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Prostitution in South Korea is illegal, but according to The Korea Women's Development Institute, the sex trade in Korea was estimated to amount to 14 trillion South Korean won ($13 billion) in 2007, roughly 1.6% of the nation's gross domestic product. According to a survey conducted by the Department of Urology at the Korea University College of Medicine in 2015, 23.1% of males and 2.6% of females, aged 18–69, had sexual experience with a prostitute.

The sex trade involved some 94 million transactions in 2007, down from 170 million in 2002. The number of prostitutes dropped by 18% to 269,000 during the same period. The amount of money traded for prostitution was over 14 trillion won, much less than 24 trillion won in 2002. Despite legal sanctions and police crackdowns, prostitution continues to flourish in South Korea, while sex workers continue to actively resist the state's activities.

History

Premodern era

Before the modernization of Korea, there were no brothels, but a caste of the women for the elite landholding classes performed sexual labor. Modernization eliminated the Korean caste system. The first brothels in Korea began to spread after the country first opened its port in 1876 through a diplomatic pact, causing ethnic quarters for Japanese migrants to sprout up in Busan, Wonsan and Incheon.

1960s: US military

From the 1960s until today US camp town prostitution has existed outside US military bases (for example outside Camp Casey and Camp Stanley). This was the result of negotiation between the Korean government and the US military, involving prostitution for United States soldiers in camp towns surrounding the US military bases. The government registered the prostitutes, who were called Western princesses, and required them to carry medical certification. The US military police provided for the security in these US camp town prostitution sites, and detained the prostitutes who were thought to be ill, to prevent epidemics of sexually transmitted diseases. This government involvement was in the past motivated in part by fears that the American military, which protected South Korea from North Korea, would leave. Though US officials publicly condemn prostitution, they are perceived as taking little action to prevent it, and some locals suggest that US Army authorities prefer having commercial sex services available to soldiers.

2000s

In 2003, the Korean Ministry of Gender Equality announced that 260,000 women—1 of 25 of young Korean women—may be engaged in the sex industry. However, the Korea Women's Development Institute suggested that from 514,000 to 1.2 million Korean women participate in the prostitution industry. In addition, a similar report by the Korean Institute of Criminology noted that 20% of men in their 20s pay for sex at least four times a month, with 358,000 visiting prostitutes daily.

In 2004, the South Korean government passed an anti-prostitution law (Special Law on Sex Trade 2004) prohibiting the buying and selling of sex and shutting down brothels. Soon afterward, over 2,500 sex workers demonstrated in the streets to demand the repeal of the law, as they believed it threatened their livelihood. In 2006, the Ministry for Gender Equality, in an attempt to address the issue of demand for prostitutes, offered cash to companies whose male employees pledged not to pay for sex after office parties. The people responsible for this policy claimed that they want to put an end to a culture in which men get drunk at parties and go on to buy sex.

In 2007 the government announced that sex tourism by Koreans would be made illegal, as well as Korean women going abroad to sell sex. The courts prosecuted 35,000 clients, 2.5 times higher than the number of those who were caught buying sex in 2003. Meanwhile, enforcement is weak and corruption problematic; there is little evidence that new legislation has made much difference, the trade simply finding other ways to carry on its business. However more men are being sent to "John School" for purchasing sex, while a 2010 investigation suggested that 20% of seniors seek out sex workers.

Range of services

Following the enactment of the Special Law in 2004, there was a crackdown on red-light districts; while many of the brothels in those areas were forced to close, the crackdown went as quickly as it came, with the result that prostitution was driven more underground but also became a more competitive business with lower prices and more services.

Red light districts in South Korea can compare to those of Amsterdam and Germany. The four main red light districts in South Korea prior to the Special Law are Cheongnyangni 588, Yongsan Station, and Mia-ri in Seoul and Jagalmadang in Daegu. While not all of them are operating to full capacity, some still exist while being tolerated not only due to the vast amount of money that is involved in the business, but also in an attempt to control the sex industry.

Other sexual services include 가택 마사지 (gataek massaji), an "in-call" massage where the customer would travel or meet at the masseuse's home or quarters; 키스방 (kiss bang), rooms where customers pay to french kiss and fondle women; and 출장 마사지 (chuljang massaji) or an "out-call" massage where the masseuse travels to the customer's place, love motel, hotel, or other agreed location.

