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{{Working|date=march 9}}
{{hatnote|For the former Arab village see ]}}

{{Hatnote|For the self-proclaimed micronation, see ].}}
{{mergefrom|Az-Zeeb|discuss=talk:achziv#Merge|date=August 2017}} {{mergefrom|Az-Zeeb|discuss=talk:achziv#Merge|date=August 2017}}
{{Distinguish|Achziv of Judah}} {{Distinguish|Achziv of Judah}}
{{Infobox ancient site {{Infobox ancient site
|name = Achziv |name = Achziv
|native_name = |native_name =
|alternate_name = Az-Zeeb (الزيب) al-Zib, al-Zaib <ref>Palmer, 1881, p. </ref>
|alternate_name =
|image = File:Zeeb beach.JPG |image =Achziv IMG 5322.JPG
|caption =Remaining structures of az-Zeeb (today a recreational area), including its mosque, 2009
|alt = |alt =
|caption = Achziv Beach National Park
|map_type = Israel northwest#Israel |map_type = Israel northwest#Israel
|map_alt = |map_alt =
|map_size = 280 |map_size = 280
|location = ] |location = ]
|region = ] |region = ]
|coordinates = {{coord|33|02|57|N|35|06|08|E|display=inline,title|region:IL_type:city}} |coordinates = {{coord|33|02|57|N|35|06|08|E|display=inline,title|region:IL_type:city}}
|type = |type =
|part_of = |part_of =
|length = |length =
|width = |width =
|area = |area = 12.4
|height = |height =
|builder = |builder =
|material = |material =
|built = |built =
|abandoned = |abandoned =
|epochs = |epochs =
|cultures = |cultures = Israeli, Coptic, Islamic
|dependency_of = |dependency_of =
|occupants = |occupants =
|event = Battle of Casal Imbert (1232), part of the ] |event = Battle of Casal Imbert (1232), part of the ]
|excavations = |excavations =
|archaeologists = |archaeologists =
|condition = |condition =

|ownership =
|management = |ownership =
|public_access = |management =
|website = |public_access =
|notes = |website =
|notes =
}} }}
'''Achziv''' (classical literature, also known as '''Ecdeppa''', '''Ecdippon''') is an ancient site on the Mediterranean coast of northern ], between the border with ] and the city of ] - 15 kilometers north of ], within the municipal area of ]. Today it is an ]. The legally disputed "]" of "]" is located in the immediate vicinity. '''Achziv''' ') is an ancient site on the Mediterranean coast of northern ], between the border with ] and the city of ]. It is located {{convert|13.5|km|mi}} north of ] on the coast of the ], within the municipal area of ]. Today it is an ].


Excavations have unearthed a fortified Canaanite city of the second millennium BCE. The Phoenician town of the first millennium BCE is known both from the ] and Assyrian sources. Phoenician Achzib went through ups and downs during the Persian and Hellenistic periods. In Roman times ''Acdippa'' was a road station. The ] mentions it in 333-334 CE still as a road station; Jewish sources of the Byzantine period call it ''Kheziv'' and ''Gesiv''. There is no information about settlement at the site for the Early Muslim period. The Crusaders built a new village with a castle. During the Mamluk and Ottoman periods a modest village occupied the old ] (archaeological mound). This village was depopulated during the ]. The only permanent resident of Achziv is an Israeli Excavations have unearthed a fortified Canaanite city of the second millennium BCE. The Phoenician town of the first millennium BCE is known both from the ] and Assyrian sources. Phoenician Achzib went through ups and downs during the Persian and Hellenistic periods. In Roman times ''Acdippa'' was a road station. The ] mentions it in 333-334 CE still as a road station; Jewish sources of the Byzantine period call it ''Kheziv'' and ''Gesiv''. There is no information about settlement at the site for the Early Muslim period. The Crusaders built a new village with a castle. During the Mamluk and Ottoman periods a modest village occupied the old ] (archaeological mound). This village was depopulated during the ]. The only permanent resident of Achziv is an Israeli
] who has been welcoming visitors to a small stretch of beach where he has lived since 1975. ] who has been welcoming visitors to a small stretch of beach where he has lived since 1975.

