| Revision as of 13:14, 26 October 2020 view sourcePhule lulu (talk | contribs)122 edits Restored the references to academic works. Removed unsourced content on motives, and irrelevant additions on Ravana/Shabari.Tag: Reverted← Previous edit | Revision as of 16:46, 26 October 2020 view source ArvindPalaskar (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users1,146 edits Undid revision 985523894 by Phule lulu (talk) revert WP:FRINGE addition with unreliable sources (shanti sadan, patridge publishing, etc.)Tags: Undo Reverted Mobile edit Mobile web editNext edit → | ||
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| '''Shambuka''' (]: śambūka) is |
'''Shambuka''' (]: śambūka) is an interpolation in ]. According to a version Shambuka, a ] ascetic, was slain by ] for attempting to perform penance in violation of ], the bad ] resulting from which caused the death of a ]'s son.<ref>Government of Maharashtra, ''Nasik District Gazeteer: History - Ancient Period'' {{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/nasik/005%20History/001%20AncientPeriod.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-10-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107163101/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/nasik/005%20History/001%20AncientPeriod.htm |archivedate=7 November 2006 |df=dmy-all }} (text credited to Mahamahopadhyaya Dr. V. V. Mirashi)</ref> | ||
| Rama's killing of Shambuka or even the existence of the character Shambuka is highly ]. The story is treated as a later ] to Valmiki's ''Ramayana'', being created at a later period in opposition to Brahmins.<ref name="Paula_2008">{{cite book |author=Paula Richman |title=Ramayana Stories in Modern South India: An Anthology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-p9Iyk3lpkC&pg=PA111 |year=2008 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-21953-4 |page=111 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Eastern Ways of Thinking|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=158|quote=By now , it can be confirmly said the ' Uttarkand ' of Ramayana is an interpolation of quite later period}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism, a Gandhian Perspective|page=92|publisher=Anne Books|author=Mangesh Venktesh Nadkarni}}</ref> | |||
| The killing of Shambuka appears in the 'Uttarakanda' , sargas 73-76, in the ].<ref name="sc2001">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/The.Ramayana.of.Valmiki.by.Hari.Prasad.Shastri/page/n1583/mode/2up?q=shambuka|title=The Ramayana of Valmiki|author=Hari Prasad Shastri|publisher=Shanti Sadan|year=1957|isbn=978-0-8542-4048-7|pages=583}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shastri|first=Hari Prasad|url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/1968219|title=The Ramayana of Valmiki|date=1952|publisher=Shanti Sadan, London|isbn=9780854240487|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Paula_2008">{{cite book |author=Paula Richman |title=Ramayana Stories in Modern South India: An Anthology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-p9Iyk3lpkC&pg=PA111 |year=2008 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-21953-4 |page=111 }}</ref> This episode also appears in ], an epic poem composed by celebrated Sanskrit poet ] in 5th century CE, and in ], a Sanskrit play composed by ] in 7th century AD.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richman |first=Paula |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RW6MrAiJ-0C&q=sambuka |title=Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian Tradition |date=2001 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520220744 |language=en |page=95}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Kalidasa, Mallinatha, M R Kaale |url=https://archive.org/details/raghuvamsaofkali00kliduoft/page/xxii/mode/2up?q=sambuka |title=The Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa : with the commentary (the Samjivani) of Mallinatha |date=1922 |publisher= Bombay : P.S. Rege |oclc=1051754532 |language=en |page=22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | author=Kalidasa, Mallinatha, M R Kaale |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/raghuvamsa-of-kalidasa-with-the-commentary-the-samjivani-of-mallinatha-cantos-xvi-xix-edited-with-a-literal-english-translation-copious-notes-in-sanskrit-and-english-and-various-readings-c-c-by-mr-kale/oclc/223345573 |title=The Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa : with the commentary (the Samjivani) of Mallinatha |date=1922 |publisher= Bombay : P.S. Rege |oclc=223345573 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nunan |first=Thomas Ahlers |url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=oberlin1368363299&disposition=inline|title=Renogitating A Beheading: Literary Opposition To Varna Hierarchy In Shambuka's Story |date=2013 |language=en}}</ref> This story is missing in later renditions of the Ramayana such as ]—which ends with coronation of ]— written by Tamil poet ] in 12th century AD, and the ] written by ] in 16th century AD.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Sinha|first=Ramesh Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-O-gDgAAQBAJ&q=shambuka+kamban&pg=PT68|title=Subaltern Morality: a Postmodern Vision|date=2017-03-21|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-8829-4|location=|pages=68|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rinehart|first=Robin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&q=shambuka+tulsidas&pg=PA246|title=Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-905-8|location=|pages=246|language=en}}</ref>. Rama's killing of Shambuka is also mentioned in verse 749 in prabandham 'Perumal Thirumozhi' (sung by ]) of ], a collection of 4,000 verses composed by the 12 ].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Kulasekara Alvar |url=https://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0512_02.pdf |title=Perumal Thirumozhi, Naalayira Divya Prabandham |publisher=Project Madurai |pages=131 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| == Reception == | |||
