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{{Short description|Project to run the Mac OS X on non-Apple computers}} {{multiple issues| {{more citations needed |date=February 2012}} {{tone |date=February 2015}} {{update |date=May 2016}} {{cleanup |date=January 2018|reason=History section is too long and contains extraneous information}} {{howto|section|date=September 2015}} }} ] A '''Hackintosh''' (a ] of "]" and "]") is a computer that runs an ] ] ("macOS" or "OS X") on ] not authorized for the purpose by Apple.<ref name = bmr>{{cite web | url = http://benchmarkreviews.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=623&Itemid=38 | title = Turning PC into Apple Macintosh: Hackintosh | access-date = 2010-10-10 | author = David Ramsey | publisher = BenchmarkReviews.com | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110707223546/http://benchmarkreviews.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=623&Itemid=38 | archive-date = 2011-07-07 | url-status = dead}}</ref> ''"Hackintoshing"'' began as a result of ], away from ]. Since 2005, Mac computers use the same ] ] as many other desktop ], ]s, ]s and ], meaning that in principle, the ] making up macOS/OS X systems and software can be run on alternative platforms with minimal compatibility issues.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.macbreaker.com/2012/01/is-your-computer-hackintosh-compatible.html |title=Can I install OS X on my PC? Read this first |access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref> Benefits cited for "Hackintoshing" can include cost (older, cheaper or commodity hardware), ease of repair and piecemeal upgrade, and freedom to use customized choices of components that are not available (or not available together) in the branded Apple products. macOS can also be run on several non-Apple ]s, although such systems are not usually described as Hackintoshes. Hackintosh laptops are sometimes referred to as ''"Hackbooks"''.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.hackintosh.computer/?p=7 |title=What is Hackintosh - For Beginners and Noobs |date=21 April 2014 |accessdate=2015-01-06 }}</ref> In recent years, Hackintosh has started to become widely spread on AMD Processors, hence the term ']'. The popularity is due to the introduction of the powerful ] ] and ] CPU's. Apple's ] for macOS only permits the software's use on computers that are "Apple-branded."<ref name="EULA">{{cite web | url=https://images.apple.com/legal/sla/docs/macosx106.pdf | title=Apple Inc. Software License Agreement for Mac OS X | accessdate=2010-09-02 | author=Apple Inc. | publisher=Apple Inc. }}</ref> However, because modern Macintosh computers use ], there are few limitations keeping the software from running on other types of Intel-based PCs.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/05/hackintoshes-keep-giving-apples-frustrated-pros-a-place-to-go/ |title=Modern "Hackintoshes" show that Apple should probably just build a Mac tower |work=Ars Technica |access-date=2018-06-01 |language=en-us}}</ref> Notably, companies such as ] have attempted to release products using macOS on non-Apple machines,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/idg/IDG_002570F3005978D8002574870067E25A.html?ref=technology |title=Apple Sues Mac Clone Maker Psystar - NYTimes.com |website=archive.nytimes.com |access-date=2018-06-01}}</ref> though many Hackintosh systems are designed solely by macOS enthusiasts of various ].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cio.com/article/3193869/hardware/why-hasn-t-apple-killed-the-hackintosh.html |title=Why hasn't Apple killed the Hackintosh? |last=Lynch |first=Jim |work=CIO |access-date=2018-06-01 |language=en}}</ref> While the methods Apple uses to prevent macOS from being installed on non-Apple hardware are protected from commercial circumvention in the ] by the ] (DMCA),<ref name="pcworld1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/182218/Apple_Wins_Court_Victory_Over_Mac_Clone_Maker_Psystar.html?tk=rss_news |title=Apple Wins Court Victory Over Mac Clone Maker Psystar |accessdate=November 15, 2009 |publisher=] |date=2009-11-15 |author=Keizer, Greg}}</ref> specific changes to the law regarding the concept of ]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/07/feds-ok-iphone-jailbreaking/ |title=U.S. Declares iPhone Jailbreaking Legal, Over Apple's Objections |work=WIRED |access-date=2018-06-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> have placed circumvention methods like these into a ]. <!-- Will expand on later -->== History == === OS X Tiger (10.4) === On June 6, 2005, Apple announced its plans to transition to ] ] processors at their ] and made available a ] to selected developers at a cost of $999 ({{inflation|US|999|2005|r=-1|fmt=eq}}).<ref>{{cite web |author=Apple Computer, Inc. |url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/jun/06intel.html |title=Apple to Use Intel Microprocessors Beginning in 2006 |website=Apple.com |date=2005-06-06 |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref> Efforts immediately began to attempt to run Mac OS X on non-Apple hardware, but developers quickly found themselves with an error message saying that the PC hardware configurations were not supported.