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| | pronounce = | | pronounce = | ||
| | field = ] | | field = ] | ||
| | symptoms = | | symptoms = Red spot over whites of the eye, little to no pain<ref name=AAO2019/> | ||
| | complications = | | complications = None<ref name=Stat2020/> | ||
| | onset = | | onset = | ||
| | duration = | | duration = Two to three weeks<ref name=Stat2020/> | ||
| | types = | | types = Traumatic, spontaneous<ref name=Stat2020/> | ||
| | causes = | | causes = Coughing, vomiting, direct injury<ref name=Stat2020/> | ||
| | risks = | | risks = ], ], older age<ref name=Stat2020/> | ||
| | diagnosis = | | diagnosis = | ||
| | differential = ], ], ], ]<ref name=Stat2020/> | |||
| | differential = | |||
| | prevention = | | prevention = | ||
| | treatment = | | treatment = | ||
| | medication = | | medication = | ||
| | prognosis = | | prognosis = Good, 10% risk of reoccurance<ref name=Stat2020/> | ||
| | frequency = | | frequency = | ||
| | deaths = | | deaths = | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| <!-- Definition and symptoms --> | |||
| ⚫ | '''Subconjunctival bleeding''', also known as '''subconjunctival hemorrhage''', is bleeding from a small blood vessel over the ].<ref name=AAO2019>{{cite web |title=What is a Subconjunctival Hemorrhage? |url=https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-subconjunctival-hemorrhage |website=American Academy of Ophthalmology |accessdate=17 October 2019 |language=en |date=3 July 2019}}</ref> It results in a red spot in the white of the eye.<ref name=AAO2019/> There is generally little to no pain.<ref name=Stat2020>{{cite journal |last1=Doshi |first1=R |last2=Noohani |first2=T |title=Subconjunctival Hemorrhage |date=January 2020 |pmid=31869130}}</ref><ref name=AAO2019/> | ||
| <!-- Cause and diagnosis --> | |||
| ⚫ | '''Subconjunctival bleeding''', also known as '''subconjunctival hemorrhage''', is bleeding from a small blood vessel |
||
| Causes can include coughing, vomiting, heavy lifting, and direct injury including that from wearing ].<ref name=Stat2020/> Risk factors include ], ], older age, ]s, and trauma including that from wearing ].<ref name=Stat2020/> They occur in about 2% of newborns following a ].<ref name=Stat2020/> The blood occurs between the ] and the ].<ref name=Stat2020/> Diagnosis is generally based on the appearance.<ref name=Stat2020/> | |||
| <!-- Treatment, prognosis, and epidemiology --> | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| Generally no specific treatment is required and the condition improves in two to three weeks.<ref name=Stat2020/> ] may be used to help with any irritation.<ref name=Stat2020/> Both sexes are affected equally.<ref name=Stat2020/> Spontaneous bleeding occurs more commonly over the age of 50 while the traumatic type occurs more often in young males.<ref name=Stat2020/> | |||
| Diagnosis is by visual inspection of the eye. The condition is not dangerous and resolves spontaneously within two weeks. No treatment is needed for resolution; artificial tears may be used for eye discomfort. | |||
| ==Signs and symptoms== | ==Signs and symptoms== | ||
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| *Mask squeeze from diving and not equalizing mask pressure during descent | *Mask squeeze from diving and not equalizing mask pressure during descent | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| *] (congenital or acquired) | *] (congenital or acquired) including ] | ||
| *Head injury | *Head injury | ||
| *] or other extreme sneezing or coughing<ref name=NIH /> | *] or other extreme sneezing or coughing<ref name=NIH /> | ||
| Line 54: | Line 56: | ||
| *Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (caused by ] 70 or ]) | *Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (caused by ] 70 or ]) | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | |||
| *Increased venous pressure (e.g., extreme ], straining, ], ], or ])<ref name=NIH /><ref name=Disease /> or from straining due to constipation | *Increased venous pressure (e.g., extreme ], straining, ], ], or ])<ref name=NIH /><ref name=Disease /> or from straining due to constipation | ||
| *] (results in ] subconjunctival bleeding) | *] (results in ] subconjunctival bleeding) | ||
| Subconjunctival bleeding in infants may be associated with ] (a vitamin C deficiency),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1151.html |title=Möller-Barlow disease |publisher=whonamedit.com |accessdate=23 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emedicine.com/radio/topic628.htm |author=Bruce M. Rothschild |title=Scurvy |date=December 17, 2008 |publisher=] |accessdate=23 November 2010}}</ref> ] or traumatic ] syndrome.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Isolated subconjunctival hemorrhages in nonaccidental trauma |author1=Spitzer S. G |author2=Luorno J. |author3=Noël L. P. |pmid = 15729281|doi=10.1016/j.jaapos.2004.10.003}}</ref> | Subconjunctival bleeding in infants may be associated with ] (a vitamin C deficiency),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1151.html |title=Möller-Barlow disease |publisher=whonamedit.com |accessdate=23 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emedicine.com/radio/topic628.htm |author=Bruce M. Rothschild |title=Scurvy |date=December 17, 2008 |publisher=] |accessdate=23 November 2010}}</ref> ] or traumatic ] syndrome.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Isolated subconjunctival hemorrhages in nonaccidental trauma |author1=Spitzer S. G |author2=Luorno J. |author3=Noël L. P. |pmid = 15729281|doi=10.1016/j.jaapos.2004.10.003}}</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | Eye surgery such as ], and atmospheric pressure changes such as those from diving deeply in water and aircraft altitude changes.<ref name=NIH>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002583/|work=PubMed Health on the ] website|title=Subconjunctival hemorrhage|date=May 1, 2011|accessdate=October 15, 2012}}</ref><ref name=Disease>{{cite web|url=http://disease.disease.com/Signs/Subconjunctival-Hemorrhage.html |work=Disease.com|title=Subconjunctival hemorrhage |date=n.d.|accessdate=October 15, 2012}}</ref> | ||
