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Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302

ET-AVJ, the aircraft involved in the accident, seen in February 2019
Accident
Date	10 March 2019 (2019-03-10)
Summary	Crashed shortly after take-off; under investigation
Site	Tulu Fara village near Bishoftu, Ethiopia 8°52′37″N 39°15′04″E / 8.87694°N 39.25111°E / 8.87694; 39.25111
Aircraft
Aircraft type	Boeing 737 MAX 8
Operator	Ethiopian Airlines
IATA flight No.	ET302
ICAO flight No.	ETH302
Call sign	ETHIOPIAN 302
Registration	ET-AVJ
Flight origin	Addis Ababa Bole International Airport, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Destination	Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, Nairobi, Kenya
Occupants	157
Passengers	149
Crew	8
Fatalities	157
Survivors	0

Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Addis Ababa Bole International Airport in Ethiopia to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi, Kenya. On 10 March 2019, the Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft which operated the flight crashed near the town of Bishoftu six minutes after takeoff, killing all 157 people aboard. The cause of the accident is under investigation.

Flight 302 is the deadliest accident involving an Ethiopian Airlines aircraft to date, surpassing the fatal hijacking of Flight 961 resulting in a crash near the Comoros in 1996. It is also the deadliest aircraft accident to occur in Ethiopia, surpassing the crash of an Ethiopian Air Force Antonov An-26 in 1982, which killed 73.

The Boeing 737 MAX 8 model first flew on 29 January 2016 and entered service in 2017, making it one of the newest aircraft in Boeing's commercial airliner offerings, and the newest generation of Boeing 737. As of February 2019, 376 aircraft of this model have been produced and one other has crashed, Lion Air Flight 610 in Indonesia in October 2018. Following the accident, the Boeing 737 MAX series of aircraft was grounded by various airlines and government regulators worldwide.

Accident

Flight 302 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Addis Ababa to Nairobi. The aircraft took off from Addis Ababa at 08:38 local time (05:38 UTC) with 149 passengers and 8 crew on board. One minute into the flight, the pilot reported a “flight control” problem but decided to continue the flight; three minutes into the flight the aircraft accelerated beyond its safety limits, and the pilot requested permission to return to Addis Ababa while the air traffic controllers had already been diverting other approaching flights.

However, the aircraft then disappeared from radar screens and crashed at 08:44, six minutes after takeoff, having reached an altitude of about 7,000 feet Above Ground Level. Flight tracking data showed that the aircraft's altitude and rate of climb and descent were fluctuating. Several witnesses stated the plane trailed "white smoke" and made strange noises before crashing. The aircraft reportedly impacted the ground at nearly 700 mph.

It crashed in the woreda (district) of Gimbichu, Oromia Region, near the town of Bishoftu, 62 kilometres (39 mi) southeast of Bole International Airport. Photographs of the accident site show a large crater with only small pieces of wreckage. There were no survivors.

Aircraft

The aircraft was a Boeing 737 MAX 8, registered ET-AVJ (construction number 62450, manufacturer's serial number 7243), powered by two CFM International LEAP engines. The aircraft was manufactured in October 2018 and delivered on 15 November 2018, making it around four months old at the time of the accident.

Passengers and crew

The airline stated that the flight’s 149 passengers had 35 different nationalities, listed in the following table:

All passengers and crew on board, 157 in total, were killed in the accident. Many of the passengers were travelling to Nairobi to attend the fourth session of the United Nations Environment Assembly. Twelve of the victims worked for the United Nations (UN), and at least another seven had other UN affiliations. Both Addis Ababa and Nairobi have offices of UN agencies, and Addis Ababa has the head office of the African Union.

Notable victims on-board included the Italian archaeologist and Councillor for Cultural Heritage of Sicily, Sebastiano Tusa, and Nigerian-Canadian academic Pius Adesanmi. Slovak politician Anton Hrnko lost his wife and two children in the crash. A Greek man and an Emirati man missed the flight and avoided the disaster.

The airline stated that one passenger had a United Nations laissez-passer.

The captain of the plane was Yared Getachew, 29, who had been flying with the airline for almost nine years and had logged a total of 8,122 flight hours. He had been a Boeing 737-800 captain since November 2017, and Boeing 737 MAX since July 2018. At the time of the accident, he was the youngest captain at the airline. The first officer, Ahmed Nur Mohammod Nur, 25, was a recent graduate from the airline's academy with 361 flight hours logged.

