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{{Short description|Third crewed mission to land on the Moon}} {{Short description|Third crewed mission to land on the Moon}}
{{Infobox spaceflight {{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Apollo 14 | name = jtkiitfyitoyto
| image = Apollo 14 Shepard.jpg | image = stop.jpg
| image_size = 250 | image_size = 250
| image_caption = ] and the American flag on the Moon, Apollo 14, February 1971 (photo by ]) | image_caption = ] and the American flag on the Moon, Apollo 14, February 1971 (photo by ])
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}} }}


'''STOP'''
'''Apollo 14''' was the eighth crewed mission in the United States ], the third to ] on the ], and the first to land in the ]. It was the last of the "]," targeted landings with two-day stays on the Moon with two lunar ]s, or moonwalks.

Commander ], ] ], and ] ] launched on their nine-day mission on Sunday, January 31, 1971, at 4:03:02&nbsp;p.m. ]. Liftoff was delayed forty minutes and two seconds, due to launch site weather restrictions, the first such delay in the Apollo program.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/afj/launchwindow/lw1.html |title=Apollo lunar landing launch window: The controlling factors and constraints |last=Wheeler |first=Robin |year=2009 |work=Apollo Flight Journal |publisher=NASA |accessdate=July 17, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402101131/https://history.nasa.gov/afj/launchwindow/lw1.html|archivedate=April 2, 2009}}</ref>

Shepard and Mitchell made their lunar landing on February{{nbsp}}5 in the ] – originally the target of the aborted ] mission. During the two lunar EVAs, {{convert|94.35|lb}} of ]s were collected,<ref>{{cite book |last=Orloff |first=Richard W. |title=Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/SP-4029.htm |chapter=Extravehicular Activity |chapterurl=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-30_Extravehicular_Activity.htm |accessdate=August 1, 2013 |series=The NASA History Series |origyear=First published 2000 |date=September 2004 |work=NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans |publisher=] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=0-16-050631-X |lccn=00061677 |id=NASA SP-2000-4029 |ref=Orloff}} For some reason, the total reported does not match the sum of the two EVAs.</ref> and several ] were performed. Shepard hit two ]s on the lunar surface with a makeshift club he had brought with him. Shepard and Mitchell spent 33{{frac|2}} hours on the Moon, with almost 9{{frac|2}} hours of EVA.

In the aftermath of Apollo 13, several modifications had been made to the ] electrical power system to prevent a repeat of that accident, including a redesign of the oxygen tanks and the addition of a third tank. The launch had been scheduled for October{{nbsp}}1, {{nowrap|1970,<ref name=sovwoe>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=e6xVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=POEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4752%2C4003691 |work=Eugene Register-Guard |location=(Oregon) |agency=UPI |title=Next Moon flight to await solving Apollo's woes |date=April 18, 1970 |page=1A}}</ref>}} and was delayed about {{nowrap|four months.<ref name=afvolev>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=guVVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5-ADAAAAIBAJ&pg=4627%2C5425873 |work=Eugene Register-Guard |location=(Oregon) |agency=Associated Press |title=Astronauts, families visit on launch eve |date=January 30, 1971 |page=1A}}</ref>}}


While Shepard and Mitchell were on the surface, Roosa remained in ] aboard the ] ''Kittyhawk'',<ref> Most references cite the name as ''Kitty Hawk,'' which is incorrect. Email message from Ed Mitchell, 09JAN12, "Stu chose Kittyhawk, not Kitty Hawk, for the command module. He would be quite upset at the error were he still alive. I've tried in vain to point out the error (one word, not two)."</ref> performing scientific experiments and photographing the Moon, including the landing site of the future ] mission. He took several hundred seeds on the mission, many of which were ] on return, resulting in the so-called ]s. While Shepard and Mitchell were on the surface, Roosa remained in ] aboard the ] ''Kittyhawk'',<ref> Most references cite the name as ''Kitty Hawk,'' which is incorrect. Email message from Ed Mitchell, 09JAN12, "Stu chose Kittyhawk, not Kitty Hawk, for the command module. He would be quite upset at the error were he still alive. I've tried in vain to point out the error (one word, not two)."</ref> performing scientific experiments and photographing the Moon, including the landing site of the future ] mission. He took several hundred seeds on the mission, many of which were ] on return, resulting in the so-called ]s.