The legally disputed ] of "]" is located in the immediate vicinity.

==Etymology==
Mentioned in the ] by its ancient name "]", evidence of human settlement at the site dates back to the 18th century BCE. During the Roman period (and in classical literature) the imperial authorities called it ''Ecdippa''<ref name=Lipinskip302/> ''Ecdeppa'', or ''Ecdippon''. By the ], the ] name for the village "Az-Zeeb", or "al-Zib" ({{lang-ar|الزيب}} meaning 'trickster') was locally in common usage. Az-Zeeb is a shortened form of the site's original ancient ]/] name, ].<ref name=Lipinskip302/>


==History== ==History==
] ]

===Ancient period===
Human settlement at the site dates to as early as the 18th century BCE, and by the 10th century BCE it was a walled town.<ref name="Khalidi">Khalidi, 1992, p.35.</ref> A ] excavated between 1941–44 and 1959-1964 found evidence of settlement from the ], through the ] and the ].<ref name=Lipinskip302>Lipinski, 2004, pp. -3</ref> Achziv was the first fortified settlement found at the site by archaeologists.


===Bronze Age=== ===Bronze Age===
Achziv, the first fortified settlement found by archaeologists, is a large Canaanite port city dating from the Middle Bronze Age IIB (1800-1550 BCE).<ref name=Prausnitz75>{{cite journal | title=The Planning of the Middle Bronze Age Town at Achzib and its Defences |author=M. W. Prausnitz |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |date=1975 |volume= 25| issue = 4 |publisher=Israel Exploration Society |pages=202–210 |jstor=27925533 }}</ref><ref name=Negev>{{cite book |work=Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land |title=Achzib (b) A Canaanite city on the Mediterranean coast |author=Avraham Negev and Shimon Gibson |year=2001 |location=New York and London |publisher=Continuum |page=16 |isbn=0-8264-1316-1}}</ref> The massive ramparts, some 4.5&nbsp;m (15&nbsp;ft) high, protected the city proper and a large area of port facilities. To the north and south the city extended to the two nearby rivers, which the Canaanite engineers connected by a fosse, thus transforming Achzib into an island.<ref name=Prausnitz75/> A substantial destruction level from the beginning of the Late Bronze Age proves that even these fortifications were eventually not sufficient.<ref name=Negev/> It was a large Canaanite port city from the Middle Bronze Age IIB (1800-1550 BCE).<ref name=Prausnitz75>{{cite journal | title=The Planning of the Middle Bronze Age Town at Achzib and its Defences |author=M. W. Prausnitz |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |date=1975 |volume= 25| issue = 4 |publisher=Israel Exploration Society |pages=202–210 |jstor=27925533 }}</ref><ref name=Negev>{{cite book | work=Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land |title=Achzib (b) A Canaanite city on the Mediterranean coast |author=Avraham Negev and Shimon Gibson |year=2001 |location=New York and London |publisher=Continuum |page=16 |isbn=0-8264-1316-1}}</ref> The massive ramparts, some 4.5&nbsp;m (15&nbsp;ft) high, protected the city proper and a large area of port facilities. To the north and south the city extended to the two nearby rivers, which the Canaanite engineers connected by a ], thus transforming Achzib into an island.<ref name=Prausnitz75/> A substantial destruction level from the beginning of the Late Bronze Age proves that even these fortifications were eventually not sufficient.<ref name=Negev/>

Mentioned in the writings of ], the site likely regained some importance in ] times. At the end of the Roman era, a pottery workshop was located here.<ref>Avshalom-Gorni, 2006, </ref>


