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Brumby

Brumbies near the Sandover Highway in the Northern Territory, 2006
Other names	Brumbies
Country of origin	Australia
Equus ferus caballus

A Brumby is a free-roaming wild bush horse that was introduced to Australia. Although found in many areas around the country, the best-known of the Native Horse bread Brumbies are found in the Australian Alps region including Mount Kosciuszko the highest Mountain in mainland Australia. Today, most of the Brumby are found in the Northern Territory, with the second largest population in Queensland. A group of Brumbies is known as a "mob" or "band". and are noted to have highly organised social structures.

Some Brumbies are the descendants of what is affectionately known by Australians as the "War Horse", due to their War efforts during World War 1 and the Second Boer War. It is said that the Brumbies are from lost, set free or escaped horses, dating back in some cases to those belonging to the early European settlers, including the "Capers" from South Africa, Timor Ponies from Indonesia, British pony and draught horse breeds, and a significant number of Thoroughbreds and Arabians.

Today they live in many places, including some National Parks. These national parks include; Alpine National Park in Victoria, Barrington Tops National Park in NSW, and Carnarvon National Park in Queensland. Occasionally they are mustered and domesticated for use as campdrafters, working stock horses on farms or stations, but also as trail horses, show horses, Pony Club mounts and pleasure horses. They are the subject of some controversy – regarded as a pest and threat to native ecosystems by environmentalists and the government, but also valued by others as part of Australia's heritage due to their War, Policing, farming and transport efforts, with supporters working to prevent inhumane treatment and extermination, lobbying for their inclusion into National Heritage, and the organising of rehoming Brumbies who have been captured and trapped.

There are no known predators of wild horses in Australia, although it is possible that dingoes or wild dogs occasionally take foals. On average, 20% of the wild bush horse population dies each year, mainly from drought, poisonous plants, parasites and bush fires. Few wild horses reach 20 years of age, and Mares only foal once every nine months but up to eleven to twelve months including the postpartum period after birth, normally consecutive births are not prevalent due to the gestation conditions tending not to be favourable.

The maximum possible rate that wild horse numbers can increase is 20–25% per year.

History

Origin of the term

The term Brumby refers to a wild bush horse in Australia. The first recorded use in print in 1871 has the connotation of an inferior or worthless animal, and culling of wild horses as a pest soon became known as Brumby shooting. The Australasian magazine from Melbourne in 1880 said that Brumbies were the bush name in Queensland for 'wild' horses. In 1885, the Once a Month magazine suggested that rumbies was a New South Wales term, and the poet Banjo Paterson stated in the introduction for his poem Brumby's Run published in the Bulletin in 1894 that Brumby is the Aboriginal word for a wild horse. Its derivation is obscure, and may have come about from one or more of the following possibilities:

1. Horses left behind by Sergeant James Brumby from his property at Mulgrave Place in New South Wales, when he left for Tasmania in 1804.
2. An Aboriginal word baroomby meaning "wild" in the language of the Pitjara Indigenous Australians on the Warrego and Nogoa Rivers in southern Queensland. The term is supposed to have spread from that district in about 1864.
3. A letter in 1896 to the Sydney Morning Herald says that baroombie is the word for horse among the Aboriginal people of the Balonne, Nebine, Warrego and Bulloo Rivers.
4. Baramba, which was the name of a creek and station in the Queensland district of Burnett, established in the 1840s and later abandoned, leaving many of the horses to escape into the wild.
5. It has also been suggested that the name derives from the Irish word bromach or bromaigh.

Earlier nineteenth century terms for wild horses in rural Australia included clear-skins and scrubbers.

Early horse imports

Horses first arrived in Australia in 1788 with the First Fleet. They were imported for farm and utility work; recreational riding and racing were not major activities. By 1800, only about 200 horses are thought to have reached Australia. Horse racing became popular around 1810, resulting in an influx of Thoroughbred imports, mostly from England. Roughly 3,500 horses were living in Australia by 1820, and this number had grown to 160,000 by 1850, largely due to natural increase. The long journey by sea from England, Europe, and Asia meant that only the strongest horses survived the trip, making for a particularly healthy and strong Australian stock, which aided in their ability to flourish.

