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Jerome Powell
Official portrait, 2012
16th Chair of the Federal Reserve
Incumbent
Assumed office February 5, 2018
Nominated by	Donald Trump
Deputy	Richard Clarida
Preceded by	Janet Yellen
Member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors
Incumbent
Assumed office May 25, 2012
Nominated by	Barack Obama
Preceded by	Frederic Mishkin
Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance
In office 1992–1993
President	George H. W. Bush
Preceded by	Robert R. Glauber
Succeeded by	Frank N. Newman
Personal details
Born	Jerome Hayden Powell (1953-02-04) February 4, 1953 (age 71) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Elissa Leonard ​(m. 1985)​
Children	3
Education	Princeton University (BA) Georgetown University (JD)

Jerome Hayden "Jay" Powell (born February 4, 1953) is the 16th Chair of the Federal Reserve, serving in that office since February 2018. He was nominated to the Board of the Federal Reserve in 2012 by President Barack Obama, and subsequently nominated to the Chair of the Fed by President Donald Trump, and confirmed in each case by the United States Senate. During his Chairmanship of the Fed, Powell was both criticized and praised by Trump.

As Fed Chair, rather than having strong theoretical macroeconomic views, Powell was seen as a consensus-builder and problem-solver, who maintained close contact with Capitol Hill. Powell won bipartisan praise for the actions taken by the Fed in 2020 to combat the financial effects of the coronavirus pandemic, but the resulting asset bubbles Powell created in most asset classes – daubed the Everything Bubble – was controversial. By the end of 2020, Powell's asset bubbles drove wealth inequality in the United States to levels not seen since the 1920s, and so dominant were the Fed's actions on asset prices – even above a divided Congress – that Bloomberg called Powell, "Wall Street's Head of State".

Powell earned a degree in politics from Princeton University in 1975 and a Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center in 1979. He moved to investment banking in 1984, and worked for several financial institutions, including as a partner of The Carlyle Group. In 1992, Powell briefly served as Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance under President George H. W. Bush. He was a visiting scholar at the Bipartisan Policy Center from 2010 to 2012.

Early life

Powell was born on February 4, 1953, in Washington, D.C., as one of six children to Patricia (née Hayden; 1926–2010) and Jerome Powell (1921–2007), a lawyer in private practice. His maternal grandfather, James J. Hayden, was Dean of the Columbus School of Law at Catholic University of America and later a lecturer at Georgetown Law School. He has five siblings: Susan, Matthew, Tia, Libby, and Monica.

In 1972, Powell graduated from Georgetown Preparatory School, a Jesuit university-preparatory school. He received a Bachelor of Arts in politics from Princeton University in 1975, where his senior thesis was titled "South Africa: Forces for Change." In 1975–76, he spent a year as a legislative assistant to Pennsylvania Senator Richard Schweiker (R).

Powell earned a Juris Doctor degree from Georgetown University Law Center in 1979, where he was editor-in-chief of the Georgetown Law Journal.

Career

Legal and investment banking (1979–2012)

In 1979, Powell moved to New York City and became a clerk to Judge Ellsworth Van Graafeiland of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. From 1981 to 1983, Powell was a lawyer with Davis Polk & Wardwell, and from 1983 to 1984, he worked at the firm of Werbel & McMillen.

From 1984 to 1990, Powell worked at Dillon, Read & Co., an investment bank, where he concentrated on financing, merchant banking, and mergers and acquisitions, rising to the position of vice president.

Between 1990 and 1993, Powell worked in the United States Department of the Treasury, at which time Nicholas F. Brady, the former chairman of Dillon, Read & Co., was the United States Secretary of the Treasury. In 1992, Powell became the Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance after being nominated by George H. W. Bush. During his stint at the Treasury, Powell oversaw the investigation and sanctioning of Salomon Brothers after one of its traders submitted false bids for a United States Treasury security. Powell was also involved in the negotiations that made Warren Buffett the chairman of Salomon.

In 1993, Powell began working as a managing director for Bankers Trust, but he quit in 1995 after the bank got into trouble when several customers suffered large losses due to derivatives. He then went back to work for Dillon, Read & Co. From 1997 to 2005, Powell was a partner at The Carlyle Group, where he founded and led the Industrial Group within the Carlyle U.S. Buyout Fund. After leaving Carlyle, Powell founded Severn Capital Partners, a private investment firm focused on specialty finance and opportunistic investments in the industrial sector. In 2008, Powell became a managing partner of the Global Environment Fund, a private equity and venture capital firm that invests in sustainable energy.