===Iron Age=== ===Iron Age===
By the 1000 BCE, Achziv was a prosperous and fortified ]n town. Conquered by the ] in the 8th century BCE, however, it was subsequently ruled by the ] during the rule of the ].
⚫ According to the ], the area including the ]n city of Achzib was assigned to the tribe of ], but the Asherites did not manage to conquer it from the Phoenicians:<ref name=Perseus></ref>
⚫ Achzib is mentioned in the ] (19:29) and ] (1:31) as a town assigned to the tribe of ] in the ], but the Asherites did not manage to conquer it from the Phoenicians:<ref name=Perseus></ref>
::And the fifth lot came out for the tribe of the children of Asher ... and the outgoings thereof are at the sea from the coast to Achzib. ({{Bibleref2|Joshua 19:24-29}}) ::And the fifth lot came out for the tribe of the children of Asher ... and the outgoings thereof are at the sea from the coast to Achzib. ({{Bibleref2|Joshua 19:24-29}})
::Asher did not drive out the inhabitants of Acco, ... or of Achzib ... ({{Bibleref2|Judges 1:31}}) ::Asher did not drive out the inhabitants of Acco, ... or of Achzib ... ({{Bibleref2|Judges 1:31}})
] added the city into his Kingdom, but ] returned it to ] as part of the famous pact. ] added the city into his Kingdom, but ] returned it to ] as part of the famous pact. ] evidence indicates that it remained Phoenician.<ref name=Lipinskip302/>

Positioned on a passage between the plain of ] and the city of ], Achzib was an important road station.<ref name=Lipinskip302/> Between the 10th and 6th centuries BCE, it was a prosperous town, with public buildings and tombs with ] ]s, attesting to the identity of its inhabitants at the time.<ref name=Lipinskip302/> Conquered by the ]ns in 701 BCE and listed in ]'s annals as ''Ak-zi-bi'', the continuation of Phoenician settlement through this period and during the decline endured during the ], is evidenced in 5th and 4th century BCE Phoenician inscriptions that were found at the site.<ref name=Lipinskip302/>


During the invasions of ] the Assyrians conquered the city.<ref name=Gutenberg></ref> During the invasions of ] the Assyrians conquered the city.<ref name=Gutenberg></ref>
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====Crusader period==== ====Crusader period====
During the ] period, the site was known as Casale Umberti,<ref>]]</ref> or Casal Humberti, after Hubert of Pacy who held the ] and is documented in 1108.<ref>Murray, Alan, ''The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History 1099-1125'' (Unit for Prosopographical Research, Linacre College, Oxford, 2000) p. 210.</ref> European farmers settled there in 1153 under ]. In 1232 it was the site of the ] between German and French Crusaders as part of the ]. During the ] period, the site was known as Casale Umberti,<ref>]]</ref> or Casal Humberti, after Hubert of Pacy who held the ] and is documented in 1108.<ref>Murray, Alan, ''The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History 1099-1125'' (Unit for Prosopographical Research, Linacre College, Oxford, 2000) p. 210.</ref>

In 1146, the ] established a settlement there protected by a castle and named "Casale Huberti"<ref name=Pringle1997>Crusader: ''Casel Imbert, casale Huberti de Paci, Casale Lamberti, Castellum Ziph, Qasale Imbert/Siph''; Hebr. ''Akhziv''; in Pringle, 1997, p. </ref><ref name=Pringle1998>Pringle, 1998, pp. -385</ref> or "Casal Humberti", after Hubert of Pacy which held the '']'' and is documented in 1108.<ref>Murray, 2000, p. 210.</ref> There are descriptions of the castle and village by Arab chroniclers in the 12th and 13th centuries, just prior to and during the rule of the ] in the region. The Arab name of the village was az-Zeeb. Incorporated into the ] in the early 16th century, by its end it formed part of the subdistrict of ]. Its inhabitants cultivated various crops and raised livestock on which they paid taxes to the Ottoman authorities.

European farmers settled there in 1153 under ]. In 1232 it was the site of the ] between German and French Crusaders as part of the ].


====Mamluk period==== ====Mamluk period====
Line 76: Line 97:


===Ottoman period=== ===Ottoman period===
]
The town existed during Ottoman rule in the region. The town existed during Ottoman rule in the region.