Revision as of 01:47, 10 February 2020

Third crewed mission to land on the Moon
jtkiitfyitoyto
Alan Shepard and the American flag on the Moon, Apollo 14, February 1971 (photo by Edgar Mitchell)
Mission typeCrewed lunar landing (H)
OperatorNASA
COSPAR ID
  • CSM: 1971-008A
  • LM: 1971-008C
SATCAT no.
  • CSM: 4900
  • LM: 4905
Mission duration9 days, 1 minute, 58 seconds
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft
ManufacturerCSM: North American Rockwell
LM: Grumman
Launch mass102,084 pounds (46,305 kg)
Landing mass11,481 pounds (5,208 kg)
Crew
Crew size3
Members
Callsign
  • CSM: Kittyhawk
  • LM: Antares
Start of mission
Launch dateJanuary 31, 1971, 21:03:02 (1971-01-31UTC21:03:02Z) UTC
RocketSaturn V SA-509
Launch siteKennedy LC-39A
End of mission
Recovered byUSS New Orleans
Landing dateFebruary 9, 1971, 21:05:00 (1971-02-09UTC21:06Z) UTC
Landing siteSouth Pacific Ocean
27°1′S 172°39′W / 27.017°S 172.650°W / -27.017; -172.650 (Apollo 14 splashdown)
Orbital parameters
Reference systemSelenocentric
Periselene altitude16.9 kilometers (9.1 nmi)
Aposelene altitude108.9 kilometers (58.8 nmi)
Period120 minutes
Lunar orbiter
Spacecraft componentCommand and service module
Orbital insertionFebruary 4, 1971, 06:59:42 UTC
Orbital departureFebruary 7, 1971, 01:39:04 UTC
Orbits34
Lunar lander
Spacecraft componentLunar module
Landing dateFebruary 5, 1971, 09:18:11 UTC
Return launchFebruary 6, 1971, 18:48:42 UTC
Landing siteFra Mauro
3°38′43″S 17°28′17″W / 3.64530°S 17.47136°W / -3.64530; -17.47136
Sample mass42.80 kilograms (94.35 lb)
Surface EVAs2
EVA duration
  • Total: 9 hours, 22 minutes, 31 seconds
  • 1st: 4 hours, 47 minutes, 50 seconds
  • 2nd: 4 hours, 34 minutes, 41 seconds
Docking with LM
Docking dateFebruary 1, 1971, 01:57:58 UTC
Undocking dateFebruary 5, 1971, 04:50:43 UTC
Docking with LM ascent stage
Docking dateFebruary 6, 1971, 20:35:52 UTC
Undocking dateFebruary 6, 1971, 22:48:00 UTC

Roosa, Shepard, MitchellApollo program← Apollo 13Apollo 15 →

STOP

While Shepard and Mitchell were on the surface, Roosa remained in lunar orbit aboard the command and service module Kittyhawk, performing scientific experiments and photographing the Moon, including the landing site of the future Apollo 16 mission. He took several hundred seeds on the mission, many of which were germinated on return, resulting in the so-called Moon trees.

Shepard and Mitchell successfully lifted Antares off the Moon to dock with the command module and, after a total of 34 lunar orbits, the ship was flown back to Earth where the three astronauts landed in the Pacific Ocean on February 9.

Astronauts and key Mission Control personnel

Position Astronaut
Commander Alan B. Shepard Jr.
Second and last spaceflight
Command Module Pilot Stuart A. Roosa
Only spaceflight
Lunar Module Pilot Edgar D. Mitchell
Only spaceflight

Shepard was the oldest U.S. astronaut when he made his trip aboard Apollo 14. He is the only astronaut from Project Mercury (the original Mercury Seven astronauts) to reach the Moon. Another of the original seven, Gordon Cooper, had (as Apollo 10's backup commander) tentatively been scheduled to command the mission, but according to author Andrew Chaikin, his casual attitude toward training, along with problems with NASA hierarchy (reaching all the way back to the Mercury-Atlas 9 flight), resulted in his removal.

The mission was a personal triumph for Shepard, who had battled back from Ménière's disease which grounded him from 1964 to 1968. He and his crew were originally scheduled to fly on Apollo 13, but in 1969 NASA officials switched the scheduled crews for Apollos 13 and 14. This was done to allow Shepard more time to train for his flight, as he had been grounded for four years.

Backup crew

Position Astronaut
Commander Eugene A. Cernan
Command Module Pilot Ronald E. Evans Jr.
Lunar Module Pilot Joe H. Engle
The backup crew (with Harrison Schmitt replacing Engle)
would become the prime crew of Apollo 17.

