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| '''Dipterocarpaceae''' are a ] of 16 genera and |
The '''Dipterocarpaceae''' are a ] of 16 genera and about 695 known species<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 }}</ref> of mainly ] lowland ] ]s. The family name, from the type genus '']'', is derived from ] (''di'' = two, ''pteron'' = wing and ''karpos'' = fruit) and refers to the two-winged fruit. The largest genera are ''Shorea'' (196 species), ''Hopea'' (104 species), ''Dipterocarpus'' (70 species), and ''Vatica'' (65 species).<ref name = Ashton>Ashton, P.S. Dipterocarpaceae. In ''Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak,'' Volume 5, 2004. Soepadmo, E., Saw, L. G. and Chung, R. C. K. eds. Government of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. {{ISBN|983-2181-59-3}}</ref> Many are large forest-emergent species, typically reaching heights of 40–70 m, some even over 80 m (in the ] '']'',<ref name = Ashton/> '']''<ref name = ENTS>{{cite web | url = http://www.nativetreesociety.org/worldtrees/sea_ei/borneo_ii.htm | title = Borneo | publisher = ] | accessdate= 2009-04-17}}</ref> and '']''),<ref name = ENTS/> with the tallest known living specimen ('']'') 93.0 m tall.<ref name = ENTS/> The species of this family are of major importance in the ]. Their distribution is ], from northern ] to ], the ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>Simon Gardner, Pindar Sidisunthorn and Lai Ee May, 2011. ''Heritage Trees of Penang''. Penang: Areca Books. {{ISBN|978-967-57190-6-6}}</ref> The greatest diversity of Dipterocarpaceae occurs in ].<ref name = Ashton2>Ashton, P.S. Dipterocarpaceae. ''Flora Malesiana'', 1982 Series I, 92: 237-552</ref> Some species are now ] as a result of overcutting, extensive ], and habitat conversion. They provide ], aromatic ]s, balsam, and ], and are a source for ]. | ||
| ==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
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| * Dipterocarpoideae: the largest of the subfamilies, it contains 13 genera and about 475 species. Distribution includes the ], ], |
* Dipterocarpoideae: the largest of the subfamilies, it contains 13 genera and about 475 species. Distribution includes the ], ], India, ] to ], and a large distribution in Borneo, where they form the dominant species in the lowland forests. North Borneo (], ], and ]) is the richest area in the world for dipterocarp species.<ref name = Ashton/> The Dipterocarpoideae can be divided morphologically into two groups,<ref name = Ashton2/><ref>Maury-Lechon, G. and Curtet, L. Biogeography and Evolutionary Systematics of Dipterocarpaceae. In ''A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, ecology and silviculture'', 1998. Appanah, S. and Turnbull, J. M. eds. Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia. {{ISBN|979-8764-20-X}}</ref> and the tribe names Shoreae and Dipterocarpeae are sometimes used, but genetic evidence so far does not support this division:<ref name="pmid 10449398">{{cite journal|title=Phylogeny of the tropical tree family Dipterocarpaceae based on nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast RBCL gene|url=http://www.mendeley.com/research/p-hylogeny-tropical-tree-family-sequences-chloroplast-rbc-l-gene-1/|author1=S Dayanandan |author2=P S Ashton |author3=S M Williams |author4=R B Primack |year=1999|journal=American Journal of Botany|pmid=10449398|doi=10.2307/2656982 |volume=86 |issue=8|pages=1182–90|jstor=2656982}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Molecular phylogeny of Dipterocarpaceae in Indonesia based on chloroplast DNA|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|year=2006|volume=261|issue=1–4|pages=99–115|author1=S. Indrioko |author2=O. Gailing |author3=R. Finkeldey |doi=10.1007/s00606-006-0435-8}}</ref> | ||
| **] - ] group (''Anisoptera, Cotylelobium, Dipterocarpus, Stemonoporus, Upuna, Vateria, Vateriopsis, Vatica''). The genera of this group have valvate sepals in fruit, solitary vessels, scattered resin canals, and basic chromosome number x = 11. | **] - ] group (''Anisoptera, Cotylelobium, Dipterocarpus, Stemonoporus, Upuna, Vateria, Vateriopsis, Vatica''). The genera of this group have valvate sepals in fruit, solitary vessels, scattered resin canals, and basic chromosome number x = 11. | ||
| ** ] - ] group (''], |
** ] - ] group (''], Hopea, ], Shorea''). The genera of this group have imbricate sepals in fruit, grouped vessels, resin canals in tangential bands, and basic chromosome number x = 7. A recent molecular study suggests that the genus ''Hopea'' forms a clade with ''Shorea'' sections ''Anthoshorea'' and ''Doona'', and should be merged into ''Shorea''.<ref name="pmid 10449398" /> | ||
| * ]: |
* ]: three genera, 30 species. '']'' is native to ]. '']'' has 26 species, distributed across Africa and Madagascar. '']'' is native to the Colombian Amazon. | ||