===British Mandate=== ===British Mandate===
The population of the village in 1945 was 12,607.<ref name=Hadawi41>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p.
In 1946, ] attempted to blow up the railroad bridge over the creek at Achziv in an operation known as ]. A monument to the 14 soldiers killed there was erected on the site. During the ] the Arab villagers of az-Zib fled to Lebanon.
</ref>

In 1946, ] attempted to blow up the railroad bridge over the creek at Achziv in an operation known as ]. A monument to the 14 soldiers killed there was erected on the site. At the time of the ], most of the families in az-Zeeb made their living from fishing and agriculture, particularly fruit cultivation. Just before the official end to Mandate rule on May 14, 1948, az-Zeeb was attacked and captured by the ]'s ]. The town was depopulated and razed to the ground. The ]i localities of ] and ] were established on the village lands in 1948 and 1949. A domed ] from the village has since been restored and serves as a tourist site, and the house of the last ] (village headman) is now a museum.

On May 14, 1948,<ref>, ''Village #79'']; Morris, 2004, p. Also gives the cause for depopulation</ref> during the ] the Arab villagers fled to Lebanon.


===Israel=== ===Israel===
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==Archaeology== ==Archaeology==
] ]
Remnants of ancient Achziv, now known as Tel Achziv, are located on a sandstone mound between two streams, Kziv on the north and Shaal on the south, close to the border with Lebanon. Remnants of ancient Achziv, now known as Tel Achziv, are located on a sandstone mound between two streams, Kziv on the north and Shaal on the south, close to the border with Lebanon. An ancient port was located on the coast, and another secondary port is located 700 m to the south. ] have revealed that a walled city existed at the location from the Middle Bronze period.

An ancient port was located on the coast, and another secondary port is located 700 m to the south.

Archeological excavations have revealed that a walled city existed at the location from the Middle Bronze period. History of Achziv goes back to the Chalcolithic period (4500-3200 BC).


==See also== ==See also==
*] * ]
* ]
*]