During projects Mercury and Gemini, each mission had a prime and a backup crew. Apollo 9 commander James McDivitt believed meetings that required a member of the flight crew were being missed, so for Apollo a third crew of astronauts was added, known as the support crew. Usually low in seniority, support crew members assembled the mission's rules, flight plan, and checklists, and kept them updated; for Apollo 14, they were Philip K. Chapman, Bruce McCandless, II, William R. Pogue, and C. Gordon Fullerton.

For Apollo 14, flight directors were: Pete Frank, Orange team; Glynn Lunney, Black team; Milt Windler, Maroon team and Gerry Griffin, Gold team.

Mission parameters

Geocentric:

Selenocentric:

LM–CSM docking

  • Undocked: February 5, 1971 – 04:50:43 UTC
  • Docked: February 6, 1971 – 20:35:42 UTC

EVAs

EVA 1
  • Start: February 5, 1971, 14:42:13 UTC
  • Shepard – EVA 1
  • Stepped onto Moon: 14:54 UTC
  • LM ingress: 19:22 UTC
  • Mitchell – EVA 1
  • Stepped onto Moon: 14:58 UTC
  • LM ingress: 19:18 UTC
  • End: February 5, 19:30:50 UTC
    • Duration: 4 hours, 47 minutes, 50 seconds
EVA 2
  • Start: February 6, 1971, 08:11:15 UTC
  • Shepard – EVA 2
  • Stepped onto Moon: 08:16 UTC
  • LM ingress: 12:38 UTC
  • Mitchell – EVA 2
  • Stepped onto Moon: 08:23 UTC
  • LM ingress: 12:28 UTC
  • End: February 6, 12:45:56 UTC
    • Duration: 4 hours, 34 minutes, 41 seconds

Mission highlights

Launch of Apollo 14

Launch and flight to lunar orbit

Apollo 14 launched during heavy cloud cover and the Saturn V booster quickly disappeared from view. NASA's long-range cameras, based 60 miles south in Vero Beach, had a clear shot of the remainder of the launch. Following the launch, the Launch Control Center at Kennedy Space Center was visited by U.S. Vice President Spiro T. Agnew, Prince Juan Carlos of Spain, and his wife, Princess Sofía.

At the beginning of the mission, the Apollo CSM Kittyhawk had difficulty achieving capture and docking with the LM Antares. Repeated attempts to dock went on for 1 hour and 42 minutes, until it was suggested that Roosa hold Kittyhawk against Antares using its thrusters, then the docking probe would be retracted out of the way, hopefully triggering the docking latches. The sixth attempt was successful, and no further docking problems were encountered during the mission.

Lunar descent

After separating from the command module in lunar orbit, the LM Antares had two serious problems. First, the LM computer began getting an ABORT signal from a faulty switch. NASA believed the computer might be getting erroneous readings like this if a tiny ball of solder had shaken loose and was floating between the switch and the contact, closing the circuit. The immediate solution – tapping on the panel next to the switch – did work briefly, but the circuit soon closed again. If the problem recurred after the descent engine fired, the computer would think the signal was real and would initiate an auto-abort, causing the ascent stage to separate from the descent stage and climb back into orbit. NASA and the software teams at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology scrambled to find a solution. The software was hard-wired, preventing it from being updated directly. The fix involved indicating that abort mode was already active, so that if the signal were to arise again, it would be ignored rather than initiating what would have appeared to the software to be a second abort. The software modifications were transmitted to the crew via voice communication, and Mitchell manually entered the changes (amounting to over 80 keystrokes on the LM computer pad) just in time.

A second problem occurred during the powered descent, when the LM landing radar failed to lock automatically onto the Moon's surface, depriving the navigation computer of vital information on the vehicle's altitude and vertical descent speed (this was not a result of the modifications to the ABORT command; rather, the post-mission report indicated it was an unrelated bug in the radar's operation). After the astronauts cycled the landing radar breaker, the unit successfully acquired a signal near 18,000 feet (5,500 m), again just in time. Shepard then manually landed the LM closer to its intended target than any of the other five Moon landing missions. Mitchell believed Shepard would have continued with the landing attempt without the radar, using the LM inertial guidance system and visual cues. A post-flight review of the descent data showed the inertial system alone would have been inadequate, and the astronauts probably would have been forced to abort the landing as they approached the surface.

Lunar surface operations

The plaque left on the Moon by Apollo 14

Shepard and Mitchell named their landing site Fra Mauro Base, and this designation is recognized by the International Astronomical Union (depicted in Latin on lunar maps as Statio Fra Mauro).