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://appleinsider.com/article/?id=1146 |title = Inside Apple's Intel-based Dev Transition Kit |date = June 23, 2005 |access-date = January 12, 2016 |website = AppleInsider |last = Marsal |first = Katie}}</ref> On January 10, 2006, Apple released {{nowrap|Mac OS X}} 10.4.4 with the first generation of Intel-based Macs, the iMac and the MacBook Pro. These machines used ] (EFI) platform firmware instead of the older style ] found on most x86 motherboards at the time. On February 14, 2006, an initial "]" of {{nowrap|Mac OS X}} v10.4.4 was released on the Internet by a programmer with the pseudonym ''crg92''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.osx86project.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=116&Itemid=2 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222232307/http://www.osx86project.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=116&Itemid=2 | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 22, 2006 | title=OSx86 10.4.4 Security Broken. (Guess Who Done It?) | accessdate=2006-05-28 | date=February 14, 2006 | author=Jonathan Black | publisher=OSx86 Project}}</ref> Within hours Apple released the 10.4.5 update,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.apple.com/support/downloads/macosxupdate1045.html | title=Mac OS X Update 10.4.5 | accessdate=2006-05-28 | date=February 14, 2006 | author=Apple Computer | publisher=Apple Computer}}</ref> which was then hacked by the same author within two weeks.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.osx86project.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=128 | title=Apple Releases 10.4.5 | accessdate=2006-05-28 | date=February 23, 2006 | author=sHARD>> | publisher=OSx86 Project}}{{dead link |date=September 2016 |bot=medic}}{{cbignore |bot=medic}}</ref> On April 3, 2006 Apple released their 10.4.6 update<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.apple.com/support/downloads/macosx1046forintel.html | title=Mac OS X 10.4.6 for Intel | accessdate=2006-05-28 | date = April 3, 2006 | author=Apple Computer | publisher=Apple Computer}}</ref> and again ] were released within two weeks that allowed users to install most of this update on non-Apple computers, although this did not include the updated kernel in 10.4.6. In June 2006, an updated Machbook Proh was released for the 10.4.7 {{nowrap|Mac OS X}} update for non-Apple computers using the 10.4.4 kernel. Up to the release of the 10.4.8 update, all OSx86 patches used the 10.4.4 kernel with the rest of the operating system at version 10.4.8. However, the newer frameworks relied on the newer kernels and this led to users of 10.4.8 encountering many problems. Apple also started making more use of ] instructions on their hardware making it even more difficult for users with CPUs supporting only SSE2 (such as older ]s) to get a fully compatible system running. To solve this problem, hackers from the community released kernels where those instructions were emulated with ] equivalents, although this produced a performance penalty. Throughout the years, many "]s" were released for download over the Internet. These distros were copies of the Mac OS X installer disc modified to include additional components necessary to make the OS run on the non-Apple hardware. A prominent member of the community, JaS, released many distros of Mac OS X Tiger containing patched kernels. Some other popular distros are iATKOS, Kalyway, iPC and iDeneb. Distros have fallen out of favour as the OSx86 community grew, as new bootloaders were developed that made it possible to use actual copies of the OS X Installer. === OS X Leopard (10.5) === {{Unreferenced section |date=January 2018}} ] laptop computer.]] As early as {{nowrap|Mac OS X}} v10.5 build 9A466 the community has maintained a version of Leopard that can run on non-Apple hardware. A hacker by the handle of BrazilMac created one of the earliest patching processes that made it convenient for users to install {{nowrap|Mac OS X}} onto 3rd party hardware by using a legally obtained, retail version of Apple {{nowrap|Mac OS X}}. This simplification made the BrazilMac patch and its later revisions quickly the most popular choice for many distros. Five of the most popular builds go by the name JaS, Kalyway, iATKOS, iPC and iDeneb - although more recently these builds are on the way out as the Boot-132 method (described below) gains popularity. However, all of these compilations rely on the work of kernel hackers made by Lorem (build 9A466), SynthetiX (builds 9A499, 9A527 and 9A559), ToH (builds 9A581, 9B13 and 9B18) and more recently a group calling themselves StageXNU (now called Voodoo) (Darwin 9.4.0). Their contributions trickled down into the various Mac OSx86 installers, readily available on the Internet. They continue to be refined and updated builds released, not just to maintain compatibility with Apple releases but an ever-increasing number of third-party components. The OSx86 community has been quick to make the necessary modifications to enable Apple's latest releases to run on non-Apple hardware. Within hours of Leopard's release, an AMD/Intel SSE2/3 Kernel Patcher was created that removed the ] requirement from an original untouched mach_kernel file, a core component of the Mac OS. === OS X Snow Leopard (10.6) === When "Snow Leopard" was released, Russian hacker netkas created a version of Chameleon that can boot Mac OS X v10.6. The main problem was that many people were forced to modify DSDT or use kexts due to some specific issues. As soon as possible modbin and dmitrik released test versions of kernel that allow to boot Snow Leopard on AMD machines. Stable XNU kernels for v10.6 were released by Qoopz and Pcj. There are some popular builds based on Retail by the name Universal (Intel only), Hazard, and iAtkos. Since v10.6.2 Nawcom, Qoopz, and Andy Vandijck have been working on Legacy kernel for unsupported CPUs. === OS X Lion (10.7) === When Apple released the Developer Preview 1, a Russian Hackintosh developer usr-sse2 was the first who created a method to install Lion. The method consists of deploying Mac OS X v10.7 image on a flash drive, and booting from it via XPC UEFI Bootloader (See ] below). After some changes were made to the Chameleon source code, it became possible to boot Lion with an updated version of Chameleon. After a while Dmitrik also known as Bronzovka had luck with creating a kernel that supported AMD systems; after a few months (10.7.3 V2 With AMD Support) and iAtkos L2 (10.7.2 Only Intel) were released. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hackintoshzone.com/files/28-nireshs-mac-os-x-1073-v2-with-amd-support/ |title=Niresh's Mac OS X 10.7.3 V2 With AMD Support Version V2 |date=4 December 2013 |accessdate=2011-04-24 }}{{Dead link |date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> === OS X Mountain Lion (10.8) === Shortly after the release of Developer Preview 1, some unknown developers managed to install this version of OS X to their PC by using a modified version of the Chameleon Bootloader. This version was released via the main project starting at version r1997<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chameleon.osx86.hu/ |title=Chameleon r1997 Mountain Lion}}</ref> to the general public. Due to the problems sourced during the Lion era,{{clarify |date=September 2012}} other ways of installing and required patches were never made public, which leaves the scene in an unknown state towards Mountain Lion.{{citation needed |date=September 2012}} Since the retail release of Mountain Lion several users have reported successful setups using installers purchased from the ], along with updated versions of Chameleon and other tools including distros. Niresh's Distro (10.8 Intel only) was first released and then was updated to 10.8.2 (With AMD and Intel) and 10.8.5 (With UEFI Support, AMD and Intel Support) versions; iAtkos ML2 was released after Niresh's Release.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tonymacx86.com/61-unibeast-install-os-x-mountain-lion-any-supported-intel-based-pc.html |title=UniBeast: Install OS X Mountain Lion on Any Supported Intel-based PC |date=14 August 2012 |accessdate=2013-03-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.macbreaker.com/2012/07/install-mountain-lion-unibeast.html |title=How to install OS X Mountain Lion on your PC with Unibeast |date=25 July 2012 |accessdate=2013-03-20 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hackintoshzone.com/files/file/76-niresh-mountain-lion-1085-dvd-iso-image-with-amd-intel/ |title=Niresh Mountain Lion 10.8.5 DvD ISO Image - With AMD & Intel |date=9 December 2013 |accessdate=2020-03-07 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.macbreaker.com/2013/04/install-mountain-lion-hackintosh-niresh.html |title=How to install OS X Mountain Lion on your PC with Niresh |date=15 April 2012 |accessdate=2013-04-20 }}</ref> === OS X Mavericks (10.9) === Multiple new kernels for Hackintosh 10.9 are in the works, although there still are minor issues with most of them. Most of these kernels aim to allow users to run Mavericks on AMD and older Intel CPUs, which lack certain instruction sets of the latest Intel CPUs. Significant efforts have been made to emulate instruction sets like ], which are not present on AMD K10-based CPUs, and older Intel CPUs, like the Intel Core Duo. AMD's latest CPUs, from the ']' architecture onwards, contain almost all the latest instruction sets, and hence, some kernels with full ] support have also been released. After two months, Niresh's Distro was released for Mavericks, which supports AMD CPUs and latest Intel CPUs. It also has a custom kernel that allows Intel Atom processors to boot into Mavericks. Niresh's was the only free distro that was released for Mavericks, since the iAtkos Team decided to release their Mavericks distro for specific hardware on donation basis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hackintoshosx.com/files/file/3736-amd-10910911092-kernel-update-iii-with-full-sse4-support/ |title=AMD 10.9/10.9.1/10.9.2 kernel UPDATE III with full sse4 support |website=osx86.net}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hackintoshzone.com/files/75-hackintosh-mavericks/ |title=Hackintosh Mavericks - Hackintosh ISO (Hackintosh Distro) - HackintoshZone |website=HackintoshZone}}{{Dead link |date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> === OS X Yosemite (10.10) === After the initial release of OS X Yosemite 10.10 BETA, various developers took on the role of updating their bootloaders for the system. Members of