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist|25em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal|last=Avshalom-Gorni|first=Dina |date=2006-08-03|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=392&mag_id=111|title= Akhziv|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=118}}
*{{cite journal | author = Barag, Dan | title = A new source concerning the ultimate borders of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem| journal = ] | volume = 29 | issue = 3/4| year = 1979 | pages = 197–217| jstor = 27925726}}
*{{cite book|editor =Barron, J.B.|title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}}
*{{cite book |title=Sacred landscape: the buried history of the Holy Land since 1948 |first=M.|last= Benveniśtî |authorlink=Meron Benvenisti |year=2000 |publisher=] |url=https://books.google.com/?id=7itq6zYtSJwC |isbn=978-0-520-23422-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Buckingham|first=J.S.|authorlink=James Silk Buckingham|title=Travels in Palestine through the countries of Bashan and Gilead, east of the River Jordan, including a visit to the cities of Geraza and Gamala in the Decapolis |url=https://archive.org/details/travelsinpalest01buckgoog |volume=|year=1821|publisher= Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown |location=London}}
*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|authorlink1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|authorlink2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp01conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=]|volume=1}}
*{{cite journal | first1=Rafael | last1=Frankel | title=Topographical notes on the territory of Acre in the Crusader period| journal= Israel Exploration Journal| volume=38 | number= 4 | year=1988 | pages= 249–272| jstor=27926125 }}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher= }}
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|authorlink=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr00gugoog|volume=3: Galilee, pt. 2|year=1880|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=French}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|authorlink=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
*{{cite book | last1= Hütteroth |first1=Wolf-Dieter |first2=Kamal | last2=Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|isbn= 978-3-920405-41-4}}
*{{cite journal |author =Karmon, Y. |title = An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine|url=http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf |journal =Israel Exploration Journal| volume = 10 |issue = 3|year = 1960 |pages = 155–173; 244–253}}
*{{cite book|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ |first=W.|last=Khalidi|authorlink=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=]|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-88728-224-9}}
*{{cite book|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500|url=https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft |first=G.|last=Le Strange |authorlink=Guy le Strange|year=1890|publisher=Committee of the ]|isbn=978-0-404-56288-5}}
*{{cite book|title=Itineraria Phoenicia: Studia Phoenicia 18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC|first1
=E.|last=Lipiński| authorlink=Edward_Lipinski_(orientalist)|publisher=Peeters Publishers|year=2004|isbn= 978-90-429-1344-8}}
*{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}
*{{cite book|title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited|url=https://books.google.com/?id=uM_kFX6edX8C|authorlink=Benny Morris|first=B.|last=Morris|publisher=]|year=2004|isbn= 978-0-521-00967-6}}
*{{cite book|title=The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History 1099-1125|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9gxnAAAAMAAJ|first=Alan|last=Murray|publisher=Unit for Prosopographical Research|location=Linacre College, Oxford|year=2000|isbn=9781900934039}}
*{{cite book|last=Nazzal|first=Nafez|year=1978|title=The Palestinian Exodus from Galilee 1948|url=https://books.google.com/?id=li1IAAAAMAAJ |publisher=The Institute for Palestine Studies|location=Beirut}}
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|authorlink=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=]}}
*{{cite book|title=A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology)|url=https://www.academia.edu/21620272 |volume= I |first1=Andrew|last1=Petersen|year=2001|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-19-727011-0|pages=}}
*{{cite book|title= Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: an archaeological Gazetter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC|first1=Denys|last1=Pringle|year=1997|isbn=0521 46010 7|publisher=]}}
*{{cite book|title= The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: L-Z (excluding Tyre)| volume =II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC|first=Denys|last=Pringle|year=1998|publisher=]|isbn=0 521 39037 0}}
*{{cite thesis|type=PhD |last=Rhode |first=H.|authorlink=Harold Rhode
|date=1979 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2026845 |title=Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=]}}
*{{cite book|first=Asad|last=Rustum|title=The Royal Archives of Egypt and the Disturbances in Palestine, 1834|url=https://books.google.com/?id=sTMBAAAAMAAJ&dq=1834+Abdullah+Pasha+Madi&q=1834+Madi|publisher=American University of Beirut Press|year=1938}}
*{{cite book|last=Röhricht|first=R. |authorlink=Reinhold Röhricht|title= (RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI)|url=https://archive.org/details/regestaregnihie00rhgoog|year=1893|publisher=Libraria Academica Wageriana|location=Berlin|language=Latin}}
*{{cite journal | last = Schumacher | first =G.| authorlink = Gottlieb Schumacher | title = Population list of the Liwa of Akka | journal = Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund | volume = 20 | pages = 169–191 | url =https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale | year = 1888}}
*{{cite book|editor=Strehlke, Ernst |title=Tabulae Ordinis Theutonici ex tabularii regii Berolinensis codice potissimum|url=https://archive.org/details/tabulaeordinist00stregoog|year=1869|publisher= Weidmanns|location=Berlin}}
*{{cite book |editor =Wilson, C.W.|editorlink= Charles William Wilson|title= Picturesque Palestine, Sinai and Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/picturesquepales03wilsuoft |volume=3 |year=c. 1881|publisher= ] |location=New York}} ()
{{refend}}


==External links== ==External links==
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{{Commonscat|Achziv}} {{Commonscat|Achziv}}
* *
*, by Raffi Berg, BBC
*, ]


{{National parks of Israel}} {{National parks of Israel}}
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] ]
] ]
]
⚫ ]
]
]
⚫ ]

Revision as of 20:50, 19 April 2019

 Working

For the self-proclaimed micronation, see Akhzivland.
It has been suggested that Az-Zeeb be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since August 2017.
Not to be confused with Achziv of Judah.
Achziv
Remaining structures of az-Zeeb (today a recreational area), including its mosque, 2009
Achziv is located in Northwest IsraelAchzivShown within Northwest IsraelShow map of Northwest IsraelAchziv is located in IsraelAchzivAchziv (Israel)Show map of Israel
Alternative nameAz-Zeeb (الزيب) al-Zib, al-Zaib
LocationIsrael
RegionNorthern District
Coordinates33°02′57″N 35°06′08″E / 33.04917°N 35.10222°E / 33.04917; 35.10222
Area12.4
History
CulturesIsraeli, Coptic, Islamic
EventsBattle of Casal Imbert (1232), part of the War of the Lombards

Achziv ') is an ancient site on the Mediterranean coast of northern Israel, between the border with Lebanon and the city of Acre. It is located 13.5 kilometres (8.4 mi) north of Acre on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, within the municipal area of Nahariya. Today it is an Israeli national park.