Shepard's first words, after stepping onto the lunar surface were, "And it's been a long way, but we're here." Unlike Neil Armstrong on Apollo 11 and Pete Conrad on Apollo 12, Shepard had already stepped off the LM footpad and was a few yards away before he spoke.

Shepard's moonwalking suit was the first to utilize red stripes on the arms and legs and on the top of the lunar EVA sunshade "hood," so as to allow easy identification between the commander and LM pilot on the surface; on the Apollo 12 pictures, it had been almost impossible to distinguish between the two crewmen, causing a great deal of confusion. This feature was included on Jim Lovell's Apollo 13 suit; because no landing was made on that mission, Apollo 14 was the first to make use of it. This feature was used for the remaining Apollo missions, and for the EVAs of Space Shuttle flights afterwards, and it is still in use today on both the U.S. and the Russian space suits on the International Space Station.

The "Big Bertha" rock (Lunar Sample 14321) was the third largest rock collected during the Apollo program. In 2019, it was discovered that this is the oldest known rock from Earth, four billion years old.

After landing in the Fra Mauro formation—the destination for Apollo 13—Shepard and Mitchell took two moonwalks, adding new seismic studies to the by now familiar Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP), and using the Modular Equipment Transporter (MET), a pull-cart for carrying equipment and samples, nicknamed "lunar rickshaw". Roosa, meanwhile, took pictures from on board command module Kittyhawk in lunar orbit.

Map of the first and second EVAs

The second moonwalk, or EVA, was intended to reach the rim of the 1,000-foot (300 m) wide Cone crater. The two astronauts were not able to find the rim amid the rolling terrain of the crater's slopes. They became physically exhausted from the attempt and, with their suits' oxygen supplies starting to run low, the effort was called off. Later analysis using the pictures they took determined that they had come within an estimated 65 feet (20 m) of the crater's rim. Images from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) show the tracks of the astronauts and the MET come to within 30 m of the rim.

Shepard and Mitchell deployed and activated various scientific instruments and experiments and collected almost 100 pounds (45 kg) of lunar samples for return to Earth, including the 20 pound (9 kg) Big Bertha rock. Other Apollo 14 achievements included the only use of MET; longest distance traversed by foot on the lunar surface; first use of shortened lunar orbit rendezvous techniques; and the first extensive orbital science period conducted during CSM solo operations.

Lunar surface television showing Shepard taking a couple of golf swings

The astronauts also engaged in less serious activities on the Moon. Shepard brought along a six iron golf club head which he could attach to the handle of a lunar excavation tool, and two golf balls, and took several one-handed swings (due to the limited flexibility of the EVA suit). He exuberantly exclaimed that the second ball went "miles and miles and miles" in the low lunar gravity, but later estimated the distance as 200 to 400 yards (180 to 370 m). Mitchell then threw a lunar scoop handle as if it were a javelin.

Apollo 14 lunar samples

Apollo 14 lunar module pilot Edgar Mitchell and commander Alan Shepard analyzing Big Bertha while in the laboratory
Lunar sample 14053, a basalt found during Apollo 14

The Moon rocks, or lunar samples, from Apollo 14 are unique in that most of the 94 pounds of rocks are breccia, which are rocks composed of fragments of other, older rocks. Breccias form when the heat and pressure of meteorite impacts fuse small rock fragments together. There were a few basalts that were collected in this mission in the form of clasts (fragments) in breccia. The Apollo 14 basalts are generally richer in aluminum and sometimes richer in potassium than other lunar basalts. Most lunar mare basalts collected during the Apollo program were formed from 3.0 to 3.8 billion years ago. The Apollo 14 basalts were formed 4.0 to 4.3 billion years ago, older than the volcanism observed at any of the mare locations studied during the Apollo program.

In January 2019 research showed that Big Bertha, a 19.837 pound rock, has numerous characteristics that make it likely to be a terrestrial (Earth) meteorite. Granite and quartz, which are commonly found on Earth but very rare to find on the Moon, were confirmed to exist on Big Bertha. To find the sample's age, the research team from Curtin University looked at bits of the mineral zircon embedded in its structure. "By determining the age of zircon found in the sample, we were able to pinpoint the age of the host rock at about four billion years old, making it similar to the oldest rocks on Earth," researcher Alexander Nemchin said, adding that "the chemistry of the zircon in this sample is very different from that of every other zircon grain ever analyzed in lunar samples, and remarkably similar to that of zircons found on Earth." This means Big Bertha is both the first discovered terrestrial meteorite and the oldest known Earth rock.

