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Revision as of 21:22, 8 May 2020 view sourceRhode Island Red (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users14,311 edits The Nature article was from Sept 2011 so cannot support claim about Dec 2011; accordingly moved and the Science journal cites were added← Previous edit Revision as of 21:37, 8 May 2020 view source Rhode Island Red (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users14,311 edits →XMRV and CFS: A couple of detailed secondary sources (Science) addedNext edit →
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In 2009, Mikovits and co-workers reported in the journal ''Science'' that they had detected XMRV ] in CFS patients and control subjects.<ref name=Nature032011/><ref name=pmid19815723>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lombardi VC, Ruscetti FW, Das Gupta J, etal |title=Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome |journal=Science |volume=326 |issue=5952 |pages=585–89 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19815723 |pmc=3073172 |doi=10.1126/science.1179052 |bibcode=2009Sci...326..585L}} {{Retracted|intentional=yes}}</ref> Negative results were published soon after, disputing Mikovits's findings.<ref name=Nature032011>{{Cite journal |last = Callaway |first=Ewen |title=Virology: Fighting for a cause |journal=Nature |volume=471 |issue=7338 |pages=282–85 |date=14 March 2011 |doi=10.1038/471282a |pmid=21412308 |bibcode=2011Natur.471..282C |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Science100115>{{cite journal |author=Sam Kean |title=An Indefatigable Debate Over Chronic Fatigue Syndrome |journal=Science |volume=327 |issue=5963 |pages=254–55 |date=15 Jan 2010 |pmid=20075217 |doi=10.1126/science.327.5963.254 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..254K }}</ref> Silverman, who was a co-author of the original XMRV-CFS article, told the ] that he was "concerned about lab contamination, despite our best efforts to avoid it."<ref name=Tsouderos032011>{{Cite news |last=Tsouderos |first=Trine |authorlink= Trine Tsouderos |title=Research casts doubt on theory of cause of chronic fatigue |newspaper= ] |date= 2011-03-17 |accessdate= 2020-05-07 |url= http://www.chicagotribune.com/health/ct-met-chronic-fatigue-xmrv-20110317,0,6116823.story?page=1}}</ref> In 2009, Mikovits and co-workers reported in the journal ''Science'' that they had detected XMRV ] in CFS patients and control subjects.<ref name=Nature032011/><ref name=pmid19815723>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lombardi VC, Ruscetti FW, Das Gupta J, etal |title=Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome |journal=Science |volume=326 |issue=5952 |pages=585–89 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19815723 |pmc=3073172 |doi=10.1126/science.1179052 |bibcode=2009Sci...326..585L}} {{Retracted|intentional=yes}}</ref> Negative results were published soon after, disputing Mikovits's findings.<ref name=Nature032011>{{Cite journal |last = Callaway |first=Ewen |title=Virology: Fighting for a cause |journal=Nature |volume=471 |issue=7338 |pages=282–85 |date=14 March 2011 |doi=10.1038/471282a |pmid=21412308 |bibcode=2011Natur.471..282C |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Science100115>{{cite journal |author=Sam Kean |title=An Indefatigable Debate Over Chronic Fatigue Syndrome |journal=Science |volume=327 |issue=5963 |pages=254–55 |date=15 Jan 2010 |pmid=20075217 |doi=10.1126/science.327.5963.254 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..254K }}</ref> Silverman, who was a co-author of the original XMRV-CFS article, told the ] that he was "concerned about lab contamination, despite our best efforts to avoid it."<ref name=Tsouderos032011>{{Cite news |last=Tsouderos |first=Trine |authorlink= Trine Tsouderos |title=Research casts doubt on theory of cause of chronic fatigue |newspaper= ] |date= 2011-03-17 |accessdate= 2020-05-07 |url= http://www.chicagotribune.com/health/ct-met-chronic-fatigue-xmrv-20110317,0,6116823.story?page=1}}</ref>


