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The outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), which originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei, China, has led to increased prejudice, xenophobia and racism against those who are Chinese, including East Asian ethnicities, especially in the West.

On 30 January, the World Health Organization's Emergency Committee issued a statement advising all countries to be mindful of the "principles of Article 3 of the IHR," which the WHO says is a caution against "actions that promote stigma or discrimination," when conducting national response measures to the outbreak.

Incidents

Australia

On 26 January 2020, two of Australia's highest circulating newspapers published provocative headlines. Melbourne's Herald Sun's headline read, "Chinese virus pandamonium", a misspelling of "pandemonium" and alluding to China's native pandas, while Sydney's Daily Telegraph's headline read, "China kids stay home." One of the outcomes of these headlines was a petition of over 51,000 signatures demanding an apology.

At a Woolworths supermarket in Port Hedland, Western Australia, a person reported an incident whereby a staff member removed and refused entry to customers who appeared to be of Asian descent, claiming it was to prevent the spread of the novel coronavirus. A witness to the incident made a complaint that was upheld by Woolworths who confirmed that the staff member had been in the wrong, apologised for the incident and said they were conducting a full investigation into the incident.

Ravenswood School for Girls, a private school on Sydney's North Shore asked a South Korean student to leave her dormitory – even though she had not been to China since visiting Shanghai in October 2019 and was medically cleared when she arrived at the school.. Similarly, a Chinese-Malaysian student in Perth found herself evicted from her shared home upon returning to Australia after visiting her home country for Lunar New Year.

There has been a growing number of reports where members of the Chinese-Australian and Asian-Australian communities have been subjected to vitriol and racist slurs, with some amounting to physical attacks, including suggestions on social media to cull the Chinese race and "burn down" China to stop the epidemic.

Chinese restaurants and establishments in Sydney and Melbourne have seen a dramatic drop in business, with trade declining by over 70%.

Canada

Toronto website BlogTO noted stigma attached to Chinese food similar to what happened during the 2003 SARS outbreak. Racist comments were posted on its Instagram about a new Chinese restaurant, which some posters urged diners to avoid because "it may have bat pieces in there or whatever else they eat." Instagram users also commented on a photo of a Chinese restaurant in Toronto, making comments like "No eating bats please! That's how coronavirus started in China!" and "I ain't trine catch no virus."

A student at the Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy at the University of Toronto told CBC Radio his Asian Canadian friends have witnessed people moving away from them or holding their mouths. His mother, a nurse at a Toronto hospital, was asked by a man for a mask because there were "just so many Chinese people around here."

Peter Akman, a reporter who was with Canada's CTV News, tweeted an image of his Asian barber in mask and said, "Hopefully all I got today was a haircut." He was fired after the tweet was reported.

An online petition was set up, urging schools to ban Chinese students. A board that represents 208 schools in Toronto condemned the petition, saying that it is inciting racism and bias.

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau condemned racism against Chinese Canadians during a Lunar New Year festival in Toronto.

On 5 February 2020, the headline of the front page of The Province, a newspaper in British Columbia, read "2nd China Virus Case in B.C." Chinese consul general of China in Vancouver Tong Xiaoling demanded an apology from The Province, which she said "it is discriminatory and unprofessional". On February 8, Harold Munro, editor-in-chief of The Vancouver Sun and The Province, said referring to the novel coronavirus as the "China virus" was a way to geographically locate the origin of the virus, not to discriminate.

France

French newspaper Le Courrier Picard featured an Asian woman wearing a mask on its front page on 26 January 2020 with a headline "Yellow Alert". The paper also titled an editorial "A New Yellow Peril". The publication drew condemnation from French Asians who started the hashtag #JeNeSuisPasUnVirus (which translates to "I Am Not A Virus").

Many French-Vietnamese report also being subject to harassment. A French-Vietnamese student named Héloïse reported that the racist harassment toward her and East Asian people existed before and have just been more intensive since the coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan. She reported that people yelled at her "sushi", "nem", "manga" and "don't be close to that Vietnamese girl if you don't want to get sick!" as they go around her and run away.

