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The Misty Mountains are a fictional mountain range in J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy setting of Middle-earth. It was also called Hithaeglir ("mist-peak-line" in Sindarin), the Mountains of Mist, or the Towers of Mist. The range stretched continuously for some 900 miles (1440 kilometres) across the continent of Middle-earth.

The Misty Mountains first appeared in Tolkien's 1937 book, The Hobbit. They feature also in The Lord of the Rings.

Middle-earth narrative

Geography

The Misty Mountains stretched for some 900 miles: from Carn Dûm in the north to Dol Baran in the south, and were a formidable barrier between the large Middle-earth regions of Eriador to the West and Wilderland to the East. The northernmost section, the Mountains of Angmar, ran from Carn Dûm to Mount Gundabad. Mount Gundabad was where Durin awoke; it became an abode of Orcs. Mount Gram, another Orc nest, was not far away. Mount Gundabad was on the eastern side of the range, where it nearly joined the westernmost extremity of the Grey Mountains. The greatest Dwarf realm in Middle-earth, Khazad-dûm, lay at the midpoint of the Misty Mountains. The area's three massive peaks - the Mountains of Moria' - were Caradhras (Redhorn and its pass), Celebdil (Silvertine) and Fanuidhol (Cloudyhead) — in Khuzdûl (aka Dwarvish) respectively named Barazinbar, Zirakzigil and Bundushathûr. Under Celebdil was the main part of Khazad-dûm, with the Endless Stair from the foundations of the mountain to its summit. The southernmost peak of the Misty Mountains was Methedras (Endhorn); the last foothill was Dol Baran, looking across the Gap of Rohan to the White Mountains.

Passes

The Misty Mountains had few passes; the most important were the High Pass and the Redhorn Pass. The High Pass or Pass of Imladris lay near Rivendell. There were two routes in the High Pass; the lower pass was more prone to being blocked by Orcs; hence most travellers used the higher pass. The Redhorn Pass was near the subterranean realm of Moria, and was usually open year-round.

Rivers

Rivers originating in the Misty Mountains (north to south) included the Hoarwell, Bruinen, Sirannon, Glanduin, and Isen, flowing West; and flowing East into the great river, the Anduin (again north to south): Langwell, Rushdown, Gollum's stream, Gladden, Silverlode, Nimrodel, Limlight, and Entwash.

History

The Misty Mountains were raised by the Dark Lord Melkor in the First Age. He hoped to impede Oromë, one of the Valar who often rode across Middle-earth hunting. The Mountains were far taller in those days and had a more dreaded appearance.

Oromë established the High Pass to assist the Elves to cross the mountains on their Great Journey to the West. Even so, many Elves (the Nandor) gave up their migration on seeing the mountains, remaining in Wilderland. This was the Sundering of the Elves.

Dwarves established their subterranean realm of Khazad-dûm in the First Age, and began to use the High Pass, connececting to the Great East Road and their road through Mirkwood. The Dwarves abandoned Khazad-dûm after accidentally awakening the Balrog. The realm became known as Moria (the Black Pit); it was occupied by Orcs and other creatures.

Later the High Pass was used by the army of Gil-galad and Elendil when they marched east to Mordor in the War of the Last Alliance of Elves and Men. After this war Isildur was slain by Orcs watching the way back towards the pass.

Third Age

Hobbits migrated West across the Mountains in the Third Age, eventually establishing The Shire in Eriador.

The Witch-king established the realm of Angmar at Carn Dûm at the northern extreme of the mountains for several centuries. During this time the Orcs spread through the Misty Mountains, and the High Pass became dangerous. Only with the War of the Dwarves and Orcs did it become safe again for a while. By the time of The Hobbit the Orcs (goblins) had reoccupied the pass with their burrowings.

The Fellowship of the Ring tried to cross the Redhorn Pass (after rejecting the High Pass leading to Wilderland as being watched by the Enemy, and the Gap of Rohan as taking the Fellowship too close to Isengard), but a blizzard forced them to go through Moria instead. There they encountered the Balrog; both it and the Wizard Gandalf died in the ensuing combat.

Inhabitants

Eagles had eyries in the Mountains from the earliest times. It was also anciently the habitat of great bears, who were said to be the ancestors of Beorn. Stone-giants (also called mountain giants) were another race that inhabited the outside of the mountains. Sometimes, because of their size, a stone-giant could be mistaken for the side of the mountain itself; at times these creatures could reach heights of forty feet tall. These giants are described in the Hobbit in the chapter "Over Hill and Under Hill."