Origin of wild bush horse Herds

Horses were likely confined primarily to the Sydney region until the early 19th century, when settlers first crossed the Blue Mountains and opened expansion inland. Horses were required for travel, and for cattle and sheep droving as the pastoral industry grew. The first report of an escaped horse is in 1804, and by the 1840s some horses had escaped from settled regions of Australia. It is likely that some escaped because fences were not properly installed, when fences existed at all, but it is believed that most Australian horses were released into the wild and left to fend for themselves. This may have been the result of pastoralists abandoning their settlements, and thus their horses, due to the arid conditions and unfamiliar land that combined to make farming in Australia especially difficult.

The wild bush horse was used for military service during the Second Boer War and in World War 1 achieving fame as the "Australian War Horse" and its own breed called the Waler. The demand for horses by defence forces declined due to the end of the war as the domestic need for the wild horses increased, they were used in agriculture, policing and went on to build the beginnings of the industrial revolution on their backs. With the growth in mechanization, led to a surplus in the numbers of wanted animals and as a consequence, were often set free. Throughout the 20th century, the replacement of horses with machines in farming led to further reductions in demand, and may have also contributed to increases in wild populations.

Currently, Australia has at least 400,000 horses roaming the continent. It is also estimated that, during non-drought periods, the wild horse population increases at a rate of 20 percent per year. Drought conditions and brushfires are natural threats. Despite population numbers, feral horses are generally considered to be a moderate pest. Where they are allowed to damage vegetation and cause erosion, the impact on the environment is significant, and for that reason can be considered a serious environmental threat. However, because they also have cultural and potential economic value, the management of Brumbies presents a complex issue.

Brumbies roaming in the Australian Alps of south-eastern Australia are thought to be descendants of horses which were owned by the pastoralist and pioneer, Benjamin Boyd. wild horses in Barmah National Park mainly originate from stock released by a local horse breeder after 1952, there was no significant long term population of "wild" horses in the park area prior to this date.

Pangaré Brumbies

On the coast south of Geraldton, Western Australia the Brumbies there are known as ‘Pangare Ponies’, as they appear to carry the rare Pangaré gene. This colouring is commonly known as mealy and is seen mainly in a number of old breeds such as British Ponies, Timor Ponies, Haflingers and even Belgian Draught Horses. The gene causes lightening in parts of a horse's coat, resulting in a mealy coloured muzzle, forearms, flanks, and the belly. It is sometimes seen in chestnut horses with flaxen coloured manes and tails.

The Pangaré Brumbies appear to have adapted well to their coastal environment, where they are consuming saltbush, which they do not appear to be damaging. The Department of Environment and Conservation and the Outback Heritage Horse Association of Western Australia (OHHAWA) are monitoring these particular Brumbies to ensure the careful management of these unusual feral horses.

Uses

Brumbies have been captured, fitted with GPS tracking collars, and used in extensive comparative research into the effect of terrain on the morphology and health of different horses’ hooves. They have their paths of movement, diet, watering patterns, and mob structure tracked and recorded.

Captured Brumbies can be trained as stock horses and other saddle horses. Encouraging viewing of wild herds may also have potential as a tourist attraction. Brumbies are sometimes sold into the European and Australian horse meat market after their capture, and contribute millions of dollars to the Australian economy. Approximately 30% of horses for meat export originates from the wild horse population. The hides and hair of these horses are also used and sold.

"Wild Brumbies" are used in Brumby training camps by organisations that promote positive interaction between troubled, high-risk youths. These camps usually last several weeks, allowing youths to train a wild Brumby to become a quiet, willing saddle horse while improving the youths’ self-esteem.