Two of the original authors of this paper subsequently reanalyzed the samples used in the research and found that the samples were contaminated with XMRV plasmid DNA, leading them to publish a partial retraction of their original results.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Silverman | first1 = R. H. | last2 = Das Gupta | first2 = J. | last3 = Lombardi | first3 = V. C. | last4 = Ruscetti | first4 = F. W. | last5 = Pfost | first5 = M. A. | last6 = Hagen | first6 = K. S. | last7 = Peterson | first7 = D. L. | last8 = Ruscetti | first8 = S. K. | last9 = Bagni | first9 = R. K. | last10 = Petrow-Sadowski | first10 = C. | last11 = Gold | first11 = B. | last12 = Dean | first12 = M. | last13 = Mikovits | first13 = J. A. | title = Partial Retraction |url= https://science.sciencemag.org/content/334/6053/176.1 |journal = ] | volume = 334 | issue = 6053 | pages = 176 | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1126/science.1212182 | pmid=21940859| bibcode = 2011Sci...334..176S }}</ref> In December 2011, after a request by first author Robert Silverman, the editors of ''Science'' retracted the paper in its entirety.<ref name=Science122211>{{Cite journal|title=In a Rare Move, ''Science'' Without Authors' Consent Retracts Paper That Tied Mouse Virus to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome |date=22 December 2011 |last=Cohen |first=Jon |url= http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2011/12/updated-rare-move-science-without-authors-consent-retracts-paper-tied-mouse-virus |journal= ] |accessdate=22 December 2011}}</ref><ref name=Science122311>{{Cite journal|last=Alberts|first=Bruce|authorlink=Bruce Alberts|date=2011-12-23|title=Retraction|url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/334/6063/1636.1|journal=]|volume=334|issue=6063|pages=1636|doi=10.1126/science.334.6063.1636-a|issn=0036-8075|pmid=22194552|bibcode=2011Sci...334.1636A}}</ref> Two of the original authors of this paper subsequently reanalyzed the samples used in the research and found that the samples were contaminated with XMRV plasmid DNA, leading them to publish a partial retraction of their original results.<ref name="Science092311">{{cite journal |author1=Cohen J |author2=Enserink M |title=False Positive |journal=] |date=September 23, 2011 |volume=333 |issue=6050 |pages=1694-1701 |doi=10.1126/science.333.6050.1694 |url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/333/6050/1694.full |accessdate=May 8, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Sceince100411">{{cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=Jon |title=Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Researcher Fired Amidst New Controversy |journal=] |date=October 4, 2011 |url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2011/10/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-researcher-fired-amidst-new-controversy?fbclid=IwAR0sS2kbt32X4ZZkA5E_mc8ebvIsZO3L-0VK5NkOp624eufLE01xVOMQf0g |accessdate=May 8, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Silverman | first1 = R. H. | last2 = Das Gupta | first2 = J. | last3 = Lombardi | first3 = V. C. | last4 = Ruscetti | first4 = F. W. | last5 = Pfost | first5 = M. A. | last6 = Hagen | first6 = K. S. | last7 = Peterson | first7 = D. L. | last8 = Ruscetti | first8 = S. K. | last9 = Bagni | first9 = R. K. | last10 = Petrow-Sadowski | first10 = C. | last11 = Gold | first11 = B. | last12 = Dean | first12 = M. | last13 = Mikovits | first13 = J. A. | title = Partial Retraction |url= https://science.sciencemag.org/content/334/6053/176.1 |journal = ] | volume = 334 | issue = 6053 | pages = 176 | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1126/science.1212182 | pmid=21940859| bibcode = 2011Sci...334..176S }}</ref> In December 2011, after a request by first author Robert Silverman, the editors of ''Science'' retracted the paper in its entirety.<ref name=Science122211>{{Cite journal|title=In a Rare Move, ''Science'' Without Authors' Consent Retracts Paper That Tied Mouse Virus to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome |date=22 December 2011 |last=Cohen |first=Jon |url= http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2011/12/updated-rare-move-science-without-authors-consent-retracts-paper-tied-mouse-virus |journal= ] |accessdate=22 December 2011}}</ref><ref name=Science122311>{{Cite journal|last=Alberts|first=Bruce|authorlink=Bruce Alberts|date=2011-12-23|title=Retraction|url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/334/6063/1636.1|journal=]|volume=334|issue=6063|pages=1636|doi=10.1126/science.334.6063.1636-a|issn=0036-8075|pmid=22194552|bibcode=2011Sci...334.1636A}}</ref>