OSx86 forum Insanelymac set to update the EFI Bootloader Chameleon for this new OS release. Some time later, Niresh (an independent OSx86 developer) released a standalone tool known as Yosemite Zone, which would automatically install the new OS and other various features on a non-Apple device with minimal input. This method consisted of ] an OS X 10.10 DMG onto a USB flash drive with MacPwn Vanilla Installation. Unibeast was updated to support Yosemite,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tonymacx86.com/threads/unibeast-install-os-x-yosemite-on-any-supported-intel-based-pc.143976/ |title=UniBeast: Install OS X Yosemite on Any Supported Intel-based PC}}</ref> and a distribution of Yosemite Zone was released with AMD processor support. A vanilla installation of Yosemite is possible via Insanelymac's Pandora Box Beta 2.0 and UniBeast. This type installation uses as few kexts (drivers) as possible in addition to using an unaltered version of the OS X installation app, and is preferred over distributions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hackintosh.computer/42/yosemite-zone-guide/ |title=Hackintosh Yosemite with Intel & AMD Installation Instructions and Guide |date=9 November 2014 |accessdate=2014-11-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hackintoshzone.com/files/810-hackintosh-yosemite/ |title=Hackintosh OS X Yosemite Zone 10.10.1 |date=9 November 2014 |accessdate=2014-11-21 }}{{Dead link |date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tonymacx86.com/threads/unibeast-install-os-x-yosemite-on-any-supported-intel-based-pc.143976/ |title=UniBeast: Install OS X Yosemite on Any Supported Intel-based PC |date=17 October 2014 |accessdate=2016-11-07 }}</ref> === OS X El Capitan (10.11) === Both Clover and Chameleon were updated to be compatible with ]. Unibeast<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tonymacx86.com/threads/unibeast-install-os-x-el-capitan-on-any-supported-intel-based-pc.172672/ |title=UniBeast: Install OS X El Capitan on Any Supported Intel-based PC}}</ref> and MacPwn<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hackintoshzone.com/files/890-macpwn-el-capitan/ |title=MacPwn EL Capitan - MacPwn - HackintoshZone |website=HackintoshZone}}{{Dead link |date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> were updated to support El Capitan as well, since El Capitan, Unibeast (and Multibeast) use the Clover bootloader instead of Chimera (a Chameleon-based bootloader). === macOS Sierra (10.12) === Clover and Chameleon were updated to be compatible with ]. UniBeast,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tonymacx86.com/threads/unibeast-install-macos-sierra-on-any-supported-intel-based-pc.200564/ |title=UniBeast: Install macOS Sierra on Any Supported Intel-based PC}}</ref> Pandora Box and MacPwn<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hackintosh.computer/384/hackintosh-sierra-macpwn-guide/ |title=Hackintosh macOS Sierra with MacPwn |last=Computer |first=Hackintosh |date=2016-08-20 |access-date=2016-11-17 |language=en-US |newspaper=Hackintosh Computer}}</ref> were updated to support it<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tonymacx86.com/threads/unibeast-7-0-1-update.203029/ |title=UniBeast 7.0.1 Update |date=26 September 2016 |accessdate=2016-11-07 }}</ref> and a distribution of Sierra Zone<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hackintosh.computer/868/hackintosh-sierra-zone-aka-niresh-sierra-guide/ |title=How to Install Niresh Sierra on PC (Hackintosh Sierra Zone Guide) |date=23 March 2017 |accessdate=2017-03-23 }}</ref> (10.12.3) was released with AMD processor support. === macOS High Sierra (10.13) === Clover, MacPwn<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hackintosh.computer/1121/install-macos-high-sierra-on-pc/ |title=Install macOS High Sierra on Any Supported PC with MacPwn – Vanilla Guide |last=Computer |first=Hackintosh |date=2017-06-09 |access-date=2017-06-09 |language=en-US |newspaper=Hackintosh Computer}}</ref> , OpenCore<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://github.com/acidanthera/OpenCorePkg |title=OpenCore Github |website=Github}}</ref>and UniBeast<ref>{{cite web |url=https://9to5mac.com/2017/10/24/unibeast-hackintosh-tool-updated-high-sierra/ |title=UniBeast Hackintosh tool updated for macOS High Sierra |date=24 October 2017 |accessdate=2017-10-24 }}</ref> were updated to support it. A distro of High Sierra Zone by Hackintosh Zone<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hackintosh.computer/1428/hackintosh-high-sierra-pc-install-guide/ |title=Install macOS High Sierra on PC |date=17 December 2017 |accessdate=2017-12-17 }}</ref> (10.13) was released with AMD Processor support including Ryzen CPUs. === macOS Mojave (10.14) === Clover was updated to support Mojave with revision 4514.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.insanelymac.com/forum/topic/304530-clover-change-explanations/ |title=Clover Change Explanations |website=InsanelyMac Forum |language=en-US |access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> UniBeast also received Mojave support for ]-based machines.