Wild Brumbies are also used in the Brumby catch and handle event in stockman's challenge competitions, where riders are required to catch a free running Brumby from their horse within a time limit of a few minutes. Sectional points are awarded for the stockman's challenge for care and skill in catching the Brumby and their ability to teach them to lead. These demanding challenges for riders are held in New South Wales at Dalgety, Tamworth and Murrurundi plus The Man From Snowy River Challenge in Corryong, Victoria. Several New South Wales show societies, including Walcha, Bellingen and Dorrigo, hold special classes for registered Brumbies at their annual agricultural shows.

Environmental influences

Originally Brumbies were only credited for helping keep tracks and trails clear for bush walkers and service vehicles in some areas. but with the evolving nature of international science some of our best minds are now pointing to their many advantages or additives to their habitat and the ecosystem.

In open spaces free roaming bush horses may have been proven to increase soil consistency therefor reducing the likely hood of erosion, due to the unique equine digestive system, also providing nourishment and sustenance to small native plants, insects and animals. In the winter months there hooves make small indentations in the soil allowing water to gather like small pools providing water for small members of the ecosystem that are proximal to hydrate in the Summer months, without these helping hooves would most certainly perish.

Horses were first described as pests in Australia in the 1860s. and up untill recently due to a world wide interest in the environment and eco systems has not been changed or challenged.

In confined habitats wild horses creat habitual tracks or in paddocks compact the soil, this affects the permeability of the soil, this may impair the soils ability to absorb water, this again may lead to erosion and in these confined spaces for example paddocks or on habitual horse trakes, soil is compacted, air spaces are minimized, leaving nowhere for water to collect. When this occurs, soil in areas where horses are prevalent has a water penetration resistance over 15 times higher than that in areas without horses. .

Trampling and foraging that was originally just attributed to the wild bush horses, but increased evidence suggests the invasive wild bush pig and the wild dear may be more the culprit as they have been identified around the world. Soil erosion, vegetation rejuvenation is hindered because of many factors, but the number one culprit is rising temperatures due to climate change, this has become the major concern for many and has been a major influence in the Scientific community starting to view the wild bush horse as a major ally in the fight against bush fires due to rising temperatures. As there's dung not only hydrates the earth but also their choice of substance in the form of dry graces and fauna reduces the forest of flammable fuel.

With rising temperatures, pollution and high human and non human activity at waterways streams and bog habitats, their damage to waterways, streams and bog habitats increasing the likelihood of damage will be inevitable, due to this traffic streams increases runoff, reducing the quality of the water and causing harm to the ecosystem of the waterway. Animal and Human excrement including dead animal carcasses tends to foul these waterways, adding to the negative environmental impact of this exotic species in Australia.

Alpine areas, such as those of Kosciuszko National Park, are at particular risk; low-growing alpine flora is highly vulnerable to trampling, and the short summers mean little time for plants to grow and recover from damage. The biodiversity there is high, with 853 species of plant, 21 of which are found nowhere else. Erosion in the limestone karst areas leads to runoff and silting. Sphagnum moss is an important component of highland bogs, and will be significantly impacted by wild life seeking water.

Originally wild horses were thought to reduce the richness of plant species. due to exposure of soil caused by trampling and vegetation removal via grazing, combined with increased nutrients being recycled by horse dung, favour weed species, which then invade the region and overtake native species, diminishing their diversity. but this has been found to be a direct contradiction to the trampling argument and with the evidence mounting to the wild bush pig is no longer a argument that should hold any weight. The dispersal of natives and weeds is aided by the attachment of seeds to the manes, fur and tails of wild animals including, pigs, dear, wombats and horses ect. and are also transferred by dung after consumption of seeds in one location and excrement in another helping to increase the entire proliferation of the natural ecosystem Although the effects of seeds that actually germinate after transfer via dung is debated, the fact that a large number of seeds from native species are dispersed via this method is of concern to both for and against the Brumbies and have the interests of the survival of the species in Australia.