Teen prostitution

According to a 2012 study by the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, 3% of runaway youths have been exposed to prostitution, either as a buyer or a prostitute. Child prostitutes make up nearly 50% of the South Korean teenage girls who make up 60% of South Korean's 200,000 homeless youth. Al-Jazeera interviewed several of these South Korean child prostitutes ages 12 to 18. There have been reported cases of runaway girls who sell sex over internet chat, and live with "families" in jjimjilbang, or bathhouses, with fellow runaway girls. According to United Voice for Eradication of Prostitution, these teen prostitutes are exposed to such crimes as rape and diseases as syphilis. Recidivism is common, with over half of the girls counseled by the Voice returning to the sex trade, often because of blackmail from former pimps and social ostracism from future husbands and families.

In contrast to teen prostitution, women in their 50s, 60s, even their 70s called Bacchus Ladies are engaged in prostitution in a park near the Jongno-3 subway station in the heart of Seoul.

Sex trafficking

Though as recently as 2004 the government received low marks on the issue, in recent years the government has made significant strides in its enforcement efforts. Human trafficking was outlawed and penalties for prostitution increased; the 2004 Act on the Prevention of the Sex Trade and Protection of its Victims was passed, toughening penalties for traffickers, ending deportation of victims, and establishing a number of shelters for victims. As of 2005 there were 144 people serving jail time for human trafficking.

A US Immigration official conceded in 2006 that "There's a highly organized logistical network between Korea and the United States with recruiters, brokers, intermediaries.

A Los Angeles police spokesman said that about 90% of the department's 70–80 monthly arrests for prostitution involve Korean women and Los Angeles police estimates that there are 8,000 Korean prostitutes working in that city and its suburbs. Korean women`s customers in foreign countries are mostly Korean men.

A US State Department report titled, "Trafficking in person's report: June 2008", states that in "March 2008, a joint operation between the AFP and DIAC broke up a syndicate in Sydney that allegedly trafficked South Korean women to a legal brothel and was earning more than $2.3 million a year. Police allege the syndicate recruited Korean women through deception about the conditions under which they would be employed, organized their entry into Australia under false pretenses, confiscated their travel documents, and forced them to work up to 20 hours a day in a legal Sydney brothel owned by the syndicate."

The US State Department report also states that the South Korean government "fully complies with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking". In 2012, the government continued law enforcement efforts against sex trafficking, and signed MOUs for the Employment Placement System (EPS) with five additional countries and conducted numerous anti-trafficking awareness campaigns. The Korean National Police Agency also cooperated with foreign law enforcement agencies to crack down on human smuggling networks.

The United States Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons ranks South Korea as a 'Tier 1' country.

Foreign prostitutes in South Korea

South Korea is both a source and destination country for human trafficking. The agencies use high salaries to lure young girls to go to Korea and once they arrive they are forced to work as sex slaves.

Trafficking in Persons Report of the U.S. State Department has mentioned that women from Vietnam, Thailand, Russia, China, the Philippines and Indonesia were tafficked in prostitution in South Korea. The report describes that they are issued a formal visa and are engaged in sexual services and sometimes they are sold as international marriage bribes and are now sexual workers.

Uzbekistan, Vietnam

Women from Uzbekistan, Thailand and China were arrested at Seoul for prostitution. Women from Vietnam and China were arrested for prostitution at Incheon women from China at Suwon, Pyeongtaek, Yongin, Siheung, Bucheon, Paju, Uijeongbu, Ansan, Anyang, Cheongju, Dangjin, Cheonan, Thai women were arrested in Daejeon, Asan, Daegu, Busan, Gyeongju, Ulsan, Gwangyang, Changwon, Gangwon Province, Jeolla Province and Jeju Island. The AIDS virus spreading in the region of Hwaseong, Gyeonggi in South Korea may be linked to prostitutes from China in the rural town of Ujeong-eup in Hwaseong who have no health certificates or checks.

China

According to MBC, the public broadcasting company of Korea, 80% of massage businesses in South Korea correspond to commercial sex establishments where Chinese women work. In 2012, 240 Chinese women were arrested for having prostituted in the massage parlors in Korea. The South Korean newspaper “The Dong-a Ilbo” reveals that sex workers in the so-called “휴게텔” are all composed of Chinese women (Han Chinese and Ethnic Korean Chinese) except “Gangnam” area. Some students are caught by the press and reported as sexual workers.