| ==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
Revision as of 05:23, 7 May 2020
Medical condition| Subconjunctival bleeding | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Subconjunctival hemorrhage, subconjunctival haemorrhage, hyposphagma |
 | |
| Subconjunctival hemorrhage resulting in red coloration of the white of the eye. | |
| Specialty | Ophthalmology |
| Symptoms | Red spot over whites of the eye, little to no pain |
| Complications | None |
| Duration | Two to three weeks |
| Types | Traumatic, spontaneous |
| Causes | Coughing, vomiting, direct injury |
| Risk factors | High blood pressure, diabetes, older age |
| Differential diagnosis | Open globe, retrobulbar hematoma, conjunctivitis, pterygium |
| Prognosis | Good, 10% risk of reoccurance |
Subconjunctival bleeding, also known as subconjunctival hemorrhage, is bleeding from a small blood vessel over the whites if the eye. It results in a red spot in the white of the eye. There is generally little to no pain.
Causes can include coughing, vomiting, heavy lifting, and direct injury including that from wearing contact lenses. Risk factors include high blood pressure, diabetes, older age, blood thinners, and trauma including that from wearing contact lenses. They occur in about 2% of newborns following a vaginal delivery. The blood occurs between the conjunctiva and the episclera. Diagnosis is generally based on the appearance.
Generally no specific treatment is required and the condition improves in two to three weeks. Artificial tears may be used to help with any irritation. Both sexes are affected equally. Spontaneous bleeding occurs more commonly over the age of 50 while the traumatic type occurs more often in young males.
Signs and symptoms
A subconjunctival bleeding usually does not result in pain, although occasionally the affected eye may feel dry, rough, or scratchy.
A subconjunctival bleeding initially appears bright-red underneath the transparent conjunctiva. Later, the bleeding may spread and become green or yellow as the hemoglobin is metabolized. It usually disappears within 2 weeks.
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After one week
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Same as prior after four weeks
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As viewed through a slit lamp
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After 48 hours
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Causes
- It may result from being choked
- Certain infections of the outside of the eye (conjunctivitis) where a virus or a bacteria weaken the walls of small blood vessels under the conjunctiva
- Mask squeeze from diving and not equalizing mask pressure during descent
- Eye trauma
- Coagulation disorder (congenital or acquired) including Ebola
- Head injury
- Whooping cough or other extreme sneezing or coughing
- Severe hypertension
- LASIK
- Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (caused by Enterovirus 70 or Coxsackie A virus)
- Leptospirosis
- Increased venous pressure (e.g., extreme g-force, straining, vomiting, choking, or coughing) or from straining due to constipation
- Zygoma fracture (results in lateral subconjunctival bleeding)
Subconjunctival bleeding in infants may be associated with scurvy (a vitamin C deficiency), abuse or traumatic asphyxia syndrome.
Eye surgery such as LASIK, and atmospheric pressure changes such as those from diving deeply in water and aircraft altitude changes.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is by visual inspection, by noting the typical finding of bright red discoloration confined to the white portion (sclera) of the eye.
Management
A subconjunctival bleeding is typically a self-limiting condition that requires no treatment unless there is evidence of an eye infection or there has been significant eye trauma. The elective use of aspirin and NSAIDs is typically discouraged. Artificial tears may be applied four to six times a day if the eye feels dry or scratchy.
References
- ^ "What is a Subconjunctival Hemorrhage?". American Academy of Ophthalmology. 3 July 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
- ^ Doshi, R; Noohani, T (January 2020). "Subconjunctival Hemorrhage". PMID 31869130.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Robert H. Grahamn (February 2009). "Subconjunctival Hemorrhage". emedicine.com. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- ^ "Subconjunctival hemorrhage". PubMed Health on the National Institutes of Health website. May 1, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
- ^ "Subconjunctival hemorrhage". Disease.com. n.d. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
- "Möller-Barlow disease". whonamedit.com. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- Bruce M. Rothschild (December 17, 2008). "Scurvy". eMedicine.com. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- Spitzer S. G; Luorno J.; Noël L. P. "Isolated subconjunctival hemorrhages in nonaccidental trauma". doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2004.10.003. PMID 15729281.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Robert H. Grahamn (February 2009). "Subconjunctival Hemorrhage". emedicine.com. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
External links
| Classification | D |
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| External resources |
| Ischaemia and infarction | |
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| Ischemia |
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| Infarction | |