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| |name = Achziv | |name = Achziv | ||
| |native_name = | |native_name = | ||
| |alternate_name = Az-Zeeb (الزيب) | |alternate_name = Az-Zeeb (الزيب) al-Zib, al-Zaib <ref>Palmer, 1881, p. </ref> | ||
| |image =Achziv IMG 5322.JPG | |image =Achziv IMG 5322.JPG | ||
| |caption =Remaining structures of az-Zeeb (today a recreational area), including its mosque, 2009 | |caption =Remaining structures of az-Zeeb (today a recreational area), including its mosque, 2009 | ||
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| |length = | |length = | ||
| |width = | |width = | ||
| |area = | |area = 12.4 | ||
| |height = | |height = | ||
| |builder = | |builder = | ||
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| |abandoned = | |abandoned = | ||
| |epochs = | |epochs = | ||
| |cultures = | |cultures = Israeli, Coptic, Islamic | ||
| |dependency_of = | |dependency_of = | ||
| |occupants = | |occupants = | ||
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| ==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
| Mentioned in the ] by its ancient name "]", evidence of human settlement at the site dates back to the 18th century BCE. |
Mentioned in the ] by its ancient name "]", evidence of human settlement at the site dates back to the 18th century BCE. During the Roman period (and in classical literature) the imperial authorities called it ''Ecdippa''<ref name=Lipinskip302/> ''Ecdeppa'', or ''Ecdippon''. By the ], the ] name for the village "Az-Zeeb", or "al-Zib" ({{lang-ar|الزيب}} meaning 'trickster') was locally in common usage. Az-Zeeb is a shortened form of the site's original ancient ]/] name, ].<ref name=Lipinskip302/> | ||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ===Ancient period=== | |||
| ⚫ | By the |
||
| Human settlement at the site dates to as early as the 18th century BCE, and by the 10th century BCE it was a walled town.<ref name="Khalidi">Khalidi, 1992, p.35.</ref> A ] excavated between 1941–44 and 1959-1964 found evidence of settlement from the ], through the ] and the ].<ref name=Lipinskip302>Lipinski, 2004, pp. -3</ref> Achziv was the first fortified settlement found at the site by archaeologists. | |||
| ===Bronze Age=== | ===Bronze Age=== | ||
| It was a large Canaanite port city from the Middle Bronze Age IIB (1800-1550 BCE).<ref name=Prausnitz75>{{cite journal | title=The Planning of the Middle Bronze Age Town at Achzib and its Defences |author=M. W. Prausnitz |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |date=1975 |volume= 25| issue = 4 |publisher=Israel Exploration Society |pages=202–210 |jstor=27925533 }}</ref><ref name=Negev>{{cite book | work=Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land |title=Achzib (b) A Canaanite city on the Mediterranean coast |author=Avraham Negev and Shimon Gibson |year=2001 |location=New York and London |publisher=Continuum |page=16 |isbn=0-8264-1316-1}}</ref> The massive ramparts, some 4.5 m (15 ft) high, protected the city proper and a large area of port facilities. To the north and south the city extended to the two nearby rivers, which the Canaanite engineers connected by a ], thus transforming Achzib into an island.<ref name=Prausnitz75/> A substantial destruction level from the beginning of the Late Bronze Age proves that even these fortifications were eventually not sufficient.<ref name=Negev/> | |||
| Mentioned in the writings of ], the site likely regained some importance in ] times. At the end of the Roman era, a pottery workshop was located here.<ref>Avshalom-Gorni, 2006, </ref> | |||
| ===Iron Age=== | ===Iron Age=== | ||
| ⚫ | By the 1000 BCE, Achziv was a prosperous and fortified ]n town. Conquered by the ] in the 8th century BCE, however, it was subsequently ruled by the ] during the rule of the ]. | ||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Achzib is mentioned in the ] (19:29) and ] (1:31) as a town assigned to the tribe of ] in the ], but the Asherites did not manage to conquer it from the Phoenicians:<ref name=Perseus></ref> | ||
| ::And the fifth lot came out for the tribe of the children of Asher ... and the outgoings thereof are at the sea from the coast to Achzib. ({{Bibleref2|Joshua 19:24-29}}) | ::And the fifth lot came out for the tribe of the children of Asher ... and the outgoings thereof are at the sea from the coast to Achzib. ({{Bibleref2|Joshua 19:24-29}}) | ||
| ::Asher did not drive out the inhabitants of Acco, ... or of Achzib ... ({{Bibleref2|Judges 1:31}}) | ::Asher did not drive out the inhabitants of Acco, ... or of Achzib ... ({{Bibleref2|Judges 1:31}}) | ||