The effect on plants and plant habitats are more pronounced during droughts, when horses travel greater distances to find food and water. They consume the already threatened and limited vegetation, and their negative influences are more widespread. Feral horses may also chew the bark of trees, which may leave some trees vulnerable to external threats.This has occurred during drought, among eucalyptus species on the Red Range plateau. It appears as though feral horses may prefer these species.

Interaction with other animal species

The changes in vegetation that result when wild animals overpopulate a region affects bird species by removing plants upon which they feed, as well as altering the habitat of the birds and their prey. wild horse grazing was also linked to a decline in reptiles and amphibians due to habitat loss. but recent evidence suggests that the wild pig is more of a culperat than the horse. Evidence grazing and high use of wild animals near waterways influences aquatic fauna. In areas frequented crab densities are higher, increasing the propensity for predation on fish. As a result, fish densities decline as the removal of vegetation renders them more susceptible to predation.

In areas where horses are abundant, macropod populations are less prevalent. This is most likely due to the horses’ consumption of vegetation upon which the macropods normally feed. When horses are removed, signs of the presence of various macropods, specifically the black-footed rock wallaby, increase. Thus, competition with horses may be the reason for the decline in macropod populations in certain areas.

Brumby populations also may have the potential to pass exotic diseases, such as equine influenza and African horse sickness to domestic horses. They also may carry tick fever, which can be passed to both horses and cattle. This can lead to high fatalities among domestic populations, causing many farmers to call for the management of feral horses.

Like all livestock, Brumbies can carry the parasite Cryptosporidium parvum, which can result in serious gastroenteritis in people drinking contaminated drinking water.

Population management

Although poor management of feral horses may pose an ecological and environmental threat in some parts of Australia, their management is made difficult by issues of feasibility and public concern. Currently, management attempts vary, as feral horses are considered pests in some states, such as South Australia, but not others, including Queensland. There is also controversy over removal of Brumbies from National Parks. The primary argument in favour of the removal of Brumbies is that they impact on fragile ecosystems and damage and destroy endangered native flora and fauna.

Public concern is a major issue in control efforts as many advocate for the protection of Brumbies, including the Aboriginal people, who believe feral horses belong to the country. Other horse interest groups resent the labelling of horses as “feral” and are completely opposed to any measures that threaten their survival. While some Animal welfare groups such as the RSPCA reluctantly accept culling, other organizations such as Save the Brumbies oppose lethal culling techniques and attempt to organise relocation of the animals instead. It has been argued that relocation, which often involves hours of helicopter mustering, would be more traumatic for the horses.

Meanwhile, conservationist groups, such as the Australian Conservation Foundation, favour humane culling as a means of control because of the damage Brumby overpopulation can cause to native flora and fauna, but are also generally opposed to various means of extermination. This makes management a challenge for policymakers, though at present, the cost of allowing overpopulation of feral horses seems to outweigh other concerns.

Population control methods

The traditional method of removal, called Brumby running, is reminiscent of Banjo Paterson's iconic poem, The Man from Snowy River where expert riders rope the Brumbies and remove them to a new location.

Options for population control include fertility control, ground and helicopter shooting, and mustering and trapping. None of the methods provide complete freedom from suffering for the horses, and the cost of each is very high. The costs include those that are economic, such as research, equipment purchases, and labour expenditures, as well as moral concerns over the welfare of the horses. As a result, more effective and efficient means of control have been called for.

Fertility control is a non-lethal method of population management that is usually viewed as the most humane treatment, and its use is supported by the RSPCA. While it appears as though these treatments are effective in the breeding season immediately following injection, the lasting effects are debated. Because it is costly and difficult to treat animals repeatedly, this method, despite being ideal, is not widely implemented.