Responses

Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed offered his condolences to the families of the victims. Ethiopian Airlines CEO Tewolde Gebremariam visited the accident site, confirmed that there were no survivors and expressed sympathy and condolences. Boeing issued a statement of condolence.

The Ethiopian parliament declared 11 March as a day of national mourning. During the opening of the fourth United Nations Environment Assembly in Nairobi, a minute of silence was observed in sympathy for the victims. President Muhammadu Buhari of Nigeria, in his condolence message on behalf of the government and the people of Nigeria, extended his sincere condolences to Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed of Ethiopia, the people of Ethiopia, Kenya, Canada, China and all other nations who lost citizens in the crash.

On 11 March, the FAA commented that the Boeing 737 Max 8 model was airworthy. However, due to concerns on the operation of the aircraft, the FAA ordered Boeing to implement design changes, effective by April. It stated that Boeing "plans to update training requirements and flight crew manuals in response to the design change" to the aircraft's Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS). The changes will also include enhancements to the activation of the MCAS and the angle of attack signal. Boeing stated that the upgrade was developed in response to the Lion Air crash but did not link it to the Ethiopian Airlines crash.

On 19 March, the U.S. Secretary of Transportation, Elaine L. Chao, sent a memo to the U.S. Inspector General asking him to "proceed with an audit to compile an objective and detailed factual history of the activities that resulted in the certification of the Boeing 737-MAX 8 aircraft."

Flight International commented that the accident would likely increase unease about the Boeing 737 MAX felt in the aftermath of the Lion Air Flight 610 accident in October 2018, which similarly occurred shortly after take-off and killed everyone aboard. Boeing shares dropped 11% over the weekend, and as of March 23 Boeing has lost more than $40 billion in market value since the crash, dropping some 14%.

Groundings

As a result of the accident and the Lion Air Flight 610 crash, which occurred five months prior to the Ethiopian crash, most airlines and countries around the world began grounding the Boeing 737 MAX 8 (and in many cases all MAX variants) due to safety concerns. Ethiopian Airlines grounded their aircraft after the crash, followed by other operators of the 737 MAX. Aviation authorities also started grounding all MAX aircraft under their jurisdiction, including transiting flights, initially by the Civil Aviation Administration of China on 11 March 2018. Initially the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) declined to ground 737 MAX aircraft under its jurisdiction. However between 11 and 13 March the majority of aviation authorities around the world started grounding the aircraft. Eventually an emergency order was issued on 13 March grounding the aircraft worldwide after agreement between the FAA and Boeing.

Investigation

The Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority (ECAA), the agency responsible for investigating civil aviation accidents in Ethiopia, has been investigating. The aircraft manufacturer, Boeing, stated that it is prepared to work with the United States National Transportation Safety Board and assist Ethiopian Airlines. The United States Federal Aviation Administration will also assist in the investigation.

Both the cockpit voice recorder and the flight data recorder were recovered from the crash site on 11 March. The French aviation accident investigation agency BEA announced that it would analyze the flight recorders from the flight. BEA received the flight recorders on 14 March. On 17 March, the Ethiopia’s transport minister Dagmawit Moges announced that "the black box has been found in a good condition that enabled us to extract almost all the data inside" and that the preliminary data retrieved from the flight data recorder show a clear similarity with those of Lion Air Flight 610 which crashed off Indonesia.

On 13 March 2019, the FAA announced that new evidence found on the crash site and satellite data on Flight 302 suggested that the aircraft might have suffered from the same problem which the aircraft operating Lion Air Flight 610 had suffered from. Investigators discovered the jackscrew that controlled the pitch angle of the horizontal stabilizer of Flight 302, was in the full "nose down" position. The finding suggested that, at the time of the crash, Flight 302 was configured to dive, similar to Lion Air Flight 610. Due to this finding, some experts in Indonesia suggested that the Indonesian National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC) should cooperate with Flight 302's investigation team. Later on the evening, the NTSC offered assistance to Flight 302's investigation team, stating that the committee and the Indonesian Transportation Ministry would send investigators and representatives from the government to assist with the investigation of the crash.

Preliminary report

On 4 April 2019 the ECAA released the preliminary report on the crash. The preliminary report does not specifically mention MCAS but rather states "approximately five seconds after the end of the ANU (aircraft nose up) stabilizer motion, a third instance of AND (aircraft nose down) automatic trim command occurred without any corresponding motion of the stabilizer, which is consistent with the stabilizer trim cutout switches being in the ‘’cutout’’ position".