Lo and Alter, in their 2010 paper titled "Detection of MLV-related virus gene sequences in blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy blood donors", stated "Although we find evidence of a broader group of MLV-related viruses, rather than just XMRV, in patients with CFS and healthy blood donors, our results clearly support the central argument by Lombardi et al. that MLV-related viruses are associated with CFS and are present in some blood donors." This paper was also later retracted by the authors.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lo | first1 = S. -C. | last2 = Pripuzova | first2 = N. | last3 = Li | first3 = B. | last4 = Komaroff | first4 = A. L. | last5 = Hung | first5 = G. -C. | last6 = Wang | first6 = R. | last7 = Alter | first7 = H. J. | title = Detection of MLV-related virus gene sequences in blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy blood donors | journal = ] | volume = 107 | issue = 36 | pages = 15874–79 | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1006901107 | pmid=20798047 | pmc=2936598| bibcode = 2010PNAS..10715874L }} {{Retracted|intentional=yes}}</ref> Lo and Alter, in their 2010 paper titled "Detection of MLV-related virus gene sequences in blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy blood donors", stated "Although we find evidence of a broader group of MLV-related viruses, rather than just XMRV, in patients with CFS and healthy blood donors, our results clearly support the central argument by Lombardi et al. that MLV-related viruses are associated with CFS and are present in some blood donors." This paper was also later retracted by the authors.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lo | first1 = S. -C. | last2 = Pripuzova | first2 = N. | last3 = Li | first3 = B. | last4 = Komaroff | first4 = A. L. | last5 = Hung | first5 = G. -C. | last6 = Wang | first6 = R. | last7 = Alter | first7 = H. J. | title = Detection of MLV-related virus gene sequences in blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy blood donors | journal = ] | volume = 107 | issue = 36 | pages = 15874–79 | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1006901107 | pmid=20798047 | pmc=2936598| bibcode = 2010PNAS..10715874L }} {{Retracted|intentional=yes}}</ref>

Revision as of 21:37, 8 May 2020

American anti-vaccination activist
Judy Mikovits
BornJudy Anne Mikovits
1957 or 1958 (age 66–67)
NationalityAmerican
Alma materUniversity of Virginia
Occupation(s)Former virologist,
author of conspiracy literature
Known forAnti-vaccine activism,
promotion of conspiracy theories

Judy Anne Mikovits (c. 1958) is an American anti-vaccination activist, conspiracy theorist and ex-research scientist. She has made discredited claims about vaccines, coronavirus, and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). As research director of CFS research organization Whittemore Peterson Institute (WPI) from 2006 to 2011, Mikovits led a research effort that reported in 2009 that a retrovirus known as xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) was associated with CFS and may have had a causal role. However, the research came under fire, leading to an eventual retraction on December 22, 2011, by the journal Science. In November 2011, she was arrested and held on charges that she stole from WPI, but she was released after 5 days and the charges were later dropped.

In 2020, Mikovits drew attention online for promoting conspiracy theories about the COVID-19 pandemic, via the conspiracist YouTube video Plandemic, that are either false or not based on scientific evidence.

Education and early career

In 1980, Mikovits was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry with a specialization in biology at the University of Virginia. After graduation, she went to the National Cancer Institute in Frederick, Maryland, where she developed purification methods for interferon alpha. In 1986–1987, she began working at Upjohn Pharmaceuticals in Kalamazoo, Michigan, working to develop production methods to ensure biological materials manufactured using human blood products that were free of contamination from HIV-1. In 1992 she completed a joint PhD program in biochemistry and molecular biology at George Washington University. Her PhD thesis was titled "Negative Regulation of HIV Expression in Monocytes."

Mikovits worked for Francis "Frank" Ruscetti at the National Cancer Institute in Maryland during the 1980s, and remained in his lab as a postdoctoral researcher. Her work with Ruscetti included studies of several retroviruses and their interactions with the immune system.

XMRV and CFS

Harvey Whittemore and his wife Annette were frustrated by lack of answers for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients, including their daughter. In an effort to solve the CFS problem, they created the Whittemore Peterson Institute in 2005; Mikovits became the research director in 2006. Attempts to find a viral cause of CFS were unsuccessful.

In 2007, Mikovits met a co-discoverer of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV), Robert Silverman, at a conference. Silverman had found XMRV sequences, which are highly similar to mouse genomic sequences, in prostate cancer specimens several years earlier. Using tools obtained from Silverman, Mikovits began to look for XMRV in her CFS samples. In late 2008, a graduate student, who subsequently was hired as her technician, obtained two positive results from a group of twenty samples. He and Mikovits successively altered the experimental conditions until all samples gave a positive signal.

