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:* Judeo-] (extinct) :* Judeo-] (extinct)
* Judeo-]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ugaritic | title=Ugaritic}}</ref> (extinct) * Judeo-]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ugaritic | title=Ugaritic}}</ref> (extinct)

====Eastern Semitic languages====
* Judeo-] (extinct)


===Other Afro-Asiatic languages=== ===Other Afro-Asiatic languages===
Line 51: Line 48:


===Germanic languages=== ===Germanic languages===
⚫ *]
* ]<ref name=":2" /> * ]<ref name=":2" />


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====Baltic languages==== ====Baltic languages====

* Judeo-]
* Judeo-]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=3IJ1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA749&lpg=PA749&dq=catechism+Samgitian#v=onepage&q=catechism+Samogitian&f=false|title=Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition|date=1 September 2017|publisher=BRILL|via=Google Books|isbn=9789004359543}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=tS-PMqoj1EIC&pg=PA430&lpg=PA430&dq=catechism+Samogitian#v=onepage&q=catechism+Samogitian&f=false|title=Synagogues in Lithuania N-Ž: A Catalogue|first1=Aliza|last1=Cohen-Mushlin|first2=Sergey|last2=Kravtsov|first3=Vladimir|last3=Levin|first4=Giedrė|last4=Mickūnaitė|first5=Jurgita|last5=Šiaučiūnaitė-Verbickienė|date=14 March 2019|publisher=VDA leidykla|via=Google Books|isbn=9786094470042}}</ref> * Judeo-]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=3IJ1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA749&lpg=PA749&dq=catechism+Samgitian#v=onepage&q=catechism+Samogitian&f=false|title=Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition|date=1 September 2017|publisher=BRILL|via=Google Books|isbn=9789004359543}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=tS-PMqoj1EIC&pg=PA430&lpg=PA430&dq=catechism+Samogitian#v=onepage&q=catechism+Samogitian&f=false|title=Synagogues in Lithuania N-Ž: A Catalogue|first1=Aliza|last1=Cohen-Mushlin|first2=Sergey|last2=Kravtsov|first3=Vladimir|last3=Levin|first4=Giedrė|last4=Mickūnaitė|first5=Jurgita|last5=Šiaučiūnaitė-Verbickienė|date=14 March 2019|publisher=VDA leidykla|via=Google Books|isbn=9786094470042}}</ref>


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====Oghur languages==== ====Oghur languages====
*] (extinct) *] (extinct)

===Uralic languages===
*Judeo-] (could be used since the 14th century until the massive Yiddish-speaking wave of migrants in the 19th century)


===Vasconic languages=== ===Vasconic languages===


*Judeo-]<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=Ic5Kth7aiusC&pg=PA899&lpg=PA899&dq=Judeo-Basque#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Basque&f=false | title=Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages: With Special Attention to Judaized Arabic, Chinese, German, Greek, Persian, Portuguese, Slavic (Modern Hebrew/Yiddish), Spanish, and Karaite, and Semitic Hebrew/Ladino ; a Collection of Reprinted Articles from Across Four Decades with a Reassessment| isbn=9783447054041| last1=Wexler| first1=Paul| year=2006}}</ref> *Judeo-]<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=Ic5Kth7aiusC&pg=PA899&lpg=PA899&dq=Judeo-Basque#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Basque&f=false | title=Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages: With Special Attention to Judaized Arabic, Chinese, German, Greek, Persian, Portuguese, Slavic (Modern Hebrew/Yiddish), Spanish, and Karaite, and Semitic Hebrew/Ladino ; a Collection of Reprinted Articles from Across Four Decades with a Reassessment| isbn=9783447054041| last1=Wexler| first1=Paul| year=2006}}</ref>

==Jewish sociolects and newly developed varieties==

===Indoeuropean languages===

====Germanic languages====
⚫ *]
* Jewish modern ]

====Romance languages====
* Jewish modern ]
* Jewish modern ]
* Jewish modern ]

====Slavic languages====
* Jewish modern ]
* Jewish modern ]
* Jewish modern ]

===Sino-Tibetan languages===

====Sinitic languages====
*Judeo-]
*Judeo-]
*Judeo-]




==See also== ==See also==

Revision as of 15:03, 2 October 2019

This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within Jewish diaspora communities through contact with surrounding languages.

Afro-Asiatic languages

Cushitic languages

Semitic languages

Arabic languages

Aramaic languages

Canaanite languages

Other Afro-Asiatic languages

  • Judeo-Berber (a group of different Jewish Berber languages and their dialects)
  • Judeo-Coptic (extinct)

Dravidian languages

(both written in local alphabets)

Indo-European languages

Germanic languages

Iranian languages

Romance languages

  • Judeo-Latin (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages)
  • Judeo-Gascon (also was used by latest Sephardic migrants) (extinct)

Other Indo-European languages

Kartvelian languages

Turkic languages

Uralic languages

Doubted languages

Austronesian languages

Malayo-Polynesian languages

  • Judeo-Malay (could be used in old-settled Jewish community, approximately till the 18th century)

Indo-European languages

Armenian languages

  • Judeo-Armenian (although it was common to use Aramaic or Persian varieties among this Jewish community)