Return, splashdown and quarantine

Apollo 14 landing

On the way back to Earth, the crew conducted the first U.S. materials processing experiments in space.

The command module Kittyhawk splashed down in the South Pacific Ocean on February 9, 1971 at 21:05 , approximately 760 nautical miles (1,410 km) south of American Samoa. After recovery by the ship USS New Orleans, the crew was flown to Pago Pago International Airport in Tafuna for a reception before being flown on a C-141 cargo plane to Honolulu. The Apollo 14 astronauts were the last lunar explorers to be quarantined on their return from the Moon.

Roosa, who worked in forestry in his youth, took several hundred tree seeds on the flight. These were germinated after the return to Earth, and widely distributed around the world as commemorative Moon trees.

Mission insignia

Apollo 14 space-flown silver Robbins medallion

The oval insignia depicts the Earth and the Moon, and an astronaut pin drawn with a comet trail represents the crew. The astronaut pin is leaving Earth and approaching the Moon. A gold band around the edge includes the mission and astronaut names. The designer was Jean Beaulieu.

The backup crew spoofed the patch with its own version, with revised artwork showing a Wile E. Coyote cartoon character depicted as gray-bearded (for Shepard, who was 47 at the time of the mission and the oldest man on the Moon), pot-bellied (for Mitchell, who had a pudgy appearance) and red furred (for Roosa's red hair), still on the way to the Moon, while Road Runner (for the backup crew) is already on the Moon, holding a U.S. flag and a flag labeled "1st Team". The flight name is replaced by "BEEP BEEP" and the backup crew's names are given. Several of these patches were hidden by the backup crew and found during the flight by the crew in notebooks and storage lockers in both the CSM Kittyhawk and the LM Antares, and one patch was even stored on the MET lunar hand cart.

Spacecraft locations

The command module Kittyhawk at the Kennedy Space Center

The Apollo 14 command module Kittyhawk is on display at the Apollo/Saturn V Center building at the Kennedy Space Center after being on display at the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame near Titusville, Florida, for several years.

The S-IVB booster impacted the Moon on February 4 at 8°10′52″S 26°01′50″W / 8.181°S 26.0305°W / -8.181; -26.0305 (Apollo 14 S-IVB). The ascent stage of lunar module Antares impacted the Moon on February 7, 1971, at 00:45:25.7 UT (February 6, 7:45 p.m. EST) 3°25′S 19°40′W / 3.42°S 19.67°W / -3.42; -19.67 (Apollo 14 LM ascent stage). Antares' descent stage and the mission's other equipment remain at Fra Mauro at 3°39′S 17°28′W / 3.65°S 17.47°W / -3.65; -17.47 (Apollo 14 LM descent stage).

Photographs taken in 2009 by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter were released on July 17, and the Fra Mauro equipment was the most visible Apollo hardware at that time, owing to particularly good lighting conditions. In 2011, the LRO returned to the landing site at a lower altitude to take higher resolution photographs.

Gallery

  • Apollo 14 astronaut Ed Mitchell sets foot on the Moon
  • Shepard and Mitchell erect a U.S. flag on the lunar surface
  • Photo of the lunar lander Antares during the first EVA Photo of the lunar lander Antares during the first EVA
  • Reprocessed Lunar Orbiter 3 image taken in 1967, used in mission planning. The image is somewhat oblique and facing south at an illumination angle of about 34 degrees from the left (east). Reprocessed Lunar Orbiter 3 image taken in 1967, used in mission planning. The image is somewhat oblique and facing south at an illumination angle of about 34 degrees from the left (east).
  • Apollo 16 image showing the Apollo 14 landing site at the green dot near center. The hummocky terrain stretching from the lower left to the upper right is the approximate extent of the Fra Mauro formation. Apollo 16 image showing the Apollo 14 landing site at the green dot near center. The hummocky terrain stretching from the lower left to the upper right is the approximate extent of the Fra Mauro formation.
  • Apollo 14 landing site, photograph by LRO Apollo 14 landing site, photograph by LRO
  • Later photo of landing site taken by LRO Later photo of landing site taken by LRO
  • A close-up view of the central station (CS) of the Apollo lunar surface experiments package (ALSEP), which was deployed on the Moon by the Apollo 14 astronauts during their first extravehicular activity (EVA) A close-up view of the central station (CS) of the Apollo lunar surface experiments package (ALSEP), which was deployed on the Moon by the Apollo 14 astronauts during their first extravehicular activity (EVA)
  • The Modular Equipment Transporter aka the lunar rickshaw The Modular Equipment Transporter aka the lunar rickshaw
  • The spacesuit worn by Alan Shepard on the surface of the Moon during Apollo 14 The spacesuit worn by Alan Shepard on the surface of the Moon during Apollo 14