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://osxdaily.com/2018/11/25/run-hackintosh-macos-mojave-unibeast-intel-pc/ |title=Run MacOS Mojave on Hackintosh Intel PCs with Unibeast |date=2018-11-25 |website=OS X Daily |language=en |access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> A distro of Hackintosh Mojave by Hackintosh Zone<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hackintosh.computer/2050/hackintosh-mojave-guide/ |title=Install macOS Mojave on PC |date=2019-09-03 |access-date=2019-09-03 }}</ref> (10.14) was released. Apple has also discontinued support for NVIDIA Web Drivers from the first release of macOS Mojave, to current. === macOS Catalina (10.15) === Clover r4945 was the first version of Clover to support macOS Catalina, beginning with the first developer beta of macOS Catalina 10.15.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.insanelymac.com/forum/topic/339035-pre-release-macos-catalina/ |title=InsanelyMac thread about macOS Catalina beta on Hackintosh |website=InsanelyMac}}</ref> UniBeast was updated for macOS Catalina support, but there has not yet been a MultiBeast release for Catalina.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tonymacx86.com/threads/unibeast-install-macos-catalina-on-any-supported-intel-based-pc.285366/ |title=Install macOS Catalina on any supported intel based PC |website=TonyMacx86}}</ref> For the first public stable release of macOS 10.15, AMD patches were also released, allowing the booting of macOS Catalina on AMD CPU systems.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://amd-osx.com/2019/10/10/macos-catalina-is-on-amd/ |title=macOS Catalina is on AMD |date=10 October 2019 |website=AMD OS X}}</ref> A new bootloader began to emerge during this time, called OpenCore. OpenCore is a successor to Clover, and a necessity for AMD users beyond macOS 10.15.2.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://vanilla.amd-osx.com/ |title=AMD OS X Vanilla Guide |website=AMD OS X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://khronokernel-2.gitbook.io/opencore-vanilla-desktop-guide/ |title=Vanilla OpenCore Desktop Guide |website=Github Books}}</ref>{{expand section |date=November 2019}}. === macOS Big Sur (11.0) === Although macOS Big Sur will still work on Intel processors, Apple had announced that they will be shortly moving to ARM64-based processors, and will eventually stop supporting the Intel64 architecture.<ref>https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/06/apple-announces-mac-transition-to-apple-silicon/</ref> == Legal issues and Apple’s objections == {{AppleIntel}} Apple does not authorize the use of Mac OS X on any x86 PC other than those which it has manufactured. After announcing its switch to Intel's chips, the company used technical means (although not the ], or TPM, as has been widely misreported<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.osxbook.com/book/bonus/chapter7/tpmdrmmyth/ |title="TPM DRM" In Mac OS X: A Myth That Won't Die |first=Amit |last=Singh |website=www.osxbook.com}}</ref>), to tie Mac OS to the systems it distributed to developers.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016095831/http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9590_22-146879.html |date=2009-10-16}}</ref> The macOS ] forbids installations of macOS on a "non-Apple-branded computer".<ref name="EULA" /> On 3 July 2008, Apple filed a lawsuit against ]<ref>{{cite web |last=Fried |first=Ina |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-9991572-56.html |title=Apple sues clone maker Psystar |website=News.cnet.com |date=2008-07-15 |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref> for violating this restriction, among other claims.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://espinosaiplaw.com/wordpress/?p=41 |title=Apple Goes After Clone Maker Psystar |website=Espinosaiplaw.com |date=2008-07-15 |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref> Apple claimed Psystar "violated the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) by dodging copy-protection technologies Apple uses to protect {{nowrap|Mac OS X}}." Apple employs technological protection measures that effectively control access to Apple's copyrighted works. Specifically, Apple charged Psystar with acquiring or creating code that "avoids, bypasses, removes, descrambles, decrypts, deactivates or impairs a technological protection measure without Apple's authority for the purpose of gaining unauthorized access to Apple's copyrighted works."<ref>{{cite web |last=Keizer |first=Gregg |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9121798/Apple_adds_DMCA_charge_to_lawsuit_against_Psystar |title=Apple adds DMCA charge to lawsuit against Psystar: It accuses clone maker of breaking Mac OS copy-protection scheme |website=computerworld.com |date=November 30, 2008 |accessdate=2009-10-07}}</ref> The legal brief revealed that Apple considers the methods that it uses to prevent macOS from being installed on non-Apple hardware to be protected by the ] (DMCA). On 13 November 2009, the court granted Apple's motion for summary judgment and found Apple's copyrights were violated as well as the DMCA when Psystar installed Apple's operating system on non-Apple computers. A hearing on remedies was set for 14 December.<ref name="pcworld1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://brainstormtech.