Yugambeh language: Difference between revisions

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	\| name = Yugambeh		\| name = Yugambeh
	\| altname = Yugam		\| altname = Yugam
	\| region = ], ]		\| region = ], Australia
	\| ethnicity = ]		\| ethnicity = ]
	\| speakers = 1		\| speakers = 1
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	}}		}}

	'''Yugambeh''' (or ''Mibanah'', from ''Mibanah gulgun'', literally "Language of men" or "Sound of eagles)<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":22"/> also known as '''Tweed-Albert Bandjalang''', is an ] spoken by the ] living in ] between and within the ] and the ], bounded to the east by the ] (including ]) and in the west by the ]s and ].<ref> (web site by the Kombumerri Aboriginal Corporation for Culture)</ref>		'''Yugambeh''' (or ''Mibanah'', from ''Mibanah gulgun'', literally "Language of men" or "Sound of eagles)<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":22"/> also known as '''Tweed-Albert Bandjalang''', is an ] spoken by the ] living in ] between and within the ] basin and the ] basin, bounded to the east by the Pacific Ocean (including ]) and in the west by the ]s and ] basin.<ref> (web site by the Kombumerri Aboriginal Corporation for Culture)</ref>

	Yugambeh is ] of four dialects, one of four ] of the ] of the ]		Yugambeh is ] of four dialects, one of four ] of the ] of the ]. A poorly attested variety called ''Ngarahgwal'' may belong to Yugambeh or to one of the other Bandjalang clusters.
	A poorly attested variety called ''Ngarahgwal'' may belong to Yugambeh or to one of the other Bandjalang clusters.

	==Nomenclature==		==Nomenclature==
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	''Yugambeh'' may also be referred to as:		''Yugambeh'' may also be referred to as:
	*''Yugambir, Yugambeh'' (] was evidently a separate language located further west<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/jukambal.htm\|title=Tindale Tribes - Jukambal\|website=archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au\|accessdate=18 September 2017}}</ref>)		*''Yugambir, Yugambeh'' (] was evidently a separate language located further west<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/jukambal.htm\|title=Tindale Tribes – Jukambal\|website=archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au\|accessdate=18 September 2017}}</ref>)
	*''Yubumbee''		*''Yubumbee''
	*''Jugumbir, Jukamba''<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/jukambe.htm\|title=Tindale Tribes - Jukambe\|website=archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au\|access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref>		*''Jugumbir, Jukamba''<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/jukambe.htm\|title=Tindale Tribes – Jukambe\|website=archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au\|access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref>
	*Tweed-Albert language		*Tweed-Albert language
	*Nganduwal<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://museum.tweed.nsw.gov.au/Item/2327\|title=Aboriginal Cultural Heritage\|website=Tweed Regional Museum\|access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref>		*Nganduwal<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://museum.tweed.nsw.gov.au/Item/2327\|title=Aboriginal Cultural Heritage\|website=Tweed Regional Museum\|access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref>
	*Ngarangwal<ref name=":0"/>		*Ngarangwal<ref name=":0"/>
	*''Manaldjali'' (a variant of ''Mununjali'', the name of a Yugambeh-speaking clan)		*''Manaldjali'' (a variant of ''Mununjali'', the name of a Yugambeh-speaking clan)
	*''Minjanbal'' (probably from ''Minjungbal'', an alternate language term)<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/minjungbal.htm\|title=Tindale Tribes - Minjungbal\|website=archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au\|access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref>		*''Minjanbal'' (probably from ''Minjungbal'', an alternate language term)<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/minjungbal.htm\|title=Tindale Tribes – Minjungbal\|website=archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au\|access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref>

	== Geographic ~~Distribution~~ ==		== Geographic distribution ==
	]		]
	Yugambeh is spoken within the ], ], ], ], and ] River basins.<ref name=":0" />		Yugambeh is spoken within the ], ], ], ], and ] River basins.<ref name=":0" />

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	=== Vowels ===		=== Vowels ===
	Yugambeh has a vowel system of 4 vowels that also contrast in length, resulting in 8 ] vowels in total.		Yugambeh has a vowel system of 4 vowels that also contrast in length, resulting in 8 ] vowels in total. The letter "h" is used after the vowel to indicate a long vowel.