Approximately one minute into the flight 238 kt (274 miles per hour) airspeed was selected. About 12 seconds later the autopilot disengaged. The preliminary report asserts that the thrust remained at takeoff setting (94% N1) and the throttles did not move for the entire flight. In the next 30 seconds the stabilizer trim moved 4.2 degrees nose down, from 4.6 to 0.4 units. In the next 10 seconds the trim moved back up to 2.3 units as a result of pilot input and the pilots agreed on and executed the stabilizer trim cut-out procedure, cutting power to the trim motor operated by MCAS.

Reactions to the investigation

Statements from parties

Ethiopian Airlines said MCAS was “to the best of our knowledge” active when the aircraft crashed. According to Ethiopian transport minister Dagmawit Moges, the crew "performed all the procedures repeatedly provided by the manufacturer but was not able to control the aircraft". Bjorn Fehrm from Leeham News stated the preliminary report confirms "the Flight Crew followed the procedures prescribed by FAA and Boeing in AD 2018-23-51".

Boeing's CEO Dennis Muilenburg said on April 29 that if "you go through the checklist...it calls out actions that would be taken around power management and pitch management of the airplane. It also refers to the cutout switches, that after an activation that was not pilot-induced, that you would hit the cutout switches. And, in some cases, those procedures were not completely followed".

On 25 April The Aviation Herald submitted 25 questions that has arisen in the aftermath of the accident to the FAA's Flight Standardization Board (FSB) regarding their draft for certification of the Boeing 737 MAX aircraft. Earlier it stated that a copy of the version of section 2.6 of the Flight Operations Manual, "Operational Irregularities", in use by Ethiopian Airlines at the time of the crash was dated November 1, 2017 and did not include material from the Operator's Bulletin issued by Boeing on November 6, 2018.

Expert analysis

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According to The Air Current, Boeing's Runaway Trim procedure lacks a resolution for the issue when the trim-wheels can't be moved in extreme cases with excessive airloads on the stabilizer; the technique used to be included in training materials from the early 1980s model 737-200, for example, but it "relies on having enough altitude to recover and level the aircraft". Peter Lemme cites the Boeing Airliner magazine published in May 1961 describing the same technique.

Experts theorize that the crew re-enabled the electric-driven stabilizer trim function by flipping the "cut out" switches on again in an effort to correct the out-of-trim configuration, but question "why not trim nose up continuously or for at least long cycles". The flight data recorder chart has no record of the state of the switches. According to The Air Current and Peter Lemme, at this time the airplane is flying "at 375kts and MCAS was never designed to trim at these Speed/Altitude combinations." Lemme writes, "applying massive stabilizer trim commands at this high a speed introduced an uncontrollable pitch over, in spite of full elevator command in opposition", and "subsequently the column is pulled back massively, but it has no restoring effect".

Based on the preliminary report The Aviation Herald comes to the conclusion: "Neither of the three crews" (JT-43, JT-610, ET-302) "would have been forced to react under time pressure in order to prevent a crash, e.g. to find out what to do or identify the correct procedures to follow, without the technical malfunctions and the nose down trim inputs" commanded by MCAS.

Speculations

A data spike in the flight data led to speculations about a bird or other debris hitting the plane as it was taking off, shearing away the airflow sensor. These speculations were dismissed by Ethiopian Airlines, and Chief investigator Amdye Ayalew Fanta stated there was no indication of such damage. As of March 29, 2019 the malfunctioning AoA sensor has not been located in the wreckage.

See also

• Ethiopian Airlines accidents and incidents
• List of accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737

Notes

1. Including: 1 Hong Kong resident

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86. Cite error: The named reference theaircurrent-stabilizer-illustration was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
87. ^ Lemme, Peter. "What happened on ET302?". Satcom Guru. www.satcom.guru/2019/04/what-happened-on-et302.html.
88. ^ Cite error: The named reference reu20190404 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
89. Levin, Alan; Johnsson, Julie; Schlangenstein, Mary (3 April 2019). "Ethiopia Crash Mystery Deepens: Pilots Initiated Boeing Protocol". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
90. "British newspaper Mirror reports Ethiopian jet crash caused by bird-strike". 4 April 2019. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
91. "Missing 737 Sensor Becomes Focus of Ethiopian Crash Probe". Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

External links

• Ethiopian Airlines Press release
• "Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau Preliminary Report" (PDF). Ministry of Transport (Ethiopia). March 2019.

• 2019 in Ethiopia
• Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737 MAX
• Aviation accidents and incidents in 2019
• Aviation accidents and incidents in Ethiopia
• Ethiopian Airlines accidents and incidents
• March 2019 events in Africa
• Oromia Region