| A recent genetic study found that the Asian dipterocarps share a common ancestor with the ], a tree family endemic to Madagascar.<ref>M. Ducousso, G. Béna, C. Bourgeois, B. Buyck, G. Eyssartier, M. Vincelette, R. Rabevohitra, L. Randrihasipara, B. Dreyfus, Y. Prin. The last common ancestor of Sarcolaenaceae and Asian dipterocarp trees was ectomycorrhizal before the India-Madagascar separation, about 88 million years ago. ''Molecular Ecology'' 13: 231 January 2004.</ref> This suggests that ancestor of the |
A recent genetic study found that the Asian dipterocarps share a common ancestor with the ], a tree family endemic to Madagascar.<ref>M. Ducousso, G. Béna, C. Bourgeois, B. Buyck, G. Eyssartier, M. Vincelette, R. Rabevohitra, L. Randrihasipara, B. Dreyfus, Y. Prin. The last common ancestor of Sarcolaenaceae and Asian dipterocarp trees was ectomycorrhizal before the India-Madagascar separation, about 88 million years ago. ''Molecular Ecology'' 13: 231 January 2004.</ref> This suggests that ancestor of the dipterocarps originated in the southern supercontinent of ], and that the common ancestor of the Asian dipterocarps and the Sarcolaenaceae was found in the India-Madagascar-Seychelles land mass millions of years ago, and were carried northward by India, which later collided with Asia and allowed the dipterocarps to spread across Southeast Asia and Malaysia. The first dipterocarp pollen has been found in Myanmar (which at that time was part of the ]) and it dates from the upper ].<ref name=Morley>Morley, R.J. 2000. Origin and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests. ], NY.</ref> The sample appears to slowly increase in terms of diversity and abundance across the region into the mid-]<ref name=Morley/> Chemical traces of dipterocarp resins have been found dating back to the ] of India. | ||
| Subfamily ] formerly placed here and native to the ] of South America, is now found to be more closely related |
Subfamily ] formerly placed here and native to the ] of South America, is now found to be more closely related the] and is placed there in the ]<ref name="apgiv">{{Citation|last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=161|issue=2|pages=105–20|year=2016|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}}</ref> | ||
| ==Fossilized arthropods== | ==Fossilized arthropods== | ||
| 52-million-year-old ] found in the ] province, ], containing a large amount of fossilized ]s, was identified as sap from the Dipterocarpaceae family.<ref>Sample, Ian. ''The Guardian'', 25 October 2010. Retrieved: 26 October 2010.</ref> | Some 52-million-year-old ] found in the ] province, ], containing a large amount of fossilized ]s, was identified as sap from the Dipterocarpaceae family.<ref>Sample, Ian. ''The Guardian'', 25 October 2010. Retrieved: 26 October 2010.</ref> | ||
| ==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
| Dipterocarpaceae species can be either evergreen or deciduous.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Smitinand | first1 = Tem | last2 = Santisuk | first2 = Thatwatchai | year = 1981 | title = Dipterocarpaceae of Thailand with Special Reference to Silvicultural Ecology | url = | journal = Malaysian Forester | volume = 44 | issue = | pages = 377–85 }}</ref> Species occurring in Thailand grows from sea level to |
Dipterocarpaceae species can be either evergreen or deciduous.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Smitinand | first1 = Tem | last2 = Santisuk | first2 = Thatwatchai | year = 1981 | title = Dipterocarpaceae of Thailand with Special Reference to Silvicultural Ecology | url = | journal = Malaysian Forester | volume = 44 | issue = | pages = 377–85 }}</ref> Species occurring in Thailand grows from sea level to about 1300 m elevation. Environments in which the species of the family occur in Thailand include lowland dipterocarp forest 0–350 m, riparian fringe, limestone hills, and coastal hills. | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 01:39, 26 June 2019
| Dipterocarpaceae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Dipterocarpus retusus | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Dipterocarpaceae Blume |
| Genera | |
The Dipterocarpaceae are a family of 16 genera and about 695 known species of mainly tropical lowland rainforest trees. The family name, from the type genus Dipterocarpus, is derived from Greek (di = two, pteron = wing and karpos = fruit) and refers to the two-winged fruit. The largest genera are Shorea (196 species), Hopea (104 species), Dipterocarpus (70 species), and Vatica (65 species). Many are large forest-emergent species, typically reaching heights of 40–70 m, some even over 80 m (in the genera Dryobalanops, Hopea and Shorea), with the tallest known living specimen (Shorea faguetiana) 93.0 m tall. The species of this family are of major importance in the timber trade. Their distribution is pantropical, from northern South America to Africa, the Seychelles, India, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia. The greatest diversity of Dipterocarpaceae occurs in Borneo. Some species are now endangered as a result of overcutting, extensive illegal logging, and habitat conversion. They provide valuable woods, aromatic essential oils, balsam, and resins, and are a source for plywood.