Thai

According to the Justice Ministry, increasing numbers of Thai women are drawn to illegal "massage work" in the ROK. It estimates that the number of illegal Thai residents soared from 68,449 in 2017 to 122,192 in August 2018. Of the 60,000 who are women, some 50,000 are believed to be working in massage parlors, some of them fronts for prostitution. The owner of one Thai massage parlor in Gangnam said, "Even if I try to run a legitimate business, I have no idea what happens in the room between a client and a masseuse who wants to make more money." Massage parlors are illegal in Korea unless operated by blind people, but around 50,000 offer foot massage, sports massage, and acupressure. They employ some 300,000 workers.

Ukrainian

According to multiple reports the Ukrainian sex-workers are the second largest group of foreign women involved into prostitution outside the US military bases in Republic of Korea.

Russian

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, young Russian girls have been commonly seen in the red-light districts of Korea. They can be found in the bars, strip clubs and coffee shops for entertaining the customers. Between January 2000 and March 2001, approximately 6,000 Russian women entered Korea through Busan port and Gimpo. In 2000, 3,064 Russians entered South Korea on E-6 visas, 2,927 of them women (Jhoty, 2001) With the collapse of the Soviet Union, thousands of Russian migrated to Korea to work as entertainers while others forced into prostitution for both American soldiers and Korean civilian men. Many Korean men actively seek out Russian women because they satisfy not only their desire for dominance over exotic females but also the latent psychological need to overcome their complex.

South Korean sex tourists in foreign countries

South Korean men go to Vietnam, the Philippines, Mongolia, China and Cambodia for child sex tourism.

South Korean male tourists have been involved in exploiting and preying on female North Korean refugees in China for illegal sex. It is estimated that three fifths of North Korean female refugees in China enter into the sex trade or marriages. Most of them are 12-29 years old. Some North Korean prostitutes were found in Qingdao.

During the Autumn symposium held at Sinyang Humanities Hall of Seoul National University organized by Korean Association of Women's Studies, Jung Jae-won, a senior researcher of Institute for Gender Research of Seoul National University presented the survey results regarding current state of purchase of sexual services practiced by Korean men abroad. Many Korean owned prostitution businesses with Korean prostitutes are patronized by them. According to the survey presentation regarding “international expansion of Korean-type sex industry and commercial sex culture,” Korean men buy sex from Korean owned establishments in Vietnam, Cambodia, Qingdao in China, Thailand, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Russia. There are 100 Korean owned prostitution establishments in Qingdao, 12 Korean owned prostitution establishments in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 30 Korean owned prostitution establishments in Pattaya and Bangkok in Thailand. 400 Korean female prostitutes and 800 male Koreans work in Russia out of 3,000 Koreans in 2003. Many murders of Korean men in the Philippines are due to disputes over prostitution profits. Despite only 2,000 Koreans living in Kazakhstan, there are 10 Korean owned prostitution establishments in Kazakhstan, 100 Korean prostitution establishments in Bali and Jakarta in Indonesia, 100 Korean prostitution establishments in Manila in the Philippines. The reason many Koreans visit Korean owned prostitution establishments in foreign countries is because they are nervous and anxious about visiting local ones. In 2007 it was reported that there were 33 online web sites linking Korean men to prostitutes in mainly Qingdao, China. Korean men have used sex tour in groups with friends and co-workers. In 2013, the Korea Tourism Association filed a complaint with the police against some Internet site for arranging sex service by prostitutes for Korean men in China.

According to the 'Center for Women's Human Rights' , Korean high school students have bought prostitutes for sex while on a school field trip to China.

South Korean men continue to be a major source of demand for child sex tourism in both Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. Child prostitutes in Southeast Asian countries were reportedly patronized mainly by South Korean men, who outstrip Japanese and Chinese as the most numerous sex tourists in the region, with the Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand mainly seeing South Korean men using child prostitutes.