	The letter "h" is used after the vowel to indicate a long vowel.
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	!		!
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	Syntax in the Yugambeh language is fairly free ordered, with a tendency towards SOV (Subject Object Verb) structures. Adjectives and demonstratives part of noun phrases e.g. that man, a red car, stay adjacent to the noun they qualify.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62185149\|title=Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialect chain in Eastern Australia\|last=Sharpe\|first=Margaret C.\|date=2005\|publisher=Lincom Europa\|year=\|isbn=3895867845\|location=Muenchen\|pages=48–56\|chapter=Sentences and Clauses and Pronouns\|oclc=62185149}}</ref>		Syntax in the Yugambeh language is fairly free ordered, with a tendency towards SOV (Subject Object Verb) structures. Adjectives and demonstratives part of noun phrases e.g. that man, a red car, stay adjacent to the noun they qualify.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62185149\|title=Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialect chain in Eastern Australia\|last=Sharpe\|first=Margaret C.\|date=2005\|publisher=Lincom Europa\|year=\|isbn=3895867845\|location=Muenchen\|pages=48–56\|chapter=Sentences and Clauses and Pronouns\|oclc=62185149}}</ref>

	=== Noun ~~Morphology~~ ===		=== Noun morphology ===
	Nouns take a number of suffixes to decline for grammatical case.		Nouns take a number of suffixes to decline for grammatical case.

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	''Query''		''Query''
	\| -ban		\| -ban
	~~''<nowiki/>''~~'also'		'also'
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
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	'N' stands for a homorganic nasals.		'N' stands for a homorganic nasals.

	<nowiki>#</nowiki>The comitative, purposive, desiderative, ablative and aversive suffixes are preceded by -bah on ~~Animate~~ nouns.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62185149\|title=Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialect chain in Eastern Australia\|last=C.\|first=Sharpe, Margaret\|date=2005\|publisher=Lincom Europa\|year=\|isbn=3895867845\|location=Muenchen\|pages=77–96\|chapter=Nouns, Adjectives and their Suffixes\|oclc=62185149}}</ref>		<nowiki>#</nowiki>The comitative, purposive, desiderative, ablative and aversive suffixes are preceded by -bah on animate nouns.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62185149\|title=Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialect chain in Eastern Australia\|last=C.\|first=Sharpe, Margaret\|date=2005\|publisher=Lincom Europa\|year=\|isbn=3895867845\|location=Muenchen\|pages=77–96\|chapter=Nouns, Adjectives and their Suffixes\|oclc=62185149}}</ref>

	'''1st ~~Order~~ ~~Suffixes~~'''		'''1st order suffixes'''

	-''gali (~~Typified~~ by)''		-''gali (typified by)'' – Used to indicate an association or link

	Used to indicate an association or link.

	Examples:		Examples:

	Jinanggali 'Shoe' lit. Typified by foot.		Jinanggali 'Shoe' lit. Typified by foot

	Dubaygali 'Womaniser' lit. Typified by women.		Dubaygali 'Womaniser' lit. Typified by women

	'''2nd ~~Order~~ ~~Suffixes~~'''		'''2nd order suffixes'''

		⚫	''-gan (feminine)'' – Used to form feminine nouns and some astrological terms
	''-gan (Feminine)''

⚫	Used to form ~~feminijne~~ nouns and some astrological terms.

	Examples:		Examples:
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	Yarabilngingan 'Female Singer'		Yarabilngingan 'Female Singer'

	'''3rd ~~Order~~ ~~Suffixes~~'''		'''3rd order suffixes'''

		⚫	''-bur (diminutive)'' – Used to form the diminutive of a noun, referring to a smaller version
	''-bur (Diminutive)''

⚫	Used to form the diminutive of a noun, referring to a smaller version.

	Examples:		Examples:
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	Baraganbur 'Toy Boomerang'		Baraganbur 'Toy Boomerang'

	'''4th ~~Order~~ ~~Suffixes~~'''		'''4th order suffixes'''

	''-Nah (~~Possessive~~)''		''-Nah (possessive)'' – Indicates current possession

	Indicates current possession

	Examples:		Examples:
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	Gibamah 'of the moon/moon's'		Gibamah 'of the moon/moon's'

	''-Nahjil (~~Past~~ ~~Possessive~~)''		''-Nahjil (past possessive)'' – Indicates past possession

	Indicates past possession.