South Korean residents have also reported increased animosity toward them.

Some Japanese nationals have reported an increase in anti-Japanese incidents, such as being mocked on the street and refused taxi service. A Japanese actress working for the French company Louis Vuitton received a number of coronavirus-related comments on the company's Instagram page, which the company later deleted.

Netherlands

Dutch news outlet NOS has reported that in many of its own Facebook and Instagram posts about the coronavirus, there has been many "racist, discriminating or anti-Chinese comments". Residents of Asian descent have reported to be called out for carrying the coronavirus during their commute, in the supermarket, or in school. Dutch YouTuber Hanwe of Chinese descent posted on Instagram that the virus "is no excuse for being racist", which received a mixture of "positive and negative" responses, the latter of which being comments like "You should all leave, or all die" or "It's your own fault for eating rats".

Dutch radio DJ Lex Gaarthuis presented a Carnaval song named Voorkomen is beter dan Chinezen (Prevention is better than eating Chinese food) on national radio channel Radio 10 under his alter ego Toon, which included the lyrics "We can't have the virus in our country, it is all caused by these stinking Chinese people" and "Don't eat Chinese food". After many complaints were issued against the radio channel and DJ Lex Gaarthuis primarily from the Chinese community in the Netherlands, both of them later made formal apologies (with Gaarthuis saying the song was meant to be satirical but had overshot its mark). A petition has been made in protest of racism against Chinese and other people of Asian descent named Wij zijn geen virussen (We are not viruses), which has been signed 12,000 times within a day.

A group of Chinese students living in a student campus from the University of Wageningen discovered that their floor had been vandalised. The damages includes a torn Chinese flag on one of the student's door, an elevator littered with feces and urine and walls with English-language scribbles such as "DIE CHINESE" and "CHINESE CORONA". The police are investigating this incident, but no suspects have been found so far.

On a KLM flight from Amsterdam to Seoul, flight attendants put up a sign in Korean that passengers were not allowed to use a restroom on the plane allegedly reserved for the flight crew, apparently out of fear of the coronavirus. A spokesman for the airline has since issued an apology, stating "we are deeply sorry that this was viewed as discrimination, which was absolutely not the intention of the crew” and that it is not company policy to reserve specific lavatories for flight crew.

Germany

The weekly magazine Der Spiegel has published a controversial cover which has been considered by some as blaming China for the outbreak and fueling xenophobia.

The Chinese Embassy in Berlin has acknowledged a rise in hostile cases against its citizens since the outbreak. On 1 February 2020, a 23-year old Chinese citizen in Berlin reportedly received racist insults and was subsequently beaten by two unknown assailants, in an incident classified by police as "xenophobic".

A Chinese student from Chengdu living in Berlin was given two weeks notice to leave her sublet apartment by her landlord, German actress Gabrielle Scharnitzky. The student reportedly informed Scharnitzky of her intentions to visit China in January; although the trip never took place, she was nevertheless evicted. Scharnitzky defended her actions, stating "I had to protect myself against a real possible danger of infection by a person returning from a virus-contaminated area, entering and leaving my home and thus endangering my health and the health of my visitors".

On 5 February 2020, a Chinese woman in Berlin, who hadn't visited China in 3 months, was reportedly turned away by her gynecologist, claiming that the coronavirus may infect the pregnant women in the clinic. In the same month, a Chinese student in Essen with a sore throat was denied an appointment by a general practitioner over coronavirus fears, despite not having been in China since September 2019. She was instead told to go the emergency room, where she was diagnosed with bronchitis.

Hong Kong

Tenno Ramen, a Japanese noodle restaurant in Hung Hom, refuses to serve mainland Chinese customers. The restaurant said on Facebook, "We want to live longer. We want to safeguard local customers. Please excuse us."