Foreign sex tourism in South Korea

South Korean Yang Hyun-suk, head of K-Pop YG Entertainment was accused by South Korean media (Straight program by Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation) of offering local prostitutes from South Korea to male foreign investors including the Malaysian Chinese businessman Low Taek Jho. Another woman interviewed in the same program said a YG subsidiary YGX executive brought along a Thai man who raped her. South Korean K-pop star and Big Bang member Seungri (Lee Seung-hyun) who ran Yuri Holdings was accused of seeking foreign investors for his company by pimping South Korean prostitutes to foreign Taiwanese business partners.

Korean prostitutes in foreign countries

The South Korean government has expressed concern over its citizens engaging in prostitution in foreign countries like Australia and the United States.

Okuyi Kim, a politician from South Korea said there were 250 Korean prostitutes in Guam, 2,500 Korean prostitutes in Australia and 50,000 Korean prostitutes in Japan. Koreans make up the single largest group of foreign prostitutes in America at 23.5% and in May 2012 Canadian police arrested 10 Korean women for prostitution. Korean women are arrested for prostitution at a rate of 90% of 70-80 women every month by the police of Los Angeles. Dubai has also seen a rise in the number of Korean prostitutes. It is common for South Korean prostitutes to be found in Japan, Australia and America.

Australia

Many South Korean women are trafficked to Australia to work as prostitutes with more than a thousand Korean women in the Australian sex industry.

The Korean-Australian diaspora, government officials in South Korea and Australian border security have all took notice of the number of South Korean prostitutes in Australia with Korean Australians worrying that it would negatively affect their reputation.

United States

Thousands of South Korean women are trafficked to the United States to work as prostitutes in massage parlors. American authorities arrested hundreds of Korean women for prostitution in the five years leading up to 2011, with the 2008 Korea-US Visa Waiver Program leading to an additional increase in the number of Korean prostitutes in America. The number of people who operate with trafficking rackets to ship Korean women into the sex trade in America reaches into the thousands.

The Korea Times ran an article titled "Korean prostitution in the US is out of control" with the South Korean government being pressed by it's own lawmakers to do something to stop the flow of South Korean prostitutes working in America. Many South Korean women on the east coast (Mid-Atlantic) U.S. states like Virginia, New Jersey and New York were working as prostitutes in spas and massage parlors. South Korean Liberty Forward Party Representative Sun-young Park said on Sep. 19 2011 that the number of South Korean prostitutes arrested in those American states reached 200 since 2007. Many of these South Korean women came to work as prostitutes in America due to the 2008 Korea-US Visa Waiver Program. Park stated that "As Koreans can enter the United States more easily than ever with the visa waiver program from 2008, the number of Koreans involved in the sex trade in the U.S. has rapidly increased, Government-level effort is urgently needed.” A South Korean nurse who worked as a madam (female pimp) in New York City was accused of not paying her fellow South Korean women working as prostitutes, human trafficking and helping clients find her prostitutes before being arrested by the FBI. The South Korean Consulate General gave information on her. American west coast states have also seen a growth in Korean prostitution. A senior citizen cliente oriented brothel was ran by a Korean couple in Alaska before their arrest. A massage parlor front for a brothel in California was ran by 4 Korean women who were also arrested.

In December 2017 news broke out in the US media that American "tech bros" working at the companies Microsoft and Amazon in Silicon Valley in Seattle were caught discussing their sexual usage of Korean prostitutes on their own work emails. They sent emails to the pimps and brothels. Seattle prosecutors and police used a sting operation to catch them talking about Korean prostitutes they were using on 3 forums use by 18,000 American men. In 2009 one of the sites had 1.2 million views per month and men rated their sexual experiences with the women on it. The site was "KGirlsDelight.com". One of the Korean women was described as “She’s as close to perfect as I think they get made." by a male client. An other American male client said “Right after k-girls, I’ve always had this thing for Eastern Europeans, Like Czech, Hungarian, anyone from a war-torn country. Anything with ‘will work for food.’”

China and Taiwan

Korean prostitutes worked in Taiwan during the Japanese colonial period. Korean women have been replacing Russian women as prostitutes in Taiwan. After South Korea's crackdown on internal prostitute in South Korea many Korean prostitutes fled to Taiwan where they charge each customer 10,000 Taiwan dollars (worth 2,100 yuan) staying for 3 to 4 weeks in Taipei on tour visas. They took advantage of the popularity of the Korean wave in Taiwan.