	Examples:		Examples:
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	Bilinahjil 'was of the parrot' (])		Bilinahjil 'was of the parrot' (])

	=== Verb ~~Morphology~~ ===		=== Verb morphology ===
	Verbs are conjugated with the use of suffixes, it is an ] dominant language, as opposed to ] dominant like most Western ~~Languages~~. Yugambeh suffixes mostly conjugate for ]		Verbs are conjugated with the use of suffixes, it is an ] dominant language, as opposed to ] dominant like most Western languages. Yugambeh suffixes mostly conjugate for ]

	==== Suffixes ====		==== Suffixes ====
	Verb suffixes are placed in 6 orders, a verb may not take more than one suffix from an order, and similar to nouns, suffixes are attached in a set order. Combinations of these suffixes express all possible conjugations of Yugambeh verbs, with only a small ~~numner~~ of combinations possible, Yugambeh verb stems are commonly 2 syllables in length and always in a vowel.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62185149\|title=Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialect chain in Eastern Australia\|last=Sharpe\|first=Margaret C.\|date=2005\|publisher=Lincom Europa\|year=\|isbn=3895867845\|location=Muenchen\|pages=57–74\|chapter=The Verbs\|oclc=62185149}}</ref>		Verb suffixes are placed in 6 orders, a verb may not take more than one suffix from an order, and similar to nouns, suffixes are attached in a set order. Combinations of these suffixes express all possible conjugations of Yugambeh verbs, with only a small number of combinations possible, Yugambeh verb stems are commonly 2 syllables in length and always in a vowel.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62185149\|title=Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialect chain in Eastern Australia\|last=Sharpe\|first=Margaret C.\|date=2005\|publisher=Lincom Europa\|year=\|isbn=3895867845\|location=Muenchen\|pages=57–74\|chapter=The Verbs\|oclc=62185149}}</ref>
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+Orders		\|+Orders
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	\|}		\|}

	=== Adjective ~~Morphology~~ ===		=== Adjective morphology ===
	Adjectives can be marked with a suffix to indicate the gender of the noun they qualify.<ref name=":1" />		Adjectives can be marked with a suffix to indicate the gender of the noun they qualify.<ref name=":1" />

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	=== Demonstratives ===		=== Demonstratives ===
	Yugambeh possesses a complicated set of demonstratives that make a three-way distinction, with ~~'''~~proximal~~'''~~, ~~'''~~medial~~'''~~, and ~~'''~~distal~~'''~~ sets, there is a further distinguishing of ~~'''~~demonstrative adjectives~~'''~~ and ~~'''~~location demonstratives.~~'''~~ The adjective set can be additionally suffixed to create ~~'''~~demonstrative pronouns''', the adjective set has three forms for "things in sight", "things hidden or not in sight" and "things not there anymore", while the location set has forms to indicate the general area and definite area, whether in sight or not in sight, and past and present forms.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialect chain in Eastern Australia\|last=Sharpe\|first=Margaret C.\|publisher=LINCOM\|year=2005\|isbn=3-89586-784-5\|location=\|pages=97–102}}</ref>		Yugambeh possesses a complicated set of demonstratives that make a three-way distinction, with proximal, medial, and distal sets, there is a further distinguishing of demonstrative adjectives and location demonstratives. The adjective set can be additionally suffixed to create demonstrative pronouns', the adjective set has three forms for "things in sight", "things hidden or not in sight" and "things not there anymore", while the location set has forms to indicate the general area and definite area, whether in sight or not in sight, and past and present forms.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialect chain in Eastern Australia\|last=Sharpe\|first=Margaret C.\|publisher=LINCOM\|year=2005\|isbn=3-89586-784-5\|location=\|pages=97–102}}</ref>

	==== Adjective set ====		==== Adjective set ====
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+''Demonstrative ~~Adjectives''~~		\|+Demonstrative adjectives
	!Demonstratives		!Demonstratives
	!Proximal (this)		!Proximal (this)
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	\|Gilyeh		\|Gilyeh
	\|}		\|}
	The above set can be suffixed with order 7 noun suffixes to form ~~'''~~demonstrative pronouns~~'''~~ that function like ordinary independent nouns. e.g. ''Yanindeh galini wungahbaia!'' 'Take this with you!		The above set can be suffixed with order 7 noun suffixes to form demonstrative pronouns that function like ordinary independent nouns. e.g. ''Yanindeh galini wungahbaia!'' 'Take this with you!'