Various races made their homes underneath the Misty Mountains. The Dwarf realm of Moria flourished from the First Age well into the Third. In the early Second Age, escapees from the War of Wrath established subterranean lairs: Orcs (e.g. at Goblin-town, Gundabad) and (as far as is known) one Balrog (under Moria). The Balrog was destroyed by Gandalf the Grey.

From time to time the Orcs dominated the Misty Mountains. Their known leaders were Golfimbul, Azog, the Great Goblin and Bolg son of Azog.

Gollum was fascinated with the Misty Mountains as a youngster. When exiled from his original home, he followed a stream into the Mountains, and lived underneath them for over five centuries. His home there was an island in an underground lake near Goblin-town. With him resided the One Ring.

Sources and inspirations

The genesis of the Misty Mountains lay in the Poetic Edda, with which Tolkien was familiar. In particular, the protagonist in the Skírnismál notes that his quest will involve misty mountains, orcs, and giants. The Misty Mountains were partly inspired by Tolkien's travels in the Swiss Alps in 1911.

Namesakes and cultural references

The International Astronomical Union names all mountains on Saturn's moon Titan after mountains in Tolkien's work. In 2012, they named a Titanian mountain range "Misty Montes" after the Misty Mountains.

The title of the 1971 Led Zeppelin song "Misty Mountain Hop" was based on Tolkien's mountain range.

Works cited

• Evans, Jonathan (2006). "Misty Mountains". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment. Routledge. pp. 431–432. ISBN 0-415-96942-5.

References

1. Karen Wynn Fonstad, The Atlas of Middle-earth, HarperCollins, 1994 edition, Regional Maps, p. 79, ISBN 0 261 10277 X.
2. J. R. R. Tolkien (1977), ed. Christopher Tolkien, The Silmarillion, George Allen & Unwin, Index p.335, ISBN 0 04 823139 8.
3. J. R. R. Tolkien (1977), The Silmarillion, George Allen & Unwin, ch.3 p. 54; ISBN 0 04 823139 8.
4. Karen Wynn Fonstad, The Atlas of Middle-earth, HarperCollins, 1994 edition, Regional Maps, p. 79, ISBN 0 261 10277 X. In the Appendix (p.191) a different length is listed: 702 miles. The higher-scale map of Middle-earth which accompanies Unfinished Tales yields a length of about 850 miles.
5. Robert Foster (1978), The Complete Guide to Middle-earth, Unwin Paperbacks, p. 63, ISBN 0-04-803001-5.
6. Tolkien, J. R. R. (1980). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). Unfinished Tales. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 281. ISBN 978-0-395-29917-3.
7. Unfinished Tales, p. 271
8. The Annotated Hobbit, p. 105, "their main gate used to open on a different pass..."
9. J. R. R. Tolkien (1954), The Fellowship of the Ring, 2nd edition (1966), George Allen & Unwin, book 2 ch. III p. 302; ISBN 0 04 823045 6
10. J. R. R. Tolkien (1954), The Fellowship of the Ring, George Allen & Unwin, 2nd edition (1966), ch. 2 p.63, ISBN 0 04 823045 6.
11. J. R. R. Tolkien (1977), ed. Christopher Tolkien, The Silmarillion, George Allen & Unwin, ch. 3 p. 54, ISBN 0 04 823139 8.
12. J. R. R. Tolkien (1937), The Hobbit, George Allen & Unwin, 4th edition (1978), ch. VII p. 103, ISBN 0-04-823147-9.
13. Tom Shippey (2003), The Road to Middle-earth, Houghton Mifflin, ch. 3 p. 70-71, ISBN 0-618-25760-8.
14. Humphrey Carpenter (1981, editor), Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, George Allen & Unwin, letter 306 p.391-392, ISBN 0-04-826005-3.
15. International Astronomical Union. "Categories for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Accessed Nov 14, 2012.
16. International Astronomical Union. "Misty Montes". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Accessed Nov 14, 2012.
17. Robert Plant himself, in Vox, May 1993, page 18, referred to "The self-indulgence, the silly over-the-top Tolkien-esque stuff... John made it everlasting.".
18. Denis Collins (1993), 'Lord of the Lyrics', in Amon Hen (the bulletin of The Tolkien Society, U.K.), no. 122 p.24.

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Related works	The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil Errantry Fastitocalon The Sea-Bell The Road Goes Ever On Bilbo's Last Song The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien The History of Middle-earth The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien The Fall of Gondolin The Nature of Middle-earth
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• Middle-earth mountains