Indonesia

A demonstration was staged outside a hotel in Bukittinggi, rejecting the visit of tourists from Southern China who stayed there amid fear of coronavirus. The demonstrators demanded that the tourists be isolated in an airport, and showed distrust over screening tools in airports. It ended after police guaranteed that the tourists would stay in the hotel up to the following day, when the tourists depart from the city. In Ranai, Natuna Island, hundreds of residents protested against the quarantine of returning Indonesians from Wuhan at the island.

India

Indian Islamic cleric Ilyas Sharafuddin said in an audio address that the coronavirus outbreak was a "punishment of Allah on China for mistreating Uighur Muslims". Ilyas said that "they have threatened the Muslims and tried to destroy lives of 20 million Muslims. Muslims were forced to drink alcohol, their mosques were destroyed and their Holy Book was burned. They thought that no one can challenge them, but Allah the most powerful punished them." He added that "Romans, Persians, and Russians who were arrogant and stood against Islam," were all destroyed by Allah.

Italy

La Repubblica reported that the director of Rome's prestigious Santa Cecilia music conservatory, Roberto Giuliani, suspended the lessons of all "Oriental students (Korean, Chinese, Japanese, with Koreans the largest group affected)" due to the epidemic, though most of the students are second-generation immigrants.

According to the Washington Post, people especially from South Korea and China have experienced increased mockery and discrimination.

Posts around the Trevi Fountain had a sign that did not allow anyone from China to enter.

Japan

In Japan, the hashtag #ChineseDontComeToJapan has been trending on Twitter.

A server at a restaurant in Ito, a Japanese city on the Izu peninsula south of Tokyo, was recorded shouting at a tourist "China! Out!" A Chinese woman, who was the target of the outburst, immediately left the restaurant.

A confectionery shop in Hakone, Kanagawa Prefecture put up an sign saying "No Chinese allowed!" prompting Chinese netizens to boycott the store.

Malaysia

A petition in Malaysia calling for citizens from China to be banned from entering the country claimed that the "new virus is widely spread throughout the world because of unhygienic lifestyle". The petition was reportedly signed by almost 500,000 people within a week.

New Zealand

MP Raymond Huo noted that there were racial abuse incidents in the country's Chinese community. An online petition to prevent people from China from entering the country was signed by more than 18,000 people. In Canterbury, an email was sent to a Chinese-origin student's parent, which reportedly said, "our Kiwi kids don't want to be in the same class with your disgusting virus spreaders."

Philippines

Various Filipino-Chinese advocacy groups have warned that racism against the Chinese community has risen after the outbreak has started. The Federation of Filipino Chinese Chambers of Commerce and Industry, Inc and the Trade Union of Congress of the Philippines have condemned anti-Chinese propaganda with links to the virus. Adamson University, a prominent Catholic school in Manila, received online backlash for ordering all its Chinese students to quarantine themselves amid the new coronavirus outbreak.

President Rodrigo Duterte has made appeals to the public to stop discriminating against anyone who has Chinese ancestry.

Singapore

A Singaporean started an online petition urging the government of Singapore to temporarily ban Chinese nationals and travellers from China from entering the island country. The petition was signed by 125,000 Singaporeans.

The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has ordered an investigation against an Islamic teacher named Mr. Abdul Halim Abdul Karim, after saying on Facebook that the coronavirus outbreak was "a retribution by Allah against the Chinese for their oppressive treatment of Muslim Uighurs in Xinjiang." In a separate post, Karim claimed that Chinese people do not wash properly after defecating and were not as hygienic as Muslims, causing the virus to spread. Home Affairs and Law Minister K. Shanmugam slammed the comments as "silly", "xenophobic" and "thoroughly racist" and is "quite unacceptable from anyone, let alone someone who is supposed to be a religious teacher." The Islamic Religious Council of Singapore (MUIS) said it is aware of the post, which "expresses views that do not represent the Muslim community" and was investigating on the matter. In response, Mr. Abdul Halim said that his Facebook post written in Malay, was not intended to be racist and didn't target "any particular race".