	The 'not in sight' and 'not here anymore' forms can take the order 2 noun suffix -gan to form time words. E.g. ''gunahgan'' 'recently'.		The 'not in sight' and 'not here anymore' forms can take the order 2 noun suffix -gan to form time words. E.g. ''gunahgan'' 'recently'.
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	== App ==		== App ==
	The Yugambeh Museum currently maintains a free dictionary app for the Yugambeh language, available on ~~android~~,<ref>{{Citation\|last=Museum\|first=Yugambeh\|title=Yugambeh App\|date=16 June 2016\|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.yugambeh.yugambehApp&hl=en\|publisher=Yugambeh Museum\|accessdate=18 September 2017}}</ref> apple<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/app/yugambeh-app/id1121672412?mt=8\|title=Yugambeh App on the App Store\|website=App Store\|language=en\|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> and a desktop version.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://yugambeh.com/app/_html/index.html\|title=Yugambeh Museum\|website=yugambeh.com\|access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref>		The Yugambeh Museum in ] currently maintains a free dictionary ] for the Yugambeh language, available on ],<ref>{{Citation\|last=Museum\|first=Yugambeh\|title=Yugambeh App\|date=16 June 2016\|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.yugambeh.yugambehApp&hl=en\|publisher=Yugambeh Museum\|accessdate=18 September 2017}}{{dead link\|date=August 2019}}</ref> apple<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/app/yugambeh-app/id1121672412?mt=8\|title=Yugambeh App on the App Store\|website=App Store\|language=en\|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> and a desktop version.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://yugambeh.com/app/_html/index.html\|title=Yugambeh Museum\|website=yugambeh.com\|access-date=18 September 2017}}{{dead link\|date=August 2019}}</ref>

	==Place names==		==Place names==
	Modern place names with roots in the Yugambeh dialect include:<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/225674/Indigenous-Languages-SEQ-Placenames.pdf\|title=Indigenous Language Resources: South-East Qld Placenames\|publisher=State Library of Queensland}}</ref>		Modern place names with roots in the Yugambeh dialect include:<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/225674/Indigenous-Languages-SEQ-Placenames.pdf\|title=Indigenous Language Resources: South-East Qld Placenames\|publisher=State Library of Queensland}}</ref>
	* ] - from ~~''gungunga''~~, a ~~long~~ ~~flat~~ ~~or clearing~~		* ] – from bilinahjil, 'was of the parrot'
	* ]/] - from ''kumera'', a species of ]		* ] – from ''gungunga'', a long flat or clearing
			* ]/] – from ''kumera'', a species of ]
	* ] - ] root		* ] – ] root
	* ] - from ''Mundheralgun'', the local name for the ]		* ] – from ''Mundheralgun'', the local name for the ]
	* ] - from ''ninduinba'', the remains of a fire.		* ] – from ''ninduinba'', the remains of a fire
	* ] - from ''pimpimba'', a place of ]		* ] – from ''pimpimba'', a place of ]
	* ] - from ''dhaberigaba'', a place of ]		* ] – from ''dhaberigaba'', a place of ]
	* ] - rotten or decayed logs		* ] – rotten or decayed logs
	* ] - from the words ''wonga'' (pigeon) and ''wallan'' (water)		* ] – from the words ''wonga'' (pigeon) and ''wallan'' (water)

	== References ==		== References ==
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	==External links==		==External links==
	* ~~Virtual~~ book read in Yugambeh language by Axel Best. From the State Library of Queensland virtual book collection.		*, virtual book, read in Yugambeh language by Axel Best. From the ] virtual book collection. (requires ])
	* <small>Accessed 20 May 2008</small>		* <small>Accessed 20 May 2008</small>

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	]		]
			]

Revision as of 13:09, 8 August 2019

Not to be confused with Yugambal language.

