indexmundi.com/venezuela/hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids.html</ref>
<ref name="ciafactbook" />

==Military==
{{main|Military of Venezuela}}

==Culture & heritage==
] (1912)]]
{{main|Culture of Venezuela|Heritage of Venezuela}}

Venezuela's ], ] and cultural importance is primarily found within the collective ] of its people. In a larger context, the key elements of Venezuelan society have also been shaped and impacted by the historical evolutions of its ] counterparts. Venezuela's heritage may be defined in its inherited circumstances and benefits. Venezuelan heritage extends to its historic buildings, architecture<ref>{{cite web | url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/658 | title=Coro and its Port | publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre | year=1993}}</ref> and art<ref>{{cite web | title=Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas | url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/986 | year=2000 | publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>, its landscape, boundaries and place within Latin America, and finally its monuments and items considered worthy of preservation. Hence, Venezuelan heritage is naturally connected and related to its culture, as culture defines a nation's intellectual and artistic endeavors. Through the collective customs, beliefs, practices and expressions of its people, a ] is achieved. Together, Venezuelan heritage, art and ] represent the historic and contemporary elements of its society.

Venezuelan culture comes from a variety of heritages, mainly of the ], ] and ] provenance, dating from the ]. Before this period, indigenous cultural manifestations were expressed in art (]s), ]s, architecture ('']s'') and social organization. Aboriginal culture was subsequently assimilated by ]; over the years, the ] culture had diversified by region.
]]]
] is gaining attention within and outside the country. First dominated by religious motives, in the late ] it changed to historical and heroic representations, led by ]. Modernism took over in the ]. Some remarkable Venezuelan artists include ], ], ], ], ], ] (who both contributed greatly to ]) and ].

<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: ] by the '']'' (''Dancing Devils of Yare'')]] -->
] began developing soon after the ], and it was dominated by ] and thinking. Following the rise of political literature during the ], then came ], the first important genre in the region, whose great exponent was ]. Although mainly focused on ], poets also figure with great importance, ] being the most famous of them, and also ]. Major writers and novelists are ], ], ], ], ] and ]. Another great poet and humanist was ], besides being an educator and an intellectual.

Other philosophers and intellectuals, like ] and ], along with many other writers, sustained the theory of ].

The great architect of the Venezuelan Modern era was ], who designed and built the ], (]) and its ]. Venezuelan architectural examples are the ], the ], the ], and the ].

Indigenous musical styles are sort of a crucible of Venezuelan cultural inheritances, most exemplified by groups like ] and ]. The national musical instrument is the ]. The typical or representative musical styles are mainly from the ] area and its surroundings, such as '']'' (by ] and ]), '']'' (by ]), ''Concierto en la llanura'' by ], and '']'' (by ]). The ] is also a popular style, played generally during Christmas, typical of the ]n region. The national dance is the '']''. ] was a world famous piano ] during the late ].

Venezuela is also known for their world famous baseball players, such as ], who is in the ] in ] (USA), ], ], ], ], ], ], and ], winner of the ] in ]. Although ] is tremendously popular (it's the national pastime), ] is also gaining popularity, due to the increasing performance of the ].

{{see also|Music of Venezuela|Cuisine of Venezuela|Venezuelan Spanish|List of Venezuelans|List of players from Venezuela in Major League Baseball}}