Between 2010 and 2012, Powell was a visiting scholar at the Bipartisan Policy Center, a think tank in Washington, D.C., where he worked on getting Congress to raise the United States debt ceiling during the United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2011. Powell presented the implications to the economy and interest rates of a default or a delay in raising the debt ceiling. He worked for a salary of $1 per year.

Federal Reserve Board of Governors (2012–)

In December 2011, along with Jeremy C. Stein, Powell was nominated to the Federal Reserve Board of Governors by President Barack Obama. The nomination included two people to help garner bipartisan support for both nominees since Stein's nomination had previously been filibustered. Powell's nomination was the first time that a president nominated a member of the opposition party for such a position since 1988. He took office on May 25, 2012, to fill the unexpired term of Frederic Mishkin, who resigned. In January 2014, he was nominated for another term, and, in June 2014, he was confirmed by the United States Senate in a 67–24 vote for a 14-year term ending January 31, 2028.

In 2013, Powell made a speech regarding financial regulation and ending "too big to fail". In April 2017, he took over oversight of the "too big to fail" banks.

Chair of the Federal Reserve (2018–)

On November 2, 2017, President Trump nominated Powell to serve as the Chair of the Federal Reserve. On December 5 2017, the Senate Banking Committee approved Powell's nomination to be Chair in a 22–1 vote, with Senator Elizabeth Warren casting the lone dissenting vote. His nomination was confirmed by the Senate on January 23, 2018 by an 84–13 vote. Powell assumed office as Chair on February 5, 2018.

In Q1 2018, one of Powells first actions was to continue to raise US interest rates, as a response to the increasing strength of the US economy. Trump subsequently complained about the Fed raising interest rates, and in 2018 said in an interview with The Wall Street Journal that he "maybe" regretted nominating Powell, complaining that the Fed chairman "almost looks like he's happy raising interest rates." Powell has described the Fed's role as nonpartisan and apolitical.

In Q4 2018, for the first time since the 2008 financial crisis, Powell started to reduce the size of the Fed's balance in a process called quantitative tightening. Despite only reducing the Fed's balance sheet by USD 50 billion, global markets entered a steep decline; the reliance of markets on continuous central bank asset purchases to sustain asset prices had not been appreciated and Powell was forced to abandon quantitative tightening in Q1 2019, leading to a recovery in global markets.

Powell's actions drew negative comments from Trump who said in June 2019: "Here's a guy, nobody ever heard of him before. And now, I made him and he wants to show how tough he is ... He's not doing a good job." Trump called the interest rate increase and the reduction of bond-buying quantitative easing "insane". In July 2019, Powell said he would not stand down if President Trump attempted to remove him from his current post, and that it is the Congress which has the authority for oversight of the central bank, and that the board chair can only be removed for good cause. Trump attacks escalated and in August 2019, he called Powell an "enemy", "equivalent to or worse than" China's leader Xi Jinping, and that Powell had "an horrendous lack of vision", and that "I disagree with him entirely".

In Q3 2019, as asset prices began to weaken again, Powell announced the Fed would re-start expanding its balance sheet, which led to a global rally in assets in Q4 2020 that pushed forward earnings multiples on US equity indices to their highest level since 1999–2000. Powell was adamant that the Fed's actions were not a return to quantitative easing, but some dubbed the actions as being QE4. Powell's Q4 2019 balance sheet expansion utilized an indirect form of quantitative easing, which printed new funds (as with direct quantitative easing), but which were then largely lent to US investment banks who made the asset purchases (as opposed to the Fed purchasing assets); this was a tool associated with Greenspan to stimulate asset prices (also known as a "repo trade").

In Q1 2020, Powell launched an unprecedented series of actions to counter the financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which included a dramatic expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and introduction of new tools, including the direct purchase of corporate bonds, and direct lending programs. At various times, Powell emphasized monetary policy alone would not be sufficient, and that Congress would need to provide an equivalent fiscal policy response; otherwise, the scale of intervention by the Fed could widen income inequality. Powell's actions earned him bi-partisan praise, including from Trump, who told Fox News that he was "very happy with his performance" and that "over the last period of six months, he's really stepped up to the plate".