Yugambeh
Yugam
Region	Queensland, Australia
Ethnicity	Yugambeh
Native speakers	1 (2005)
Language family	Pama–Nyungan Bandjalangic Yugambeh
Dialects	Mananjahli (Wangerriburra) Minyangbal Ngahnduwal Nerang Creek
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	`twee1234`
AIATSIS	`E17`
ELP	Minjungbal

Yugambeh (or Mibanah, from Mibanah gulgun, literally "Language of men" or "Sound of eagles) also known as Tweed-Albert Bandjalang, is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Yugambeh living in South-East Queensland between and within the Logan River basin and the Tweed River basin, bounded to the east by the Pacific Ocean (including South Stradbroke Island) and in the west by the Teviot Ranges and Teviot Brook basin.

Yugambeh is dialect cluster of four dialects, one of four such clusters of the Bandjalangic branch of the Pama–Nyungan language family. A poorly attested variety called Ngarahgwal may belong to Yugambeh or to one of the other Bandjalang clusters.

Nomenclature

In the Yugambeh language, the word Yugambeh means an emphatic "no", "never" i.e. "very much no" and is a common exonym for the people and their language. Language speakers use the word Miban which means "Man", "Human", "Wedge-Tailed Eagle" and is the preferred endonym for the people; they call their langauage Mibanah meaning "of man", "of human", "of eagle" (the -Nah suffix forming the genitive of the word "Miban").

Yugambeh may also be referred to as:

Yugambir, Yugambeh (Yugambal/Yugumbal was evidently a separate language located further west)
Yubumbee
Jugumbir, Jukamba
Tweed-Albert language
Nganduwal
Ngarangwal
Manaldjali (a variant of Mununjali, the name of a Yugambeh-speaking clan)
Minjanbal (probably from Minjungbal, an alternate language term)

Geographic distribution

Yugambeh is spoken within the Logan, Albert, Coomera, Nerang, and Tweed River basins.

Phonology

Vowels

Yugambeh has a vowel system of 4 vowels that also contrast in length, resulting in 8 phonemic vowels in total. The letter "h" is used after the vowel to indicate a long vowel.

	Front	Back
High	i i:	u u:
Mid	e e:	u u:
Low	a a:

Allophones

The low central vowel /a/ is fronted and raised between palatal consonants and a lateral/rhotic consonant.

Consonants

Compared to other Pama-Nyungan languages, Yugambeh has a smaller inventory of consonants. There are four places of articulation, with the consonants consisting of 4 obstruents, 4 nasals, 2 liquids, and 2 semivowels.

	Peripheral		Laminal	Apical
	Bilabial	Velar	Palatal	Alveolar
Obstruent	p	k	c	t
Nasal	m	ŋ	ɲ	n
Lateral				l
Rhotic				ɾ
Semivowel	w		j

Obstruents

Obstruents do not have a voicing contrast, and can appear as fricative allophones. Obstruents are phonetically voiceless, except when following a homorganic consonant.

Grammar

The grammar of the Yugambeh language is highly agglutinative, making use of over 50 suffixes on nouns, verbs, adjectives and demonstratives.

Syntax

Syntax in the Yugambeh language is fairly free ordered, with a tendency towards SOV (Subject Object Verb) structures. Adjectives and demonstratives part of noun phrases e.g. that man, a red car, stay adjacent to the noun they qualify.

Noun morphology

Nouns take a number of suffixes to decline for grammatical case.

Suffixes

Noun suffixes are placed into 10 orders, a noun may not take more than one suffix from any order, and if more than one suffix is attached they must always be in the set order of the suffix orders, e.g. an order 7 suffix must always come after an order 5 suffix.

Orders
1	2	3	4	5	6	7#	8	9	10
-gali Typified by	-gan Feminine	-bur Diminutive	-Nah Possessive	-jam Abessive	-bah Allative	-Xu Ergative, Instrumental, Comitative	-jahng Intensive	-ga Query	-ban 'also'
			-Nahjil Past Posessive			-Ni Objective			-gur Respective
						-gaia Benefactive
						-gu Purposive
						-gi Desiderative
						-Nu Ablative
						-Xah Locative
						-Xih Past Locative
						-nyi Aversive

'X' stands for a homorganic obstruent.