Excavations have unearthed a fortified Canaanite city of the second millennium BCE. The Phoenician town of the first millennium BCE is known both from the Hebrew Bible and Assyrian sources. Phoenician Achzib went through ups and downs during the Persian and Hellenistic periods. In Roman times Acdippa was a road station. The Bordeaux Pilgrim mentions it in 333-334 CE still as a road station; Jewish sources of the Byzantine period call it Kheziv and Gesiv. There is no information about settlement at the site for the Early Muslim period. The Crusaders built a new village with a castle. During the Mamluk and Ottoman periods a modest village occupied the old tell (archaeological mound). This village was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. The only permanent resident of Achziv is an Israeli Micronationalist who has been welcoming visitors to a small stretch of beach where he has lived since 1975.

The legally disputed micronation of "Akhzivland" is located in the immediate vicinity.

Etymology

Mentioned in the Bible by its ancient name "Achzib", evidence of human settlement at the site dates back to the 18th century BCE. During the Roman period (and in classical literature) the imperial authorities called it Ecdippa Ecdeppa, or Ecdippon. By the early Middle Ages, the Arab name for the village "Az-Zeeb", or "al-Zib" (Template:Lang-ar meaning 'trickster') was locally in common usage. Az-Zeeb is a shortened form of the site's original ancient Canaanite/Phoenician name, Achzib.

History

The mosque of al-Zib, restored at Achziv National Park

Ancient period

Human settlement at the site dates to as early as the 18th century BCE, and by the 10th century BCE it was a walled town. A tell excavated between 1941–44 and 1959-1964 found evidence of settlement from the Middle Bronze Age II, through the Roman period and the Early Middle Ages. Achziv was the first fortified settlement found at the site by archaeologists.

Bronze Age

It was a large Canaanite port city from the Middle Bronze Age IIB (1800-1550 BCE). The massive ramparts, some 4.5 m (15 ft) high, protected the city proper and a large area of port facilities. To the north and south the city extended to the two nearby rivers, which the Canaanite engineers connected by a fosse, thus transforming Achzib into an island. A substantial destruction level from the beginning of the Late Bronze Age proves that even these fortifications were eventually not sufficient.

Mentioned in the writings of Pseudo-Scylax, the site likely regained some importance in Hellenistic times. At the end of the Roman era, a pottery workshop was located here.

Iron Age

By the 1000 BCE, Achziv was a prosperous and fortified Phoenician town. Conquered by the Assyrian empire in the 8th century BCE, however, it was subsequently ruled by the Persians during the rule of the Roman Empire.

Achzib is mentioned in the Book of Joshua (19:29) and Book of Judges (1:31) as a town assigned to the tribe of Asher in the Hebrew Bible, but the Asherites did not manage to conquer it from the Phoenicians:

And the fifth lot came out for the tribe of the children of Asher ... and the outgoings thereof are at the sea from the coast to Achzib. (Joshua 19:24–29Template:Bibleverse with invalid book)
Asher did not drive out the inhabitants of Acco, ... or of Achzib ... (Judges 1:31Template:Bibleverse with invalid book)

King David added the city into his Kingdom, but King Solomon returned it to Hiram I as part of the famous pact. archaeological evidence indicates that it remained Phoenician.

Positioned on a passage between the plain of Acre and the city of Tyre, Achzib was an important road station. Between the 10th and 6th centuries BCE, it was a prosperous town, with public buildings and tombs with Phoenician inscriptions, attesting to the identity of its inhabitants at the time. Conquered by the Assyrians in 701 BCE and listed in Sennacherib's annals as Ak-zi-bi, the continuation of Phoenician settlement through this period and during the decline endured during the Persian period, is evidenced in 5th and 4th century BCE Phoenician inscriptions that were found at the site.

During the invasions of Sennacherib the Assyrians conquered the city.

Classic era

Hellenistic period

During the reign of the Seleucids the border was established at Rosh HaNikra, just north to Achziv, making it a border city which they called Ekdippa (Έκδιππα in Ancient Greek) and put it under the control of Acre.