| ] added the city into his Kingdom, but ] returned it to ] as part of the famous pact. | ] added the city into his Kingdom, but ] returned it to ] as part of the famous pact. ] evidence indicates that it remained Phoenician.<ref name=Lipinskip302/> | ||
| Positioned on a passage between the plain of ] and the city of ], Achzib was an important road station.<ref name=Lipinskip302/> Between the 10th and 6th centuries BCE, it was a prosperous town, with public buildings and tombs with ] ]s, attesting to the identity of its inhabitants at the time.<ref name=Lipinskip302/> Conquered by the ]ns in 701 BCE and listed in ]'s annals as ''Ak-zi-bi'', the continuation of Phoenician settlement through this period and during the decline endured during the ], is evidenced in 5th and 4th century BCE Phoenician inscriptions that were found at the site.<ref name=Lipinskip302/> | |||
| During the invasions of ] the Assyrians conquered the city.<ref name=Gutenberg></ref> | During the invasions of ] the Assyrians conquered the city.<ref name=Gutenberg></ref> | ||
Revision as of 20:36, 9 March 2019
Working
 | It has been suggested that Az-Zeeb be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since August 2017. |
 Remaining structures of az-Zeeb (today a recreational area), including its mosque, 2009 | |
  Shown within Northwest IsraelShow map of Northwest Israel Achziv (Israel)Show map of Israel | |
| Alternative name | Az-Zeeb (الزيب) al-Zib, al-Zaib |
|---|---|
| Location | Israel |
| Region | Northern District |
| Coordinates | 33°02′57″N 35°06′08″E / 33.04917°N 35.10222°E / 33.04917; 35.10222 |
| Area | 12.4 |
| History | |
| Cultures | Israeli, Coptic, Islamic |
| Events | Battle of Casal Imbert (1232), part of the War of the Lombards |
Achziv ') is an ancient site on the Mediterranean coast of northern Israel, between the border with Lebanon and the city of Acre. It is located 13.5 kilometres (8.4 mi) north of Acre on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, within the municipal area of Nahariya. Today it is an Israeli national park.
Excavations have unearthed a fortified Canaanite city of the second millennium BCE. The Phoenician town of the first millennium BCE is known both from the Hebrew Bible and Assyrian sources. Phoenician Achzib went through ups and downs during the Persian and Hellenistic periods. In Roman times Acdippa was a road station. The Bordeaux Pilgrim mentions it in 333-334 CE still as a road station; Jewish sources of the Byzantine period call it Kheziv and Gesiv. There is no information about settlement at the site for the Early Muslim period. The Crusaders built a new village with a castle. During the Mamluk and Ottoman periods a modest village occupied the old tell (archaeological mound). This village was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. The only permanent resident of Achziv is an Israeli Micronationalist who has been welcoming visitors to a small stretch of beach where he has lived since 1975.
The legally disputed micronation of "Akhzivland" is located in the immediate vicinity.
Etymology
Mentioned in the Bible by its ancient name "Achzib", evidence of human settlement at the site dates back to the 18th century BCE. During the Roman period (and in classical literature) the imperial authorities called it Ecdippa Ecdeppa, or Ecdippon. By the early Middle Ages, the Arab name for the village "Az-Zeeb", or "al-Zib" (Template:Lang-ar meaning 'trickster') was locally in common usage. Az-Zeeb is a shortened form of the site's original ancient Canaanite/Phoenician name, Achzib.
History
Ancient period
Human settlement at the site dates to as early as the 18th century BCE, and by the 10th century BCE it was a walled town. A tell excavated between 1941–44 and 1959-1964 found evidence of settlement from the Middle Bronze Age II, through the Roman period and the Early Middle Ages. Achziv was the first fortified settlement found at the site by archaeologists.
Bronze Age
It was a large Canaanite port city from the Middle Bronze Age IIB (1800-1550 BCE). The massive ramparts, some 4.5 m (15 ft) high, protected the city proper and a large area of port facilities. To the north and south the city extended to the two nearby rivers, which the Canaanite engineers connected by a fosse, thus transforming Achzib into an island. A substantial destruction level from the beginning of the Late Bronze Age proves that even these fortifications were eventually not sufficient.
Mentioned in the writings of Pseudo-Scylax, the site likely regained some importance in Hellenistic times. At the end of the Roman era, a pottery workshop was located here.