A ring of South Korean prostitutes, composed of 21 Korean women ranging in age from 24 to 37, serving Chinese men was busted in Macau in 2015.

Some Korean women wear kimonos while working as prostitutes in Macau.

Southeast Asia, Hong Kong and Taiwan are new destinations of South Korean college girls working as prostitutes taking advantage of the "Korean wave" catering their sexual services to Southeast Asian and Taiwanese men. Ms. Park, a South Korean college girl aged 26 on a tourist visa who came to Taiwan on Dec. 28, 2004 was arrested for receiving 4,000 Taiwanese dollars (worth 130,000 South Korean won) from a Taiwanese man for sex in a Taipei hotel. She used a local broker to start her prostitution work. Reservations are made by clients in advance since the South Korean college girls were earning their money on their short vacation time. 100 South Korean college girls were paid 200,000-800,000 in South Korean won to go to Taiwan and Hong Kong in China by a Busan and Ulsan based prostitution brokers. A Taiwanese police office said “With the special law on prostitution going into effect in Korea, prostitution brokers are looking overseas. With Korean girls growing in popularity due to the Korean Wave, more and more prostitutes are heading to not only Japan, but also China and Southeast Asia. Because the girls can earn twice as much money if they look like a Korean Wave star, we are hearing information that girls are getting plastic surgery before they go.” An other Taiwanese police official stated “Korean prostitution is increasing in places in China. We got word that 600 Korean girls went over to Qingdao, where many Southeast Asian tourists go to play golf, in order to work in the entertainment establishments there… Because most of them use tourist visas, there is virtually nothing we can do to stop them.” A Taiwanese policewoman said “If someone gets deported after engaging in prostitution overseas, he or she is punished according to Korean law when they return… People should bear in mind that women going overseas to engage in prostitution and men engaging in sex tourism are punishable under the special law on prostitution.”

Japan

In 2013, police broke up a racket trafficking women to Japan from Korea. In 2014, it was reported that websites promoting South Korean prostitutes in Japan have been blocked within South Korea by the government.

Malaysia

South Korean women first entered the Malaysian prostitution market by working in Korean owned entertainment outlets servicing Koreans but then broke into the domestic client scene marketing themselves for local Malaysian men demanding top prices of 600 RM per hour, working at a brothel in Bukit Bintang masquerading as a health spa. They demanded top prices by capitalizing on a fad for Korean things in Malaysia. These Korean women are mostly students and tourists working as part time prostitutes.

See also

• Kisaeng
• Prostitutes in South Korea for the U.S. military

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External links

• Lankov, Andrei (June 26, 2008). "The Dawn of Modern Korea: Buying and Selling of Sex". The Korea Times. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
• "Thousands of Women Forced Into Sexual Slavery For US Servicemen in South Korea". Feminist Daily News Wire. September 9, 2002. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
• William H. McMichael (August 12, 2002). "Sex slaves". Navy Times. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
• Sex Work in South Korea Asia Monitor Resource Center 1999
• Sealing Chen. On the move for love. University of Pennsylvania Press 2010
• Timothy C. Lim and Karam Yoo (2006). "The Dynamics of Trafficking, Smuggling and Prostitution: An Analysis of Korean Women in the U.S. Commercial Sex Industry
• Cheng S. "Commentary on Hughes, Chon, and Ellerman" (Modern-Day Comfort Women: The U.S. Military, Transnational Crime, and the Trafficking of Women) Violence Against Women 14(3) 2008 359-63]
• David Scofield (May 26, 2004). "Sex and denial in South Korea". Asia Times Online. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
• Sealing Cheng (December 22, 2004). "Korean sex trade 'victims' strike for rights". Asia Times Online. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
• Donald MacIntyre (August 5, 2002). "Base Instincts". Time. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
• Cheng S. "Changing Lives, Changing Selves: 'Trafficked' Filipina Entertainers in Korea", Anthropology in Action 2002. Vol 9 (1): 13–20.
• Casey Lartigue, Jr. (June 30, 2011). "Yes: Prohibition is worse than the 'crime'". Center for Free Enterprise. Archived from the original on November 4, 2011.
• Korean prostitutes looking for Russian men 한국어 창녀 러시아 남자를 찾고 있습니다

• Pages with excessive dablinks from November 2020
• Prostitution in South Korea
• Sexuality in South Korea