During Q2 and Q3 2020, Powell maintained using tools that would further amplify asset prices (i.e. direct quantitative easing, and repo trades with US investment banks), despite concerns that US asset prices were in a bubble, and that Powell's actions had driven wealth inequality to historic levels. Powell defended his actions saying: "I don't know that the connection between asset purchases and financial stability is a particularly tight one", and that he wasn't worried that the Fed's actions were creating asset bubbles. In November 2020, as markets continued to rise beyond bubble valuations despite the lack of any fiscal stimulus from a divided Congress, Bloomberg called Powell "Wall Street's Head of State", in a reflection of how dominant Powell's actions were on markets.

Economic philosophy

Monetary policy

On joining the Fed, Powell was not considered a deep expert in macroeconomics or monetary policy; and rather than having strong economic views, Powell was seen as a consensus builder, and a rational fact-based problem solver, who was prepared to visit Capitol Hill frequently to communicate and listen to all views on the economy.

A survey of 30 economists in March 2017 noted that Powell was slightly more of a monetary dove than the average member of the Board of Governors. However, The Bloomberg Intelligence Fed Spectrometer rated Powell as neutral (i.e., neither a hawk nor a dove). Powell has been a skeptic of round 3 of quantitative easing (or QE3), initiated in 2012, although he did vote in favor of implementation.

Powell's first year as Fed chairman saw him raise rates and attempt to reduce the Fed's balance sheet (i.e. hawkish actions); in his second year, Powell re-started expanding the Fed's balance sheet (i.e dovish actions), which led to an expansion of equity valuation multiples to levels not seen since 1999–2000. Powell's actions to combat the financial effects of the pandemic saw him more overtly embrace asset bubbles as an acceptable consequence of his actions. The simultaneous asset bubbles created by Powell in 2019–2020 in the bond markets, the equity markets, and laterally in the housing markets, became known as the Everything Bubble; Powell was criticised for maintaining high levels of direct and indirect quantitative easing as valuations hit levels last seen at the peaks of previous bubbles.

Powell's adoption of asset bubbles from 2019 onwards, resulted in levels of wealth inequality not seen in the United States since the 1920s. Powell's focus on asset bubbles was also attributed to the K-shaped recovery that emerged post the coronavirus pandemic, where asset bubbles protected the wealthier segments of society from the financial effects of the pandemic.

Powell's use of indirect quantitative easing (also known as a "repo trade" from the Greenspan era) via Wall Street investment banks was criticized. In Q4 2019 and Q1–Q3 2020, Powell allowed the banks to borrow large sums interest-free from the Fed to buy assets, which they would then sell on to the wider market at a profit on the basis of more optimistic analyst notes and positive price momentum (from the buying of the Wall Street banks); a technique used in the dot.com bubble. In June 2020, finance author Jim Grant called Powell Wall Street's Dr. Feelgood. In a September 2020 testimony, Powell said: "Our actions were in no way an attempt to relieve pain on Wall Street". In October 2020, the Wall Street Journal reported that 2020 would likely be one of the best trading years in Wall Street's history.

Financial regulation

Powell "appears to largely support" the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, although he has stated that "we can do it more efficiently". In an October 2017 speech, Powell stated that higher capital and liquidity requirements and stress tests have made the financial system safer and must be preserved. However, he also stated that the Volcker Rule should be re-written to exclude smaller banks.

Housing finance reform

In a July 2017 speech, Powell said that in regard to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac the status quo is "unacceptable" and that the current situation "may feel comfortable, but it is also unsustainable". He warned that "the next few years may present our last best chance" to "address the ultimate status of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac" and avoid "repeating the mistakes of the past". Powell expressed concerns that, in the current situation, the government is responsible for mortgage defaults and that lending standards were too rigid, noting that these can be solved by encouraging "ample amounts of private capital to support housing finance activities".

Personal life

Powell married Elissa Leonard in 1985. They have three children and live in Chevy Chase Village, Maryland, where Elissa is chair of the board of managers of the village. In 2010, Powell was on the board of governors of Chevy Chase Club, a country club.

Based on public filings, Powell's net worth is estimated to be as little as $4.7 million and as much as $55 million. He is the wealthiest member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors.

Powell has served on the boards of charitable and educational institutions including DC Prep, a public charter school, the Bendheim Center for Finance at Princeton University, and The Nature Conservancy. He was also a founder of the Center City Consortium, a group of 16 parochial schools in the poorest areas of Washington, D.C.

Powell is a registered Republican.

References

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External links

• Statements and Speeches of Jerome H. Powell
• Appearances on C-SPAN

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