Classification
The dipterocarp family is generally divided into two subfamilies:
| Phylogeny of the Dipterocarpaceae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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- Dipterocarpoideae: the largest of the subfamilies, it contains 13 genera and about 475 species. Distribution includes the Seychelles, Sri Lanka, India, Southeast Asia to New Guinea, and a large distribution in Borneo, where they form the dominant species in the lowland forests. North Borneo (Brunei, Sabah, and Sarawak) is the richest area in the world for dipterocarp species. The Dipterocarpoideae can be divided morphologically into two groups, and the tribe names Shoreae and Dipterocarpeae are sometimes used, but genetic evidence so far does not support this division:
- Valvate - Dipterocarpeae group (Anisoptera, Cotylelobium, Dipterocarpus, Stemonoporus, Upuna, Vateria, Vateriopsis, Vatica). The genera of this group have valvate sepals in fruit, solitary vessels, scattered resin canals, and basic chromosome number x = 11.
- Imbricate - Shoreae group (Balanocarpus, Hopea, Parashorea, Shorea). The genera of this group have imbricate sepals in fruit, grouped vessels, resin canals in tangential bands, and basic chromosome number x = 7. A recent molecular study suggests that the genus Hopea forms a clade with Shorea sections Anthoshorea and Doona, and should be merged into Shorea.
- Monotoideae: three genera, 30 species. Marquesia is native to Africa. Monotes has 26 species, distributed across Africa and Madagascar. Pseudomonotes is native to the Colombian Amazon.
A recent genetic study found that the Asian dipterocarps share a common ancestor with the Sarcolaenaceae, a tree family endemic to Madagascar. This suggests that ancestor of the dipterocarps originated in the southern supercontinent of Gondwana, and that the common ancestor of the Asian dipterocarps and the Sarcolaenaceae was found in the India-Madagascar-Seychelles land mass millions of years ago, and were carried northward by India, which later collided with Asia and allowed the dipterocarps to spread across Southeast Asia and Malaysia. The first dipterocarp pollen has been found in Myanmar (which at that time was part of the Indian plate) and it dates from the upper Oligocene. The sample appears to slowly increase in terms of diversity and abundance across the region into the mid-Miocene Chemical traces of dipterocarp resins have been found dating back to the Eocene of India.
Subfamily Pakaraimoideae formerly placed here and native to the Guaianan highlands of South America, is now found to be more closely related theCistaceae and is placed there in the APG IV (2016)
Fossilized arthropods
Some 52-million-year-old amber found in the Gujarat province, India, containing a large amount of fossilized arthropods, was identified as sap from the Dipterocarpaceae family.
Ecology
Dipterocarpaceae species can be either evergreen or deciduous. Species occurring in Thailand grows from sea level to about 1300 m elevation. Environments in which the species of the family occur in Thailand include lowland dipterocarp forest 0–350 m, riparian fringe, limestone hills, and coastal hills.
See also
References
- Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
- Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ Ashton, P.S. Dipterocarpaceae. In Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, Volume 5, 2004. Soepadmo, E., Saw, L. G. and Chung, R. C. K. eds. Government of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ISBN 983-2181-59-3
- ^ "Borneo". Eastern Native Tree Society. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
- Simon Gardner, Pindar Sidisunthorn and Lai Ee May, 2011. Heritage Trees of Penang. Penang: Areca Books. ISBN 978-967-57190-6-6
- ^ Ashton, P.S. Dipterocarpaceae. Flora Malesiana, 1982 Series I, 92: 237-552
- Maury-Lechon, G. and Curtet, L. Biogeography and Evolutionary Systematics of Dipterocarpaceae. In A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, ecology and silviculture, 1998. Appanah, S. and Turnbull, J. M. eds. Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia. ISBN 979-8764-20-X
- ^ S Dayanandan; P S Ashton; S M Williams; R B Primack (1999). "Phylogeny of the tropical tree family Dipterocarpaceae based on nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast RBCL gene". American Journal of Botany. 86 (8): 1182–90. doi:10.2307/2656982. JSTOR 2656982. PMID 10449398.
- S. Indrioko; O. Gailing; R. Finkeldey (2006). "Molecular phylogeny of Dipterocarpaceae in Indonesia based on chloroplast DNA". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 261 (1–4): 99–115. doi:10.1007/s00606-006-0435-8.
- M. Ducousso, G. Béna, C. Bourgeois, B. Buyck, G. Eyssartier, M. Vincelette, R. Rabevohitra, L. Randrihasipara, B. Dreyfus, Y. Prin. The last common ancestor of Sarcolaenaceae and Asian dipterocarp trees was ectomycorrhizal before the India-Madagascar separation, about 88 million years ago. Molecular Ecology 13: 231 January 2004.
- ^ Morley, R.J. 2000. Origin and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests. Wiley-Blackwell, NY.
- Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 105–20, doi:10.1111/boj.12385
- Sample, Ian. "Prehistoric creatures discovered in huge Indian amber haul" The Guardian, 25 October 2010. Retrieved: 26 October 2010.
- Smitinand, Tem; Santisuk, Thatwatchai (1981). "Dipterocarpaceae of Thailand with Special Reference to Silvicultural Ecology". Malaysian Forester. 44: 377–85.
External links
Media related to Dipterocarpaceae at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Dipterocarpaceae at Wikispecies- Center for International Forestry Research (1998). A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, ecology and silviculture (PDF version) (PDF). ISBN 978-979-8764-20-2.
- Dipterocarpaceae Data Base
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| Dipterocarpaceae |
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