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2009/11/14/apple-wins-clone-suit/ |title=Apple wins clone suit |access-date=November 15, 2009 |publisher=] |date=2009-11-14 |author=Elmer-DeWitt, Philip |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330233518/http://brainstormtech.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2009/11/14/apple-wins-clone-suit/ |archive-date=March 30, 2010 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> On 14 January 2009, the Gadget Lab site of ''Wired Magazine'' posted a video tutorial for installing {{nowrap|Mac OS X}} on an MSI Wind netbook, but removed it following a complaint from Apple.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://i.gizmodo.com/5131264/the-netbook-hackintosh-video-apple-is-suing-wired-for |title=The Netbook Hackintosh Video Apple Made Wired Take Down |website=I.gizmodo.com |date=2009-01-14 |access-date=2009-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414042406/http://i.gizmodo.com/5131264/the-netbook-hackintosh-video-apple-is-suing-wired-for |archive-date=2009-04-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Textual instructions remain, but include an EULA violation disclaimer.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blog.wired.com/gadgets/2008/12/gadget-lab-vide.html |title=Gadget Lab Video: Running OS X on a Netbook |website=Blog.wired.com |date=2008-12-01 |access-date=2009-04-28 |first=Brian X. |last=Chen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65oGU7nRU?url=http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2008/12/gadget-lab-vide/ |archive-date=2012-02-29}}</ref> On 15 May 2012, the case ] vs. ] ended. The court ruled that Psystar had "violated Apple's exclusive reproduction right, distribution right, and right to create derivative works,"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/05/15/court-refuses-request-to-review-psystar-case/ |title=Court refuses request to review Psystar case | date=May 15, 2012 | accessdate=2012-07-22}}</ref> putting an end to the case. ==Hacking approaches== ===Kernel hacks=== When copies of Mac OS X Tiger started running on non-Apple hardware, it was found that some processors were unable to run the OS. ], a binary translator that made it possible to run PowerPC programs on Intel processors, (and later the kernel itself) required the support of the ] instruction set. To circumvent this, programmers in the community released patched kernels, which included support for emulating SSE3 instructions using ] equivalents. In October 2005, Apple released update 10.4.3 to developers that required ] microprocessor support;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.osx86project.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=53&Itemid=2 |title=Apple Seeds 10.4.3 Intel to Developers |access-date=2006-05-28 |date=October 16, 2005 |author=sHARD>> |publisher=OSx86 Money Project |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060412082244/http://www.osx86project.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=53&Itemid=2 |archive-date=2006-04-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> however, patches were released to circumvent this as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.osx86project.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=56 |title=Hacked OSx86 Updated to 10.4.3 |access-date=2006-05-28 |date=October 30, 2005 |author=Jonathan Black |publisher=OSx86 $$$ Project |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906225712/http://www.osx86project.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=56 |archive-date=2006-09-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Patched kernels were also later released that supported AMD processors. When Mac OS X Leopard released on October 26, 2007, patches were created to remove the ] requirement from the kernel. Efforts were also made to emulate the ] instruction set for processors that did not support it. The kernel used by OS X Mavericks made use of SSSE3 instructions, requiring those patches. ===Boot loaders and emulators=== ==== EFI emulation ==== ] (EFI) is a specification that defines a software interface between an operating system and platform firmware. Since emulating the EFI does not generally require copying or modifying macOS, it is considered by some hackers to be the legal way of installing macOS on non-Apple computers (despite being untested in courts).{{citation needed |date=November 2017}} The work started with EFI emulation in the form of David Elliot (dfe)'s modified version of Boot-132 called "Darwin/x86", which has a "FakeEFI" system that emulates EFI.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tgwbd.org/darwin/boot.html |title=Darwin/x86 Boot Loader |website=Tgwbd.org |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref> In early November 2007, a group of hackers (fronted by a Russian hacker known as Netkas), using Elliot's code, developed a method<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://netkas.freeflux.net/blog/archive/2007/11/05/w00t.html |title=netkas.org :: W00t - released<!-- '''reflinks''' title --> |access-date=2007-11-16 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65oGQUi4Y?url=http://netkas.freeflux.net/blog/archive/2007/11/05/w00t.html |archive-date=2012-02-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> of emulating an EFI environment using a specially modified Darwin bootloader.