===Holidays===
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor=#eeeeee
! Date !! Local Name !! English Name !! Remarks
|-
| ]
| ''Día de Año Nuevo''
| ]
| Beginning of the ]
|-
| ]
| ''Día de Reyes''
| ]
| ] feast, the visit of the three ] to ].
|-
| ]
| ''Día del Maestro''
| Teacher's Day
| -
|-
| Monday and Tuesday before ]
| ''Carnaval''
| ]
| -
|-
| From ] to ]
| ''Semana Santa''
| ]
| Commemoration of the ] and ] of Christ.
|-
| ]
| ''Día de San José''
| ]
| In honor of ]
|-
| ]
| ''19 de abril''
| ]
| Remembering the ] coup and start of the ]
|-
| ]
| ''Día del Trabajador''
| ]
| -
|-
| ]
| ''Batalla de Carabobo''
| ]
| Ensurance of the Venezuelan Independence; tagged also as ]
|-
| ]
| ''5 de julio''
| ]
| Signing of the ]
|-
| ]
| ''Natalicio del Libertador''
| Birth of ]
| Also tagged as ].
|-
| ]
| '' Día de la Bandera''
| ]
| Previously, in Venezuela the ] was celebrated in ], until ], ], in honor of the disembarkation of ] in ], ].
|-
| ]
| ''Día de la Resistencia Indígena''
| ]
| Previously, in Venezuela the holiday was called '']'', conmemorating the arrival of ] to the ].
|-
| ]
| ''Día de Todos los Santos''
| ]
| -
|-
| ] to ]
| ''Feria de la Chinita''
| ]
| Only in the ]n region; celebrating the miracle of ].
|-
| ]
| ''Inmaculada Concepción''
| ]
| Celebrating the preservance of ] from the ] by the Grace of ].
|-
| ]
| ''Nochebuena''
| ]
| Birth of ] (''Divino Niño'').
|-
| ]
| ''Nochevieja''
| ]
| Final day of the ]
|}

==National symbols==
]
Venezuela's national symbols are the ], the ], and the ].<ref> ''Venezuelan Embassy in the United States'' Accessed 22 August 2006.</ref> Since the ] and ] of the territory are remarkable, the government also officially declared these national symbols:<ref> ''Venezuelan Embassy in the United States'' Accessed 22 August 2006.</ref>

*The '''National Flower''' is the ] ''(Cattleya mossiae)''. This kind of ] is also known as ''Flor de Mayo'' (''May Flower''). It was first discovered in the northern land in ] and was given the status of ] on ] ].

*The '''National Tree''' is the '']'' ''(Tabebuia chrysantha)''. Called ''aravanei'' by the '']'', it can be found mostly in regions with temperate ]. It can reach a height between 6 and 12 m. The '']'' flourishes within the period following a rainy season, mostly in the first months of the year. ] referred to these months as "''La primavera de oro de los araguaneyes''" (the golden spring of the ''araguaneyes''). Declared ] on ] ].

*The '''National Bird''' is the ] ''(Icterus icterus)''. Fully coloured with yellow-orange tones except in the head and the wings, which are black with a few tones in white; also has a blue spot surrounding the eyes. It can be found in ], the '']'', at the shores of ], and in northern and southern ]. The ] is fairly appreciated due to its singing and was declared the ] on ] ].
<br clear="all">

==See also==
{{Venezuelan topics}}

{{Geographic Location (8-way)
| Northwest =
| North = ]
| Northeast =
| West = {{COL}}
| Centre = {{VEN}}
| East = {{GUY}}
| Southwest =
| South = {{BRA}}
| Southeast =
}}

==Notes==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>

==References==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
<div class="references-small">