'N' stands for a homorganic nasals.

#The comitative, purposive, desiderative, ablative and aversive suffixes are preceded by -bah on animate nouns.

1st order suffixes

-gali (typified by) – Used to indicate an association or link

Examples:

Jinanggali 'Shoe' lit. Typified by foot

Dubaygali 'Womaniser' lit. Typified by women

2nd order suffixes

-gan (feminine) – Used to form feminine nouns and some astrological terms

Examples:

Yarabilngingan 'Female Singer'

3rd order suffixes

-bur (diminutive) – Used to form the diminutive of a noun, referring to a smaller version

Examples:

Baraganbur 'Toy Boomerang'

4th order suffixes

-Nah (possessive) – Indicates current possession

Examples:

Ngalingah 'Our'

Gibamah 'of the moon/moon's'

-Nahjil (past possessive) – Indicates past possession

Examples:

Bilinahjil 'was of the parrot' (Billinudgel)

Verb morphology

Verbs are conjugated with the use of suffixes, it is an aspect dominant language, as opposed to tense dominant like most Western languages. Yugambeh suffixes mostly conjugate for aspect and mood

Suffixes

Verb suffixes are placed in 6 orders, a verb may not take more than one suffix from an order, and similar to nouns, suffixes are attached in a set order. Combinations of these suffixes express all possible conjugations of Yugambeh verbs, with only a small number of combinations possible, Yugambeh verb stems are commonly 2 syllables in length and always in a vowel.

Orders
1	2	3	4	5	6
-ba 'Causative'	-ndi 'Carry whilst...'	-li 'reflexive/passive'	-ja 'Past tense'	-hn 'imperfective aspect'	-du 'habitual mood'
			-wa 'Repetitive'	-hny 'potential mood'	-i 'preconditional'
			-ma 'Causative'	-h 'imperative'	-de 'preconditional'
				-hla 'continuous aspect'
				-nah 'antechronous aspect'
				-nyun 'synchronous aspect'
				-luru 'historical past'
				-yan
				-yah 'purposive'
				-jin 'synchronous aspect'
				-n 'permissive'
				-ni 'perfective'

Adjective morphology

Adjectives can be marked with a suffix to indicate the gender of the noun they qualify.

Suffixes

Adjective suffixes
Gender	Suffix
Animate (male)	-bin
Animate (female)	-gan
Arboreal	-Nahn*
Neuter	-gay

*N stands for a homorganic nasal.

Demonstratives

Yugambeh possesses a complicated set of demonstratives that make a three-way distinction, with proximal, medial, and distal sets, there is a further distinguishing of demonstrative adjectives and location demonstratives. The adjective set can be additionally suffixed to create demonstrative pronouns', the adjective set has three forms for "things in sight", "things hidden or not in sight" and "things not there anymore", while the location set has forms to indicate the general area and definite area, whether in sight or not in sight, and past and present forms.

Adjective set

Demonstrative adjectives
Demonstratives	Proximal (this)	Medial (that)	Distal (that over there)
In sight (sg)	Gali	Mali	Gili
In sight (plrl)	Gahny	Mahny	Gahm
Not in sight (sg)	Gunah	Munah	Gilah
Not in sight (plrl)	Gunyeh	Munyeh	Gilyeh

The above set can be suffixed with order 7 noun suffixes to form demonstrative pronouns that function like ordinary independent nouns. e.g. Yanindeh galini wungahbaia! 'Take this with you!'

The 'not in sight' and 'not here anymore' forms can take the order 2 noun suffix -gan to form time words. E.g. gunahgan 'recently'.

Location set

Demonstratives	Proximal (here)	Medial (there)	Distal (over there)
In sight (definite area)	Gaji	Maji	Guh
In sight (general area)	Gunu	Munu	Gundeh
Not in sight (present)	Gayu	Mayu	Guhyu
Not in sight (past)	Gaye	Maye	Guhye

App

The Yugambeh Museum in Beenleigh currently maintains a free dictionary app for the Yugambeh language, available on Android, apple and a desktop version.