In 2009, Mikovits and co-workers reported in the journal Science that they had detected XMRV DNA in CFS patients and control subjects. Negative results were published soon after, disputing Mikovits's findings. Silverman, who was a co-author of the original XMRV-CFS article, told the Chicago Tribune that he was "concerned about lab contamination, despite our best efforts to avoid it."

Two of the original authors of this paper subsequently reanalyzed the samples used in the research and found that the samples were contaminated with XMRV plasmid DNA, leading them to publish a partial retraction of their original results. In December 2011, after a request by first author Robert Silverman, the editors of Science retracted the paper in its entirety.

Lo and Alter, in their 2010 paper titled "Detection of MLV-related virus gene sequences in blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy blood donors", stated "Although we find evidence of a broader group of MLV-related viruses, rather than just XMRV, in patients with CFS and healthy blood donors, our results clearly support the central argument by Lombardi et al. that MLV-related viruses are associated with CFS and are present in some blood donors." This paper was also later retracted by the authors.

In either September or October 2011, Mikovits was terminated by the WPI due to disputes over the control of lab samples and the integrity of her work; she subsequently came under investigation for alleged manipulation of data in her publications related to XMRV. On November 18, 2011, she was arrested in her Ventura County, California, home and jailed for five days based on WPI's allegations that she stole lab notebooks, a computer, and other material. She was held temporarily pursuant to that case, and her lawyer said the charges had no merit. By November 28, after negotiations with the WPI, some lab notes were returned. Later, the criminal charges brought against Mikovits by Washoe County, Nevada, were dismissed by the District Attorney and Assistant District Attorney in Reno, Nevada. The Washington Post later reported that the Whittemore family's legal troubles prevented the Washoe County from pursuing the case. Harvey Whittemore was sent to prison in 2014 for violating campaign finance laws relating to U.S. Senator Harry Reid’s re-election bid in 2007. Prior to his release the family was sued by Bank of the West as a result of a transfer of their Lake Tahoe beachfront home to their children.

Mikovits and collaborators went on to participate, alongside two other research groups, in a larger 2012 study with 147 CFS patients and 146 controls. The study concluded that there was no evidence of XMRV or MLV infection in either group, a result that Mikovits said was "the definitive answer" on the issue.

Anti-vaccination activism and conspiracy theories

Mikovits has become a champion for believers in medical conspiracy theories, basing claims linking the XMRV to autism and cancer on other retracted papers, and claiming she had been jailed by the influence of the deep state and Big Pharma. This final claim refers to her arrest in 2011 for allegedly stealing materials from WPI.

Mikovits has spoken at a number of anti-vaccination events. She has claimed that retroviruses have contaminated 30% of vaccines.

Mikovits has garnered criticism from scientists for stating that XMRV is a communicable infection which is "clearly circulating through the population, as is our fear and your fear". Virologist Vincent Racaniello said that Mikovits's assertion "is just inciting fear." Mikovits showed slides at a conference linking XMRV to Parkinson's disease, autism, and multiple sclerosis. However, there is no published evidence that XMRV is associated with these diseases.

Coronavirus conspiracy theories

See also: Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic § Conspiracy theories

Mikovits gained attention on social media for promoting her ideas about the COVID-19 pandemic. She does not believe that a vaccine is needed to prevent COVID-19, and claims that the coronavirus was "caused by a bad strain of flu vaccine that was circulating between 2013 and 2015". She also claimed masks will “activate” the virus and reinfect a mask-wearer over and over. One such circulating video gained notoriety in May 2020. Titled Plandemic Part 1, this film is a half-hour long documentary-styled interview of Mikovits's views on a variety of subjects. YouTube removed this video from its website a number of times, citing its Community Guidelines. It was later removed by Vimeo and Facebook for similar reasons. David Gorski reviewed the video for his blog and remarked that "the amount of nonsense, misinformation, disinformation, and conspiracy mongering in Mikovits’ response to questions is truly epic." The video was fact-checked by the website Maldita.es, which rated the claims she made as either false or not based on evidence. The Republic World website also fact-checked her claim that the global health system uses vaccines as weapons to make profits, judging that the claim was false. Politifact described the video as "a deep dive into conspiracy theories about COVID-19, public health and the pharmaceutical industry."

Published books

References

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