* {{Harvard reference
| Author = Encyclopaedia Britannica
| Surname1 = EB
| Year = 2006
| Title = Venezuela - Country Fact Page
| Journal = Encyclopaedia Britannica Country Fact Page
| URL = http://www.britannica.com/nations/Venezuela
| Access-date = ], ]
}}.
* {{Harvard reference
| Author = Central Intelligence Agency
| Surname1 = CIA
| Year = 2005
| Title = Venezuela
| Journal = The World Factbook 2005
| URL = https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ve.html
| Access-date = ], ]
}}.
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Bevilacqua
| Given1 = M
| Surname2 = Cardenas
| Given2 = L
| Surname3 = Flores
| Given3 = AL et al.
| Year = 2002
| Title = State of Venezuela's forests: A case study of the Guayana Region
| Journal = World Resources Institute
| URL = http://pubs.wri.org/pubs_content_text.cfm?ContentID=1607
| Access-date = ], ]
}}.
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Dydynski
| Given1 = K
| Surname2 = Beech
| Given2 = C
| Year = 2004
| Title = Lonely Planet Venezuela
| Publisher = Lonely Planet
| ID = ISBN 1-74104-197-X
| URL = http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&hl=en&vid=ISBN174104197X&id=JDdb1alDGYIC
| Access-date = ], ]
}}.
* {{Harvard reference
| Author = Earth Trends
| Surname1 = Earth Trends
| Year = 2003
| Title = Biodiversity and Protected Areas &mdash; Venezuela
| Journal = EarthTrends Country Profiles
| URL = http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/bio_cou_862.pdf
| Access-date = ], ]
}}.
* {{Harvard reference
| Author = Earth Trends
| Surname1 = Earth Trends
| Year = 2003b
| Title = Coastal and Marine Ecosystems &mdash; Venezuela
| Journal = EarthTrends Country Profiles
| URL = http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/coa_cou_862.pdf
| Access-date = ], ]
}}.
* {{Harvard reference
| Author = Earth Trends
| Surname1 = Earth Trends
| Year = 2003c
| Title = Population, Health, and Human Well-Being &mdash; Venezuela
| Journal = EarthTrends Country Profiles
| URL = http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/pop_cou_862.pdf
| Access-date = ], ]
}}.
</div>
{{col-2}}
<div class="references-small">
* {{Harvard reference
| Author = Library of Congress (Federal Research Division)
| Surname1 = Library of Congress
| Year = 2005
| Title = Country Profile: Venezuela
| Journal = Library of Congress
| URL = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Venezuela.pdf
| Access-date = ], ]
}}.
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Peck
| Given1 = D
| Year = 2000
| Title = The Annotated Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance: Venezuela
| Journal = The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
| URL = http://www.ramsar.org/profile/profiles_venezuela.htm
| Access-date = ], ]
}}.
* {{Harvard reference
| Author = World Health Organization
| Surname1 = World Health Organization
| Year = 2004
| Title = Venezuela: 2004 Update
| Journal = WHO Epidemiological Fact Sheets
| URL = http://www.who.int/GlobalAtlas/predefinedReports/EFS2004/EFS_PDFs/EFS2004_VE.pdf
| Access-date = ], ]
}}.
* {{Harvard reference
| Author = World Resources Institute
| Surname1 = World Resources Institute
| Year = 2006
| Title = Venezuela: Overview
| Journal = Global Forest Watch
| URL = http://www.globalforestwatch.org/english/venezuela/
| Access-date = ], ]
}}.
</div>
{{col-end}}

*Child, Jack. "The Politics and Semiotics of the Smallest Icons of Popular Culture: Latin American Postage Stamps." Latin American Research Review, 40:1 (2005) 108-137.

==External links==
{{portalpar|Venezuela|Angel falls.jpg|52px}}
{{sisterlinks|Venezuela}}

;Political Analysis
*
*
*

;Official
* {{es_icon}} - Official Parliamentary Site.
* {{es_icon}}
* {{es_icon}} - Official governmental portal.
* {{es_icon}}
* {{es_icon}} - Official Presidential Site.
* {{es_icon}} Supreme Tribunal of Justice (TSJ)

;Media and communications
* {{es_icon}}
* {{es_icon}}
* {{en_icon}} - 60 year old English language newspaper
* {{es_icon}}
* {{es_icon}}
* {{es_icon}}
* {{es_icon}} - 24 Hour News Channel
* {{es_icon}}
* {{es_icon}}
* {{es_icon}}
* {{es_icon}} - ] based newspaper
* {{es_icon}}
* {{es_icon}}
* {{es_icon}}
* {{es_icon}}
* {{es_icon}}
* {{es_icon}}
* {{es_icon}}
* {{es_icon}}
* {{es_icon}} - Government news agency
* {{es_icon}} - State sponsored Latin American news agency
* {{en_icon}}

;Culture, images and tourism
* Pictures and information of the country.
*
* Pictures of cities, landscapes, animals, plants, seas and mountains.
*

* {{wikitravel|Venezuela}}
* - Summarized Isla Margarita Information
* - information and images.
* {{es_icon}}
* {{es_icon}}
* Pictures of cities, landscapes, animals and plants.

;Miscellaneous

* {{es icon}} - portal including news, entertainment, sports and miscellanea.
* Venezuela - Country Page
* directory category (various languages)
* Venezuela Business Reports, Statistics and Links
* {{en icon}}
*

{{SACN}}
{{Andean Community}}
{{OAS}}
{{Mercosur}}
{{MSG:Latinunion}}
{{South_America}}
{{G15}}
{{Atlantic Ocean}}

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Revision as of 21:01, 18 November 2006

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