Place names

Modern place names with roots in the Yugambeh dialect include:

Billinudgel – from bilinahjil, 'was of the parrot'
Canungra – from gungunga, a long flat or clearing
Coomera/Upper Coomera – from kumera, a species of wattle
Jumpinpi – Pandanus root
Mundoolun – from Mundheralgun, the local name for the Common death adder
Nindooinbah – from ninduinba, the remains of a fire
Pimpama – from pimpimba, a place of soldier birds
Tabragalba – from dhaberigaba, a place of clubs
Tallebudgera – rotten or decayed logs
Wongawallan – from the words wonga (pigeon) and wallan (water)

References

^ E17 Yugambeh at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
^ Design, UBC Web. "Yugambeh Aboriginal War Memorial | Monument Australia". monumentaustralia.org.au. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
^ "Memorial service for Yugambeh servicemen". Retrieved 30 January 2018.
Yugambeh Museum web site introduction (web site by the Kombumerri Aboriginal Corporation for Culture)
^ Terry., Crowley, (1978). The middle Clarence dialects of Bandjalang. Smythe, W. E. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. ISBN 0855750650. OCLC 6041138.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
C., Sharpe, Margaret (2005). Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialect chain in Eastern Australia. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. ISBN 3895867845. OCLC 62185149.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
"Edward Curr, The Australian Race" 1886. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
Macquarie Aboriginal Words, Macquarie University, 1994, paperback ISBN 0-949757-79-9, chapter 1
"Tindale Tribes – Jukambal". archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
"Tindale Tribes – Jukambe". archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
"Aboriginal Cultural Heritage". Tweed Regional Museum. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
"Tindale Tribes – Minjungbal". archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
Sharpe, Margaret C. (2005). "Sounds of Yugambeh-Bundjalung". Grammar and Texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung Dialect Chain in Eastern Australia. Muenchen, Germany: LINCOM. pp. 43–47. ISBN 3-89586-784-5.
Sharpe, Margaret C. (2005). "Sentences and Clauses and Pronouns". Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialect chain in Eastern Australia. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. pp. 48–56. ISBN 3895867845. OCLC 62185149.
^ C., Sharpe, Margaret (2005). "Nouns, Adjectives and their Suffixes". Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialect chain in Eastern Australia. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. pp. 77–96. ISBN 3895867845. OCLC 62185149.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Sharpe, Margaret C. (2005). "The Verbs". Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialect chain in Eastern Australia. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. pp. 57–74. ISBN 3895867845. OCLC 62185149.
Sharpe, Margaret C. (2005). Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialect chain in Eastern Australia. LINCOM. pp. 97–102. ISBN 3-89586-784-5.
Museum, Yugambeh (16 June 2016), Yugambeh App, Yugambeh Museum, retrieved 18 September 2017
"Yugambeh App on the App Store". App Store. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
"Yugambeh Museum". yugambeh.com. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
"Indigenous Language Resources: South-East Qld Placenames" (PDF). State Library of Queensland.

External links

Borobi and His Friends, virtual book, read in Yugambeh language by Axel Best. From the State Library of Queensland virtual book collection. (requires Adobe Flash)
Linguist List (2005) Synopsis of Grammar and Texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung Dialect Chain in Eastern Australia Accessed 20 May 2008

Pama–Nyungan languages

Paman languages

North	Adithinngithigh Andjingith Anguthimri Alngith Linnithigh Mpakwithi Ndra'ngith Arritinngithigh Awngthim Luthigh Mpalitjanh Mbiywom Ndrangith Ndwa'ngith Ngkoth Unjadi Uradhi
Northeast	Umpila
Wik	Ayabadhu Kugu-Muminh Pakanha Wik-Me'nh Wik-Mungkan Wik-Ngathan Wik-Ompom
Lamalamic	Lamalama Morrobolam
Yalanjic	Barrow Point Gugu Yalandyi Kuku Nyungkal Guugu Yimidhirr
Southwest	Koko-Bera Kok Thawa Kunjen Ogh-Undjan Kuuk Thaayorre Kuuk Yak Yir-Yoront
Norman	Kurtjar Kuthant
Thaypan	Alungul Angkula Aghu Tharrnggala Ikarranggal Takalak Thaypan
Southern	Mbara-Yanga Mbabaram Walangama Wamin
Other	Djabugay Flinders Island Gugadj Kok Narr Mbariman-Gudhinma Umbindhamu

