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Revision as of 21:40, 3 April 2019
For the former Arab village see Az-Zeeb | It has been suggested that Az-Zeeb be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since August 2017. |
 Achziv Beach National Park | |
  Shown within Northwest IsraelShow map of Northwest Israel Achziv (Israel)Show map of Israel | |
| Location | Israel |
|---|---|
| Region | Northern District |
| Coordinates | 33°02′57″N 35°06′08″E / 33.04917°N 35.10222°E / 33.04917; 35.10222 |
| History | |
| Events | Battle of Casal Imbert (1232), part of the War of the Lombards |
Achziv (classical literature, also known as Ecdeppa, Ecdippon) is an ancient site on the Mediterranean coast of northern Israel, between the border with Lebanon and the city of Acre - 15 kilometers north of Acre, within the municipal area of Nahariya. Today it is an Israeli national park. The legally disputed "micronation" of "Akhzivland" is located in the immediate vicinity.
Excavations have unearthed a fortified Canaanite city of the second millennium BCE. The Phoenician town of the first millennium BCE is known both from the Hebrew Bible and Assyrian sources. Phoenician Achzib went through ups and downs during the Persian and Hellenistic periods. In Roman times Acdippa was a road station. The Bordeaux Pilgrim mentions it in 333-334 CE still as a road station; Jewish sources of the Byzantine period call it Kheziv and Gesiv. There is no information about settlement at the site for the Early Muslim period. The Crusaders built a new village with a castle. During the Mamluk and Ottoman periods a modest village occupied the old tell (archaeological mound). This village was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. The only permanent resident of Achziv is an Israeli Micronationalist who has been welcoming visitors to a small stretch of beach where he has lived since 1975.
History
Bronze Age
Achziv, the first fortified settlement found by archaeologists, is a large Canaanite port city dating from the Middle Bronze Age IIB (1800-1550 BCE). The massive ramparts, some 4.5 m (15 ft) high, protected the city proper and a large area of port facilities. To the north and south the city extended to the two nearby rivers, which the Canaanite engineers connected by a fosse, thus transforming Achzib into an island. A substantial destruction level from the beginning of the Late Bronze Age proves that even these fortifications were eventually not sufficient.
Iron Age
According to the Hebrew Bible, the area including the Phoenician city of Achzib was assigned to the tribe of Asher, but the Asherites did not manage to conquer it from the Phoenicians:
- And the fifth lot came out for the tribe of the children of Asher ... and the outgoings thereof are at the sea from the coast to Achzib. (Joshua 19:24–29Template:Bibleverse with invalid book)
- Asher did not drive out the inhabitants of Acco, ... or of Achzib ... (Judges 1:31Template:Bibleverse with invalid book)
King David added the city into his Kingdom, but King Solomon returned it to Hiram I as part of the famous pact.
During the invasions of Sennacherib the Assyrians conquered the city.
Classic era
Hellenistic period
During the reign of the Seleucids the border was established at Rosh HaNikra, just north to Achziv, making it a border city which they called Ekdippa (Έκδιππα in Ancient Greek) and put it under the control of Acre.
Roman and Byzantine periods
A maritime city named Cziv, nine miles (14 km) north of Acre, is mentioned by Josephus Flavius and later by Eusebius. Achziv (Cheziv) is mentioned in Jewish rabbinic writings, for example Midrash Vayikra Rabba 37:4. Additionally, Achziv is mentioned in the Babylonian Talmud, and by the relating Middle Age commentators, concerning the location of Achziv in regards to historical borders of Israel.
Middle Ages
Crusader period
During the Crusader period, the site was known as Casale Umberti, or Casal Humberti, after Hubert of Pacy who held the casale and is documented in 1108. European farmers settled there in 1153 under Baldwin III. In 1232 it was the site of the Battle of Casal Imbert between German and French Crusaders as part of the War of the Lombards.
Mamluk period
The Arab village of Az-Zeeb was established during the Mamluk period, the houses erected using the stones of the Crusader castle.
Ottoman period
The town existed during Ottoman rule in the region.
British Mandate
In 1946, The Jewish Resistance Movement attempted to blow up the railroad bridge over the creek at Achziv in an operation known as Night of the Bridges. A monument to the 14 soldiers killed there was erected on the site. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War the Arab villagers of az-Zib fled to Lebanon.
Israel
Achziv became an Israeli national park.
Archaeology
Remnants of ancient Achziv, now known as Tel Achziv, are located on a sandstone mound between two streams, Kziv on the north and Shaal on the south, close to the border with Lebanon.
An ancient port was located on the coast, and another secondary port is located 700 m to the south.
Archeological excavations have revealed that a walled city existed at the location from the Middle Bronze period. History of Achziv goes back to the Chalcolithic period (4500-3200 BC).
See also
References
- ^ M. W. Prausnitz (1975). "The Planning of the Middle Bronze Age Town at Achzib and its Defences". Israel Exploration Journal. 25 (4). Israel Exploration Society: 202–210. JSTOR 27925533.
- ^ Avraham Negev and Shimon Gibson (2001). Achzib (b) A Canaanite city on the Mediterranean coast. New York and London: Continuum. p. 16. ISBN 0-8264-1316-1.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - Project Gutenberg, 2016
- Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Murray, Alan, The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History 1099-1125 (Unit for Prosopographical Research, Linacre College, Oxford, 2000) p. 210.
External links
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