| == Criticism and apologetics == | |||
| Hindu authors adopt other means to explain the reason behind Rama's killing of Shambuka. The celebrated ] poet ], in his play ''Shudra Tapasvi'' shows Rama as having to both carry out his duty by punishing Shambuka, and simultaneously protect Shambuka, as a pious and devout sage, from persecution, and thereby turns the story into a critique of Brahminical attitudes and a defense of Rama.<ref>'M. Raghava, "" ''The Hindu'' (26 October 2004).</ref> |
Hindu authors adopt other means to explain the reason behind Rama's killing of Shambuka. The ] ]ite tradition points out that the Ramayana refers to other Shudras, such as ], who lived in the forest. Shambuka therefore deliberately violated dharma in order to get Rama's attention, and attained salvation when he was beheaded.<ref>Motiramji Sastri, ''Ramayan'' (in Gujarati) (Ahmedabad, 1961).</ref> The celebrated ] poet ], in his play ''Shudra Tapasvi'' shows Rama as having to both carry out his duty by punishing Shambuka, and simultaneously protect Shambuka, as a pious and devout sage, from persecution, and thereby turns the story into a critique of Brahminical attitudes and a defense of Rama.<ref>'M. Raghava, "" ''The Hindu'' (26 October 2004).</ref> | ||
| Other authors argue that not all tapas is done for a pious purpose. ], a Brahmin killed by Rama, had also performed penance but not for pious reasons. They argue that Shambuka was killed for conducting penance with a motive of attaining a celestial power with his material body, which is not an unselfish motive for which penance is meant to be performed. It is particularly forbidden (e.g. story of ]) in ] to aspire for entering heaven with a material body. The belief is that the material body, i.e. Annamaya ], is mortal and is meant only for performing ones ] on earth.{{cn|date=July 2018}} ], in ] posits that Rama killed Shambuka because he was trying to change his caste (to Brahmin). | |||
| ==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
| <references /> | <references /> | ||
| ⚫ | {{HinduMythology}} | ||
| ⚫ | {{HinduMythology}} | ||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 16:46, 26 October 2020
Shambuka (IAST: śambūka) is an interpolation in Hindu mythology. According to a version Shambuka, a shudra ascetic, was slain by Rama for attempting to perform penance in violation of dharma, the bad karma resulting from which caused the death of a Brahmin's son.
Rama's killing of Shambuka or even the existence of the character Shambuka is highly disputed. The story is treated as a later interpolation to Valmiki's Ramayana, being created at a later period in opposition to Brahmins.
Reception
Hindu authors adopt other means to explain the reason behind Rama's killing of Shambuka. The Pushtimarg Vaishnavite tradition points out that the Ramayana refers to other Shudras, such as Shabari, who lived in the forest. Shambuka therefore deliberately violated dharma in order to get Rama's attention, and attained salvation when he was beheaded. The celebrated Kannada poet Kuvempu, in his play Shudra Tapasvi shows Rama as having to both carry out his duty by punishing Shambuka, and simultaneously protect Shambuka, as a pious and devout sage, from persecution, and thereby turns the story into a critique of Brahminical attitudes and a defense of Rama.
Other authors argue that not all tapas is done for a pious purpose. Ravana, a Brahmin killed by Rama, had also performed penance but not for pious reasons. They argue that Shambuka was killed for conducting penance with a motive of attaining a celestial power with his material body, which is not an unselfish motive for which penance is meant to be performed. It is particularly forbidden (e.g. story of Trishanku) in Hindu mythology to aspire for entering heaven with a material body. The belief is that the material body, i.e. Annamaya Kosha, is mortal and is meant only for performing ones Karma on earth. Bhimrao Ambedkar, in The Annihilation of Caste posits that Rama killed Shambuka because he was trying to change his caste (to Brahmin).
Notes
- Government of Maharashtra, Nasik District Gazeteer: History - Ancient Period "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 November 2006. Retrieved 1 October 2006.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) (text credited to Mahamahopadhyaya Dr. V. V. Mirashi) - Paula Richman (2008). Ramayana Stories in Modern South India: An Anthology. Indiana University Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-253-21953-4.
- An Introduction to Eastern Ways of Thinking. Concept Publishing Company. p. 158.
By now , it can be confirmly said the ' Uttarkand ' of Ramayana is an interpolation of quite later period
- Mangesh Venktesh Nadkarni. Hinduism, a Gandhian Perspective. Anne Books. p. 92.
- Motiramji Sastri, Ramayan (in Gujarati) (Ahmedabad, 1961).
- 'M. Raghava, "The king and the protector of the devout" The Hindu (26 October 2004).
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