Baltic languages

Celtic languages

Germanic languages

Indo-Arian languages

Iranian languages

  • Judeo-Alan (could be used by Jews of Khazar Khaganate in areas influenced by the Alans) (extinct)
  • Judeo-Ossetic (extinct)
  • Judeo-Pashto (mostly as the second language in addition to Judeo-Tajik) (almost extinct)

Romance languages

Slavic languages

Kartvelian languages

North Caucasian languages

Abkhazo-Adyghean languages

Turkic languages

Karluk languages

  • Judeo-Uzbek (mostly as a second language in addition to Judeo-Bukharic)

Kipchak languages

Oghur languages

Vasconic languages

See also

References

  1. ^ Rubin, Aaron D.; Kahn, Lily (2015-10-30). Handbook of Jewish Languages. BRILL. ISBN 9789004297357.
  2. Hudson, Grover (2013). "A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review)". Northeast African Studies. New series. 13 (2). doi:10.1353/nas.2013.0021.
  3. ^ Weninger, Stefan (2011-12-23). The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. p. 709. ISBN 9783110251586.
  4. "Ugaritic".
  5. ^ Spolsky, Bernard (2014-03-27). The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge University Press. p. 241. ISBN 9781139917148.
  6. Habib Borjian, “Judeo-Iranian Languages,” in Lily Kahn and Aaron D. Rubin, eds., A Handbook of Jewish Languages, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2015, pp. 234-295. .
  7. Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, issue edited by Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51-74. .
  8. Nahon, Peter, 2018. Gascon et français chez les Israélites d'Aquitaine. Paris:Classiques Garnier.
  9. Hary, Benjamin; Benor, Sarah Bunin (5 November 2018). Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9781501504631 – via Google Books.
  10. Weiss, Hillel; Katsman, Roman; Kotlerman, Ber (17 March 2014). Around the Point: Studies in Jewish Literature and Culture in Multiple Languages. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443857529 – via Google Books.
  11. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. 2003-01-01. p. 83. ISBN 9780195139778.
  12. Katz, Dovid (October 2012). Bláha, Ondřej; Dittman, Robert; Uličná, Lenka (eds.). "Knaanic in the Medieval and Modern Scholarly Imagination" (PDF). Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background: 164, 173. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  13. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332883632_Judeo-Georgian_Language_as_an_Identity_Marker_of_Georgian_Jews_The_Jews_Living_in_Georgia
  14. "YIVO | Krymchaks". www.yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
  15. Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition. BRILL. 2017-09-01. ISBN 9789004359543.
  16. Wexler, Paul (14 March 2019). Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages: With Special Attention to Judaized Arabic, Chinese, German, Greek, Persian, Portuguese, Slavic (modern Hebrew/Yiddish), Spanish, and Karaite, and Semitic Hebrew/Ladino ; a Collection of Reprinted Articles from Across Four Decades with a Reassessment. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 9783447054041 – via Google Books.
  17. Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition. BRILL. 1 September 2017. ISBN 9789004359543 – via Google Books.
  18. Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition. BRILL. 1 September 2017. ISBN 9789004359543 – via Google Books.
  19. Cohen-Mushlin, Aliza; Kravtsov, Sergey; Levin, Vladimir; Mickūnaitė, Giedrė; Šiaučiūnaitė-Verbickienė, Jurgita (14 March 2019). Synagogues in Lithuania N-Ž: A Catalogue. VDA leidykla. ISBN 9786094470042 – via Google Books.
  20. Wexler, Paul (2006). Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages: With Special Attention to Judaized Arabic, Chinese, German, Greek, Persian, Portuguese, Slavic (Modern Hebrew/Yiddish), Spanish, and Karaite, and Semitic Hebrew/Ladino ; a Collection of Reprinted Articles from Across Four Decades with a Reassessment. ISBN 9783447054041.
  21. Wexler, Paul (2006). Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages: With Special Attention to Judaized Arabic, Chinese, German, Greek, Persian, Portuguese, Slavic (Modern Hebrew/Yiddish), Spanish, and Karaite, and Semitic Hebrew/Ladino ; a Collection of Reprinted Articles from Across Four Decades with a Reassessment. ISBN 9783447054041.
  22. Wexler, Paul (2006). Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages: With Special Attention to Judaized Arabic, Chinese, German, Greek, Persian, Portuguese, Slavic (Modern Hebrew/Yiddish), Spanish, and Karaite, and Semitic Hebrew/Ladino ; a Collection of Reprinted Articles from Across Four Decades with a Reassessment. ISBN 9783447054041.
  23. "Asian and African studies blog: Judeo-Persian". blogs.bl.uk.
  24. "A Unique Hebrew Glossary from India". Gorgias Press LLC.
  25. Wexler, Paul (February 2012). Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews, the. ISBN 9781438423937.
  26. Статей, Сборник (2017-09-05). Studia Anthropologica: Сборник статей к юбилею проф. М. А. Членова. ISBN 9785457522725.
  27. Wexler, Paul (2006). Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages: With Special Attention to Judaized Arabic, Chinese, German, Greek, Persian, Portuguese, Slavic (Modern Hebrew/Yiddish), Spanish, and Karaite, and Semitic Hebrew/Ladino ; a Collection of Reprinted Articles from Across Four Decades with a Reassessment. ISBN 9783447054041.
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