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tgwbd.org/darwin/boot.html |title=Darwin/x86 Boot Loader |website=Tgwbd.org |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref> In practical terms, this meant that regular PCs meeting a set of hardware requirements could now be "seen" as real Macintosh computers by the OS, allowing the use of unmodified, "stock" Apple kernels (as long as the CPU supports it) and thus giving more transparent and reliable operation. Several methods for real world deployment of this innovative solution have arisen around the Internet. An explanation of this achievement along with a usage guide was provided by the website DigitMemo.com.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitmemo.com/articles/734/howto-install-efi-patch-and-enable-vanilla-os-x-kernel-in-hackintosh/ |title=HowTo: Install EFI patch and Use Unmodified OS X Kernel in Hackintosh |website=Digitmemo.com |access-date=2009-04-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524052648/http://www.digitmemo.com/articles/734/howto-install-efi-patch-and-enable-vanilla-os-x-kernel-in-hackintosh/ |archive-date=2009-05-24}}</ref> True EFI emulation was a highly sought after asset for the OSx86 community. Previous efforts based upon Apple's open source Darwin Project and Hackintosh gurus allowed users to use macOS on normal PCs, with patched kernels/kernel modules that simply bypassed EFI. Using the EFI patch, a Hackintosh could boot off "]" (unmodified) macOS kernels and use vanilla kernel extensions. This not only allowed the system to be compatible with future system updates, but also offered increased stability. This method also circumvents one aspect of Apple's End User License Agreement, which states that the modification of non-Open Source components of the OS is forbidden.<ref name="EULA" /> In mid-2008, a new commercial product, EFi-X, was released that claims to allow full, simple booting off official Leopard install disks, and a subsequent install, without any patching required, but this is possibly a repackaging of Boot-132 technology in a ]-attached device.<ref>{{cite web |first=Tuan |last=Nguyen |url=http://www.tomshardware.com/news/asem-efix-mac-chameleon,8617.html |title=Exclusive Report: EFI-X Mac Booter, A Scam? |website=Tomshardware.com |date=2009-09-08 |accessdate=2010-12-29}}</ref> ] is another commercial product that also seems to use Open Source software.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://netkas.org/?p=299 |title=netkas.org » Enjoy |website=netkas.org}}</ref> It was thought{{by whom |date=August 2014}} that Windows 7's support of EFI would result in PC motherboards replacing BIOS with EFI. MSI announced the Efinity mainboard in early 2008. As of 2011, EFI-based computers have entered the market, however none can natively boot Mac OS X due to the lack of a ] driver in the EFI implementation. ==== Boot-132 ==== Boot-132 is a bootloader provided by Apple for loading the XNU kernel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wiki.osx86project.org/index.php/Boot-132 |title=Boot-132 |accessdate=2010-09-02}}</ref> In mid-2008, a new modified BOOT-132 came on to the scene.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insanelymac.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=113288 |title=New modified Boot-132 allows you to boot retail DVDs |date=2008-06-30 |accessdate=2009-05-12}}</ref> This method allows users to conduct the Leopard-based OSx86 installation using a stock, retail-purchased copy of {{nowrap|Mac OS X}} Leopard and eradicates the necessity of a hacked installation like JaS or Kalyway (mentioned previously). The Boot-132 bootloader essentially preloads an environment on the system from which Leopard can boot and operate. The bootloader stores the necessary files (kext files) in a .img collection or simply a folder. The luxury of this new installation method includes the ability to boot and install from a retail Leopard DVD and update straight from Apple without breaking the DMCA. The only possible problem here is that it breaks the macOS EULA.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.osnews.com/story/21564/Building_a_Hackintosh_Apple_Can_t_Sue_You_For |title=Building a Hackintosh Apple Can't Sue You For |accessdate=2010-09-02}}</ref> The bootloader behaves like the ] kernel: one can use an mboot-compatible (a patched ] was used for the hack) bootloader that tells boot-dfe about the .img file (the ] or ], as it's known by Linux users), and boot-dfe will then use the kexts (or mkext) from it. This new boot-dfe has been tested with the retail Leopard DVD, and it can boot, install, run Leopard without having to build a modified DVD. ==== Chameleon ==== Since the early developer builds of Mac OS X v10.6, members of the OSx86 community had been booting the new operating system using yet another bootloader called PC EFI provided by Russian hacker Netkas or the bootloader of the Voodoo team's Chameleon. Chameleon is based on David Elliot's Boot-132. The bootloader supports ACPI, SMBIOS, graphics, ethernet, and some other injections. It allows to boot up macOS on non-Macintosh hardware. Chameleon supports a lot of AMD as well as Nvidia graphics cards. There are a lot of forks of it by different developers; the latest version upstream is 2.2 from 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chameleon: Bring Mac OS X Developers Together |url=http://chameleon.osx86.hu/ |website=chameleon.osx86.hu |accessdate=8 March 2020}}</ref> ====Clover==== Clover is a GUI bootloader for multiple operating systems that supports either UEFI or the legacy BIOS mode. To support booting EFI code, one of the two methods are conventionally taken: either Elliot's FakeEFI was used, or an actual open-source EFI system based on Intel's ] called DUET (Developer's UEFI Emulation) was flashed into the motherboard.