South Korea

An entrance to a South Korean restaurant in downtown Seoul has a sign in red Chinese characters that reads "No Chinese Allowed".

More than half a million South Korean citizens have reportedly signed a petition lobbying the government to ban Chinese tourists from entering the country.

Thailand

A restaurant in Chiang Mai displayed a sign which read, "We apologize we are not accepting CHINESE customers. Thank you." after a customer left the restaurant upon noticing a group of Chinese people inside. The police demanded that the sign be taken down, but suggested that it could be rewritten in Chinese as "We ran out of food". A similar sign was also seen outside a restaurant in Ao Sane Beach in Phuket.

Graffiti artist Headache Stencil reportedly tweeted, "Hey Chink! Please go back to ur shit-eating country. Our government need ur money to keep their power but you all not welcome for us now. #notwelcometothailand #backtourchinklandpls".

United Kingdom

Chinese businesses in the United Kingdom, including the busy Chinese takeaway segment and businesses in Chinatown, London recorded significantly reduced customers in the aftermath of the coronavirus outbreak compared to usual elevated sales related to Chinese New Year celebrations, due to fears of coronavirus spreading through food or unhygienic working practices. A rise in racist abuse against people of Asian descent, directly related to the coronavirus outbreak, was recorded across the United Kingdom. In London, a student of the Royal Holloway University was verbally abused by train passengers at Clapham Junction station, while a similar incident was reported by passengers on the London Underground; in general, there was a widespread rise in anti-Chinese sentiment reported in all forms of public transport.

On 30 January 2020, a postgraduate student walking alone while wearing a face mask on West Street in Sheffield city centre, towards the University of Sheffield, was verbally abused and nudged by three people.

Tottenham Hotspur footballer Dele Alli posted a video on Snapchat where he wore a face mask and appeared to mock an Asian man seated near him in Dubai about the coronavirus outbreak. He later apologized and deleted the video.

United States

In an infographic on common reactions to the novel coronavirus epidemic posted by University Health Services at the University of California, Berkeley, the school advised that "Xenophobia: fears about interacting with those who might be from Asia and guilt about these feelings" is normal.

An eight-year-old boy of mixed heritage was spotted at a Costco in Issaquah, Washington, with a mask and told by a sample-stand worker to "get away because he may be from China." A Vietnamese American woman saw hundreds of comments on her TikTok video about eating phở such as "where is the bat in that soup dish"; "this is clearly Coronavirus Era".

A Thai-American woman on New York City subway was verbally abused at by a man screaming about coronavirus. In a separate incident in a New York City subway, another woman wearing a face mask was punched and kicked by a man who called her "diseased".

China Town in Houston, Texas faced a drop in customers after people falsely and maliciously spread rumors online of an outbreak of the coronavirus. Restaurants in China Town in Boston, Massachusetts have also lost customers due to fears of coronavirus. The same has been observed in New York City.

On 13 February 2020, Los Angeles authorities spoke out against a number of bullying incidents and assaults towards the Asian-American community, including a middle schooler being beaten and hospitalized. This includes a petition signed by over 14,000 people urging schools in the Alhambra area to close over coronavirus risks.

A 16-year-old boy in San Fernando Valley was physically attacked by bullies in his high school who accused him of having the coronavirus because he is Asian American. Robin Toma of the L.A. County Human Relations Commission stated: "Many may be quick to assume that just because someone is Asian or from China that somehow they are more likely to be carriers of the virus. We need to speak out against this when we see it. We need to speak up, not be bystanders, be upstanders."

Vietnam

Signs suggesting that Chinese customers are not accepted were in seen in front of a shop in Phu Quoc and a restaurant in Danang.

See also

• Cyber racism
• Sinophobia
• Anti-Korean sentiment
• Yellow Peril

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• 2019–20 Wuhan coronavirus outbreak
• 2020 in international relations
• Anti-Chinese sentiment
• Anti-East Asian sentiment
• Anti-East Asian sentiment in the United States
• Racially motivated violence against Asian-Americans
• Xenophobia