Iron Age
By the 1000 BCE, Achziv was a prosperous and fortified Phoenician town. Conquered by the Assyrian empire in the 8th century BCE, however, it was subsequently ruled by the Persians during the rule of the Roman Empire.
Achzib is mentioned in the Book of Joshua (19:29) and Book of Judges (1:31) as a town assigned to the tribe of Asher in the Hebrew Bible, but the Asherites did not manage to conquer it from the Phoenicians:
- And the fifth lot came out for the tribe of the children of Asher ... and the outgoings thereof are at the sea from the coast to Achzib. (Joshua 19:24–29Template:Bibleverse with invalid book)
- Asher did not drive out the inhabitants of Acco, ... or of Achzib ... (Judges 1:31Template:Bibleverse with invalid book)
King David added the city into his Kingdom, but King Solomon returned it to Hiram I as part of the famous pact. archaeological evidence indicates that it remained Phoenician.
Positioned on a passage between the plain of Acre and the city of Tyre, Achzib was an important road station. Between the 10th and 6th centuries BCE, it was a prosperous town, with public buildings and tombs with Phoenician inscriptions, attesting to the identity of its inhabitants at the time. Conquered by the Assyrians in 701 BCE and listed in Sennacherib's annals as Ak-zi-bi, the continuation of Phoenician settlement through this period and during the decline endured during the Persian period, is evidenced in 5th and 4th century BCE Phoenician inscriptions that were found at the site.
During the invasions of Sennacherib the Assyrians conquered the city.
Classic era
Hellenistic period
During the reign of the Seleucids the border was established at Rosh HaNikra, just north to Achziv, making it a border city which they called Ekdippa (Έκδιππα in Ancient Greek) and put it under the control of Acre.
Roman and Byzantine periods
A maritime city named Cziv, nine miles (14 km) north of Acre, is mentioned by Josephus Flavius and later by Eusebius. Achziv (Cheziv) is mentioned in Jewish rabbinic writings, for example Midrash Vayikra Rabba 37:4. Additionally, Achziv is mentioned in the Babylonian Talmud, and by the relating Middle Age commentators, concerning the location of Achziv in regards to historical borders of Israel.
Middle Ages
Crusader period
During the Crusader period, the site was known as Casale Umberti, or Casal Humberti, after Hubert of Pacy who held the casale and is documented in 1108.
In 1146, the Crusaders established a settlement there protected by a castle and named "Casale Huberti" or "Casal Humberti", after Hubert of Pacy which held the casale and is documented in 1108. There are descriptions of the castle and village by Arab chroniclers in the 12th and 13th centuries, just prior to and during the rule of the Mamluks in the region. The Arab name of the village was az-Zeeb. Incorporated into the Ottoman empire in the early 16th century, by its end it formed part of the subdistrict of Akka. Its inhabitants cultivated various crops and raised livestock on which they paid taxes to the Ottoman authorities.
European farmers settled there in 1153 under Baldwin III. In 1232 it was the site of the Battle of Casal Imbert between German and French Crusaders as part of the War of the Lombards.
Mamluk period
The Arab village of Az-Zeeb was established during the Mamluk period, the houses erected using the stones of the Crusader castle.
Ottoman period
The town existed during Ottoman rule in the region.
British Mandate
The population of the village in 1945 was 12,607.
In 1946, The Jewish Resistance Movement attempted to blow up the railroad bridge over the creek at Achziv in an operation known as Night of the Bridges. A monument to the 14 soldiers killed there was erected on the site. At the time of the British Mandate in Palestine, most of the families in az-Zeeb made their living from fishing and agriculture, particularly fruit cultivation. Just before the official end to Mandate rule on May 14, 1948, az-Zeeb was attacked and captured by the Haganah's Carmeli Brigade. The town was depopulated and razed to the ground. The Israeli localities of Sa'ar and Gesher HaZiv were established on the village lands in 1948 and 1949. A domed mosque from the village has since been restored and serves as a tourist site, and the house of the last mukhtar (village headman) is now a museum.
On May 14, 1948, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War the Arab villagers fled to Lebanon.
Israel
Achziv became an Israeli national park.
Archaeology
Remnants of ancient Achziv, now known as Tel Achziv, are located on a sandstone mound between two streams, Kziv on the north and Shaal on the south, close to the border with Lebanon. An ancient port was located on the coast, and another secondary port is located 700 m to the south. Archeological excavations have revealed that a walled city existed at the location from the Middle Bronze period.