Roman and Byzantine periods

A maritime city named Cziv, nine miles (14 km) north of Acre, is mentioned by Josephus Flavius and later by Eusebius. Achziv (Cheziv) is mentioned in Jewish rabbinic writings, for example Midrash Vayikra Rabba 37:4. Additionally, Achziv is mentioned in the Babylonian Talmud, and by the relating Middle Age commentators, concerning the location of Achziv in regards to historical borders of Israel.

Middle Ages

Crusader period

During the Crusader period, the site was known as Casale Umberti, or Casal Humberti, after Hubert of Pacy who held the casale and is documented in 1108.

In 1146, the Crusaders established a settlement there protected by a castle and named "Casale Huberti" or "Casal Humberti", after Hubert of Pacy which held the casale and is documented in 1108. There are descriptions of the castle and village by Arab chroniclers in the 12th and 13th centuries, just prior to and during the rule of the Mamluks in the region. The Arab name of the village was az-Zeeb. Incorporated into the Ottoman empire in the early 16th century, by its end it formed part of the subdistrict of Akka. Its inhabitants cultivated various crops and raised livestock on which they paid taxes to the Ottoman authorities.

European farmers settled there in 1153 under Baldwin III. In 1232 it was the site of the Battle of Casal Imbert between German and French Crusaders as part of the War of the Lombards.

Mamluk period

The Arab village of Az-Zeeb was established during the Mamluk period, the houses erected using the stones of the Crusader castle.

Ottoman period

survey of western Palestine, c. 1880

The town existed during Ottoman rule in the region.

British Mandate

The population of the village in 1945 was 12,607.

In 1946, The Jewish Resistance Movement attempted to blow up the railroad bridge over the creek at Achziv in an operation known as Night of the Bridges. A monument to the 14 soldiers killed there was erected on the site. At the time of the British Mandate in Palestine, most of the families in az-Zeeb made their living from fishing and agriculture, particularly fruit cultivation. Just before the official end to Mandate rule on May 14, 1948, az-Zeeb was attacked and captured by the Haganah's Carmeli Brigade. The town was depopulated and razed to the ground. The Israeli localities of Sa'ar and Gesher HaZiv were established on the village lands in 1948 and 1949. A domed mosque from the village has since been restored and serves as a tourist site, and the house of the last mukhtar (village headman) is now a museum.

On May 14, 1948, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War the Arab villagers fled to Lebanon.

Israel

Achziv at sunset

Achziv became an Israeli national park.

Archaeology

Ancient grinding stones at Achziv National Park

Remnants of ancient Achziv, now known as Tel Achziv, are located on a sandstone mound between two streams, Kziv on the north and Shaal on the south, close to the border with Lebanon. An ancient port was located on the coast, and another secondary port is located 700 m to the south. Archeological excavations have revealed that a walled city existed at the location from the Middle Bronze period.

See also

References

  1. Palmer, 1881, p. 60
  2. ^ Lipinski, 2004, pp. 302-3
  3. Khalidi, 1992, p.35.
  4. ^ M. W. Prausnitz (1975). "The Planning of the Middle Bronze Age Town at Achzib and its Defences". Israel Exploration Journal. 25 (4). Israel Exploration Society: 202–210. JSTOR 27925533.
  5. ^ Avraham Negev and Shimon Gibson (2001). Achzib (b) A Canaanite city on the Mediterranean coast. New York and London: Continuum. p. 16. ISBN 0-8264-1316-1. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  6. Avshalom-Gorni, 2006, Akhziv
  8. Project Gutenberg, 2016
  9. Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
  10. Murray, Alan, The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History 1099-1125 (Unit for Prosopographical Research, Linacre College, Oxford, 2000) p. 210.
  11. Crusader: Casel Imbert, casale Huberti de Paci, Casale Lamberti, Castellum Ziph, Qasale Imbert/Siph; Hebr. Akhziv; in Pringle, 1997, p. 110
  12. Pringle, 1998, pp. 384-385
  13. Murray, 2000, p. 210.
  14. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 41
  15. xvii, Village #79]; Morris, 2004, p. Also gives the cause for depopulation

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