Shooting by trained marksmen is considered to be the most practical method of control due to its effectiveness. The NSW Department of Primary Industries believe shooting is the preferred method of population control as it does not subject the horses to the stresses of mustering, yarding, and long-distance transportation, all of which are related to 'capture and removal' methods. Horses that are only initially wounded from shooting are tracked and dispatched if they are in accessible, open country. Brumbie advocacy groups do not consider mountain shooting to be humane. Helicopter shootings allow for aerial reconnaissance of a large area to target the densest populations, and shooters may get close enough to the target animals to ensure termination. This method is considered the most effective and cost efficient means of control, but disapproval is high amongst those that believe it is inhumane. Organizations supporting Brumbies argue that aerial shooting is unnecessary and that alternative population control methods have not been given adequate trials, while government officials express concern about the need to control rapidly growing populations in order to avoid ecological problems associated with too many feral horses in certain areas.

Mustering is a labour-intensive process that results in one of two major outcomes: slaughter for sale, or relocation. It may be assisted by feed-luring in which bales of hay are strategically placed to attract feral horses to a location where capture is feasible. Complicating this process is low demand for the captured horses, making it less desirable than fertility control or shooting, which reduce the population without having to find alternative locations for them.

Management in national parks

Between 22 October and 24 October 2000, approximately 600 Brumbies were shot in the Guy Fawkes River National Park by the National Parks and Wildlife Service. As a result of the public outcry that followed the NSW Government established a steering committee to investigate alternative methods of control. Since the campaign began to remove horses from the national park, over 400 have been passively trapped and taken from the Park, and 200 of these have been re-homed.

A particular breed of brumby, the Coffin Bay pony was completely removed from the Coffin Bay National Park and relocated to a neighbouring parcel of land by 2004. This was a result of a public outcry to a previously proprosed plan by South Australia's Department of Environment and Natural Resources to cull all animals in the park.

A NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service cull during 2006 and 2007 in Kosciuszko National Park, where there were an estimated 1700 horses in 2005, resulted in a reduction of 64 horses.

The NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service commenced a plan in 2007 to reduce Brumby numbers by passive trapping in the Oxley Wild Rivers National Park. Over 60 Brumbies captured in the Apsley River Gorge have now been re-homed.

In 2008 the third phase of an aerial culling of Brumbies took place, by shooting 700 horses from a helicopter, in Carnarvon Gorge in Carnarvon National Park, Queensland.

In popular culture

Brumbies, called "wild bush horses", are mentioned in Banjo Paterson's poem The Man from Snowy River. This poem was expanded into the films The Man from Snowy River and The Man from Snowy River II (US title: "Return to Snowy River" – UK title: "The Untamed") – also The Man from Snowy River (TV series) and The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular.

Another Banjo Paterson poem, called Brumby's Run, describes a mob of Brumbies running wild. Paterson was inspired to write the poem when he read of a N.S.W. Supreme Court Judge, who on hearing of Brumby horses, asked: "Who is Brumby, and where is his Run?"

The popular Silver Brumby books by Elyne Mitchell were written for children and young adults. The stories describe the adventures of Thowra, a Brumby stallion. These stories were dramatised and made into a movie of the same name (also known as The Silver Stallion: King of the Wild Brumbies), starring Russell Crowe and Caroline Goodall. And also an animated children's television series.

The Brumby was adopted as an emblem in 1996 by then newly formed ACT Brumbies, a rugby union team based in Canberra, Australia competing in what was then known as Super 12, now Super Rugby.

Subaru sold a small coupe utility in Australia under the model name Brumby. It was known in other markets by various other names, including Shifter, 284, and BRAT.

See also

• Waler
• War horse
• Kaimanawa horse
• Mustang
• Invasive species in Australia

References

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Cited text

• Kosciuszko National Park Horse Management Plan (PDF). NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment and Climate Change, NSW Government. December 2008. ISBN 978-1-74122-831-1. Retrieved 11 January 2010.

External links

• Australian Brumby Alliance
• Brumby Watch
• Heritage Horse
• National Parks Wild Horse Control
• Okstate: Australian Brumby
• Save The Brumbies Inc

• Use dmy dates from May 2011
• Horse breeds
• Fauna naturalised in Australia
• Invasive animal species in Australia
• Feral horses
• Horse breeds originating in Australia
• Introduced mammals of Australia