See also
- National parks of Israel
- List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus
References
- Palmer, 1881, p. 60
- ^ Lipinski, 2004, pp. 302-3
- Khalidi, 1992, p.35.
- ^ M. W. Prausnitz (1975). "The Planning of the Middle Bronze Age Town at Achzib and its Defences". Israel Exploration Journal. 25 (4). Israel Exploration Society: 202–210. JSTOR 27925533.
- ^ Avraham Negev and Shimon Gibson (2001). Achzib (b) A Canaanite city on the Mediterranean coast. New York and London: Continuum. p. 16. ISBN 0-8264-1316-1.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - Avshalom-Gorni, 2006, Akhziv
- Project Gutenberg, 2016
- Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Murray, Alan, The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History 1099-1125 (Unit for Prosopographical Research, Linacre College, Oxford, 2000) p. 210.
- Crusader: Casel Imbert, casale Huberti de Paci, Casale Lamberti, Castellum Ziph, Qasale Imbert/Siph; Hebr. Akhziv; in Pringle, 1997, p. 110
- Pringle, 1998, pp. 384-385
- Murray, 2000, p. 210.
- Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 41
- xvii, Village #79]; Morris, 2004, p. Also gives the cause for depopulation
Bibliography
- Avshalom-Gorni, Dina (2006-08-03). "Akhziv" (118). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Barag, Dan (1979). "A new source concerning the ultimate borders of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem". Israel Exploration Journal. 29 (3/4): 197–217. JSTOR 27925726.
- Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- Benveniśtî, M. (2000). Sacred landscape: the buried history of the Holy Land since 1948. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23422-2.
- Buckingham, J.S. (1821). Travels in Palestine through the countries of Bashan and Gilead, east of the River Jordan, including a visit to the cities of Geraza and Gamala in the Decapolis. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown.
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Frankel, Rafael (1988). "Topographical notes on the territory of Acre in the Crusader period". Israel Exploration Journal. 38 (4): 249–272. JSTOR 27926125.
- Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945.
- Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
- Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 978-3-920405-41-4.
- Karmon, Y. (1960). "An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3): 155–173, 244–253.
- Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 978-0-88728-224-9.
- Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. ISBN 978-0-404-56288-5.
- Lipiński, E. (2004). Itineraria Phoenicia: Studia Phoenicia 18. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-429-1344-8.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
- Murray, Alan (2000). The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History 1099-1125. Linacre College, Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research. ISBN 9781900934039.
- Nazzal, Nafez (1978). The Palestinian Exodus from Galilee 1948. Beirut: The Institute for Palestine Studies.
- Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Petersen, Andrew (2001). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology). Vol. I. Oxford University Press. pp. 321–322. ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0.
- Pringle, Denys (1997). Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: an archaeological Gazetter. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521 46010 7.
- Pringle, Denys (1998). The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: L-Z (excluding Tyre). Vol. II. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 521 39037 0.
- Rhode, H. (1979). Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century (PhD). Columbia University.
- Rustum, Asad (1938). The Royal Archives of Egypt and the Disturbances in Palestine, 1834. American University of Beirut Press.
- Röhricht, R. (1893). (RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI) (in Latin). Berlin: Libraria Academica Wageriana.
- Schumacher, G. (1888). "Population list of the Liwa of Akka". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191.
- Strehlke, Ernst, ed. (1869). Tabulae Ordinis Theutonici ex tabularii regii Berolinensis codice potissimum. Berlin: Weidmanns.
- Wilson, C.W., ed. (c. 1881). Picturesque Palestine, Sinai and Egypt. Vol. 3. New York: D. Appleton.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|editorlink=ignored (|editor-link=suggested) (help) (p.70)
External links
- Achziv Beach National Park, Israel Nature and Parks Authority website
- One-man rule in Israel's hippy micro-state, by Raffi Berg, BBC
- al-Zeeb, Zochrot
| Crusader sites | |||||||||||||||||||
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 Phoenician cities and colonies | |
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| Algeria |
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| Cyprus | |
| Greece | |
| Israel | |
| Italy | |
| Lebanon | |
| Libya | |
| Malta |
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| Morocco | |
| Portugal |
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| Spain | |
| Syria | |
| Tunisia | |
| Other | |
- Articles to be merged from August 2017
- Hebrew Bible cities
- National parks of Israel
- Protected areas of Northern District (Israel)
- Tells
- Biblical geography
- Principality of Galilee
- Arab villages depopulated prior to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
- District of Acre
- Castles and fortifications of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
- Teutonic Order