Eastern Pama–Nyungan

Dyirbalic	Dyirbal Nyawaygi Warrgamay Wulguru
Maric	Badjiri Bidjara Biri Kingkel Bayali Darumbal Warrongo
Waka–Kabic	Barunggam Gabi-Gabi Gureng Gureng Tulua Wakawaka Wuliwuli
Durubalic	Guwar–Pimpama Janday Nunukul Turrbal
Gumbaynggiric	Kumbainggar Yaygir
Wiradhuric	Gamilaraay Ngiyambaa Wiradjuri
Yuin–Kuric	Darkinjung Dharug Dhanggati Ngarigo Ngunnawal Tharawal Dharawal Dhurga Dyirringany Thawa Yugambal? Marbal Worimi Awabakal Gathang
Gippsland	Dhudhuroa Gunaikurnai Pallanganmiddang
Yugambeh–Bandjalang	Waalubal Yugambeh Githabul
Other	Anewan Kalaw Lagaw Ya Yidiny

Southern Pama–Nyungan

Yotayotic

Kulinic

Kolakngat

Kulin	Bunurong Dja Dja Wurrung Ledji-Ledji Madhi-Madhi Wadi-Wadi Wathaurong Wemba Wemba Woiwurrung–Taungurung
Drual	Bungandidj Dhauwurd Wurrung Kuurn Kopan Noot Yaran

Lower Murray

Thura-Yura

Mirniny

Mirning
Ngadjunmaya

Nyungic

Western Pama–Nyungan

Kartu	Badimaya Malgana Thaagurda Nhanda–Nhanhagardi Wajarri Yinggarda
Kanyara–Mantharta	Kanyara Burduna–Baiyungu Thalanyji–Pinikura Mantharta Tharrgari Warriyangka Thiin Jiwarli
Ngayarta	Jurruru Kurrama Martuthunira Ngarla Ngarluma-Kariyarra Nhuwala Nyamal Nyiyaparli Panyjima Yindjibarndi Yinhawangka
Marrngu	Karajarri Mangala Nyangumarta

Northern Pama–Nyungan

Ngumpin–Yapa	Ngarrga Warlmanpa Warlpiri Ngumbin Walmajarri Djaru Gurindji Bilinarra Mudburra
Warumungu	Warumungu
Warluwaric	Wagaya Bularnu Yindjilandji Warluwarra Yanyuwa
Kalkatungic	Kalkatungu Yalarnnga
Mayi	Mayi-Kulan Mayi-Kutuna Ngawun

Central Pama–Nyungan

Wati	Ngardi Wanman Western Desert
Arandic	Arrernte Kaytetye Lower Arrernte Pertame
Karnic	Arabana Diyari Mithaka Ngamini Yarluyandi Ngura Pitta Pitta Wanggamala Wangka-Yutjurru Wilson River Bundhamara new Wangkumara/Garlali Yandruwandha
Other	Baagandji Bulloo River old Wangkumara/Garlali Muruwari Barranbinja Yarli

Other Pama–Nyungan

Yolŋu	Dhaŋu Dhuwal Djaŋu Djinba Djinaŋ Ritharrŋu Nhaŋu
Other	Lower Burdekin Bindal

Macro-Pama–Nyungan?

Macro-Gunwinyguan

Maningrida	Burarra Ndjébbana Gurr-goni Nakkara
Mangarrayi-Marran	Alawa Mangarrayi Marra Warndarrang Yugul
Gunwinyguan	Anindilyakwa Dalabon Gunbarlang Jawoyn Kunwinjku Ngalakgan Ngandi Nunggubuyu Rembarrnga Uwinymil Waray
Other	Gaagudju Kungarakany Wardaman Wagiman

Tangkic

Garrwan

Italics indicate extinct languages.

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