<ref>{{cite web |title=A BIOS to UEFI Transformation |url=http://www.rodsbooks.com/bios2uefi/ |website=www.rodsbooks.com}}</ref> However, modern, non-Apple EFI firmware as well as Duet cannot directly load macOS due to various incompatibilities, mainly around the HFS+ file system but also due to the quirks of individual vendors. One more step was needed to load macOS systems: an EFI application to rectify these problems and bridge the gap. Beginning in March 2011, Slice discussed his idea with other community members, resulting in the development of a bootloader that can do both: emulate an EFI firmware of one's choice or use a Real UEFI firmware to boot Mac OS X. It contains EFI applications and drivers for correctly reading an HFS+ disk and patching EFI tables to prepare the system for starting macOS. As of 2020, it is actively maintained.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clover EFI bootloader |url=https://sourceforge.net/projects/cloverefiboot/ |website=SourceForge |language=en}}</ref> ==== OpenCore ==== OpenCore, started in 2019, is another bootloader developed to run macOS on UEFI or BIOS systems as well as old Mac devices that are no longer supported.<ref>{{cite web |title=acidanthera/OpenCorePkg |url=https://github.com/acidanthera/OpenCorePkg |website=GitHub |publisher=Acidanthera |date=8 March 2020}}</ref> Compared to Clover, it is said to provide overall better patching and emulation as well as a faster boot time. The project has also taken over the development of some patches, meaning future versions may only work with OpenCore.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=OpenCore Vanilla Guide|url=https://dortania.github.io/OpenCore-Install-Guide/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=khronokernel-2.gitbook.io}}</ref> ===Live DVD=== In March 2007, the OSx86 community made some significant progress with the development of a ]. The Live DVD allows booting to a working system with Mac OS X v10.4.8. On January 2, 2009, InsanelyMac's Live DVD team published a new method by which a Mac OS X v10.5.x Live DVD could be produced, allowing users to boot a fully working macOS desktop from a DVD or USB flash drive.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insanelymac.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=144128&st=0h |title=2009 Live DVD, how to make a simple, working osx livedvd |website=Insanelymac.com |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref> The method was more reliable than previous methods because it manipulated Apple's existing Netboot and Imageboot functionalities and behaved as if the system were running off a network disk. It was easier to produce; requiring only a single script to be added to an existing installation. Distributions of the live DVD have been made since its inception. Since then, it is notable that this method has been shown to work on normal Apple Mac hardware. === Virtual machine === It is possible to run macOS as a ] inside other operating systems installed on standard PC hardware by using ] software such as ] ]<ref>{{cite web |title=How to Run Mac OS X in VirtualBox on Windows |url=http://lifehacker.com/5583650/run-mac-os-x-in-virtualbox-on-windows}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How to Install Mac OS X Snow Leopard in VirtualBox on Windows 7 |url=http://www.redmondpie.com/how-to-install-mac-os-x-snow-leopard-in-virtualbox-on-windows-7/}}</ref> (though this is not officially supported by Oracle<ref>{{cite web |title=Important notice regarding Mac OS X as Guest |url=http://forums.virtualbox.org/viewtopic.php?f=22&t=31104}}</ref>). It is also possible to install macOS on Windows and Linux versions of ] software through the use of patches,<ref>{{Citation |last=DrDonk |title=GitHub - DrDonk/unlocker: VMware Workstation macOS |date=2019-08-30 |url=https://github.com/DrDonk/unlocker |access-date=2019-08-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.techjunkie.com/mac-windows-10-vmware-unlocker/ |title=How to run Mac OS X in Windows 10 with VMware Unlocker |website=Tech Junkie |language=en-US |access-date=2019-08-30}}</ref> even though the company states that running macOS is supported for VMware running on only Apple computers in compliance with Apple's licensing policies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kb.vmware.com/s/article/1000131 |title=VMware Knowledge Base |website=kb.vmware.com |language=en |access-date=2018-06-01}}</ref> ==See also== * ] - About clones and emulators of various Macintosh models * ] - a list of Macintosh and other computer system emulators * ] * ] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Osx86}} ]