See also

References

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

  1. Orloff, Richard W. (September 2004) . "Table of Contents". Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference. NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: NASA. ISBN 0-16-050631-X. LCCN 00061677. NASA SP-2000-4029. Archived from the original on September 6, 2007. Retrieved July 17, 2013. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  2. "Apollo 14 Command and Service Module (CSM)". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
  3. ^ "Apollo 14 Lunar Module /ALSEP". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
  4. Most references cite the name as Kitty Hawk, which is incorrect. Email message from Ed Mitchell, 09JAN12, "Stu chose Kittyhawk, not Kitty Hawk, for the command module. He would be quite upset at the error were he still alive. I've tried in vain to point out the error (one word, not two)."
  5. "Apollo by the Numbers". SP-4029.
  6. Rincon, Paul (February 3, 2011). "Apollo 14 Moon shot: Alan Shepard 'told he was too old'". BBC News. London. Archived from the original on February 4, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
  7. "1971 Year in Review: Apollo 14 and 15". UPI.com. United Press International. 1971. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
  8. Chaikin 2009
  9. Slayton & Cassutt 1994, p. 184.
  10. Hersch, Matthew (July 19, 2009). "The fourth crewmember". Air & Space/Smithsonian. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  11. Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979, p. 261.
  12. CREWS AND SUPPORT FOR MANNED APOLLO FLIGHTS. NASA. SP-4009.
  13. Adler, Doug (June 21, 2019). "How an MIT computer scientist saved Apollo 14". Astronomy. Kalmbach Media. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
  14. Cass, Stephen; Dabney, Christina (July 10, 2018). "Don Eyles: Space Hacker". IEEE Spectrum.
  15. von Braun, Wernher (July 1972). "Space Suits—from Pressurized Prison to Mini-Spacecraft". Popular Science: 121.
  16. Bellucci, J.J.; Nemchin, A.A.; Grange, M.; Robinson, K.L.; Collins, G.; Whitehouse, M.J.; Snape, J.F.; Norman, M.D.; Kring, D.A. (March 2019). "Terrestrial-like zircon in a clast from an Apollo 14 breccia". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 510: 173–185. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.01.010.
  17. Brzostowski and Brzostowski, pp 414–416
  18. Lawrence, Samuel (August 19, 2009). "Trail of Discovery at Fra Mauro". Featured Images. Tempe, Arizona: LROC News System. Archived from the original on April 10, 2014. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  19. "Apollo 14 Mission Lunar Sample Overview" (URL). Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  20. Bellucci, J.J.; Nemchin, A.A.; Grange, M.; Robinson, K.L.; Collins, G.; Whitehouse, M.J.; Snape, J.F.; Norman, M.D.; Kring, D.A. (2019). "Terrestrial-like zircon in a clast from an Apollo 14 breccia". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 510: 173–185. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.01.010.
  21. "A lunar rock sample found by Apollo 14 astronauts likely came from Earth" (URL). Astronomy. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  22. Williams, David R. (28 July 2009). "The 'Moon Trees'". Goddard Space Flight Center. NASA. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
  23. ^ Lattimer 1985, p. 81.
  24. "Apollo 14 Emblem". NASA. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
  25. Lotzmann, Ulrich; Jones, Eric M., eds. (2005). "Back-up-Crew Patch". Apollo 14 Lunar Surface Journal. NASA. Retrieved July 17, 2013. Image of backup crew patch.
  26. Jones, Eric M., ed. (1995). "Down the Ladder for EVA-1". Apollo 14 Lunar Surface Journal. NASA. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
  27. "Location of Apollo Command Modules". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
  28. ^ "Impact Sites of Apollo LM Ascent and SIVB Stages". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
  29. Neal-Jones, Nancy; Zubritsky, Elizabeth; Cole, Steve (September 6, 2011). Garner, Robert (ed.). "NASA Spacecraft Images Offer Sharper Views of Apollo Landing Sites". NASA. Goddard Release No. 11-058 (co-issued as NASA HQ Release No. 11-289). Retrieved July 17, 2013.

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