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Revision as of 05:11, 2 December 2020 editBon courage (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users66,214 edits hardly-used term & no MEDRS available, if any are found a brief mention may be due at ForeskinTags: New redirect Reverted← Previous edit Revision as of 05:55, 3 December 2020 edit undo128.92.163.122 (talk) looks like the article was deleted without going through any process, revertingTags: Removed redirect Manual revert Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web editNext edit →
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⚫ #REDIRECT ]

The '''ridged band''' is a band of highly ] mobile ] toward the end of the ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kimmel|first=Michael|title=Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis|last2=Milrod|first2=Christine|last3=Kennedy|first3=Amanda|publisher=]|year=2014|isbn=978-0759123120|location=United States|pages=73}}</ref> Along with the ], it is considered to be the most sensitive part of the ] to ].<ref name="sorrells">{{vcite journal|author=Sorrells ML, Snyder JL, Reiss MD, ''et al''|date=2007|title=Fine-touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis|journal=BJU Int|volume=99|issue=4|pages=864–869|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06685.x/full|pmid=17378847|doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06685.x}}</ref> It was discovered by Canadian ] and ] ] in 1991, who believed it to be important in male ] and ].<ref name="Taylor1996">{{vcite journal|author=Taylor JR, Lockwood AP, Taylor, AJ|title=The prepuce: Specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision|journal=British Journal of Urology|volume=77|issue=2|pages=291–295|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/taylor/|date=1996|pmid=8800902|doi=10.1046/j.1464-410X.1996.85023.x}} (Reprint: cirp.org)</ref>

It has, especially in regard to ] and ], been called '''preputial ring''' or '''phimotic ring''', '']'' being analogous to ''band'', referring to the shape, and ''preputial'' meaning ''pertaining to the ]''. More particularly, it refers to the transitional area from the external to the internal surface of the prepuce, or foreskin. Most or all of the ridged band is removed by ].<ref name="Taylor1996" />

== History ==
Taylor first used the term "ridged band" instead of "wrinkly skin" and described the structure at the ''Second International Symposium on Circumcision'', organized by in San Francisco, 1991, after examining the foreskins of 22 adults obtained at autopsy. The term ''ridged band'' was subsequently used by him in an anatomical and histological study of the foreskin published in the ''British Journal of Urology'' in 1996. The mean age was 37 years, range 22–58. The prepuces were studied grossly and histologically.<ref name="sorrells" /><ref name="Taylor1996" />

==Structure==
]
Taylor described the ridged band as a transversely ridged band of ], located just inside the tip of the foreskin near the ], also known as the ''preputial sphincter''. He characterized the ridged band as ] and ], stating that it "contains more ] than does the smooth mucosa", and noted that these tactile corpuscles were found only in the crests of ridges.

==Function==
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| image1 = Permanently retracted foreskin.jpg
| caption1 = A retracted prepuce showing well-defined ridged band
| image2 = Penis unlabeled.jpg
| caption2 = The ridged band is completely removed during circumcision.
}}

The prepuce, including the ridged band, is a specific erogenous zone.<ref>{{vcite journal | author = Winkelmann RK | year = 1959 | title = The erogenous zones: their nerve supply and significance | url = http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/winkelmann/ | journal = Mayo Clin Proc | volume = 34 | issue = 2| pages = 39–47 | pmid = 13645790 }}</ref>

Taylor (1996) postulates that "the ridged band with its unique structure, tactile corpuscles and other nerves, is primarily sensory tissue".<ref name="Taylor1996" /> He hypothesizes (2007) that Meissner's corpuscles in the ridged band are adapted to detect stretch:
:Work in progress indicates that retraction and stretching of this accordion-like structure triggers reflex contraction of ] and ].<ref name="Taylor2007Sep">{{vcite journal
| author = Taylor JR
| title = The forgotten foreskin and its ridged band (letter)
| journal = J Sex Med
| volume = 4
| issue = 5
| pages = 1516
| url= http://www.cirp.org/library/sex_function/taylor2007b/
|date=September 2007
| doi = 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00588.x
| pmid = 17727357}}</ref>

Taylor theorizes that the main function of the ridged band is to trigger sexual reflexes. In a letter to the editor of ''BJU International'', 2007, Taylor writes:
:Initial study (J.R.T. unpublished) indicates that the real importance of the ridged band to sexual intercourse lies in an ability to trigger a reflex contraction of muscles responsible for ejaculation.<ref>{{vcite journal
| author = Taylor, JR
| title = Fine-touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis (letter)
| journal = BJU Int
| volume = 100
| issue = 1
| pages = 218
| url= http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07026_4.x/full
|date=July 2007
| doi = 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07026_4.x
| pmid = 17552969}}</ref>

In the ''Journal of Sexual Medicine'', 2007, Taylor states:

:Both glans and prepuce contribute to the single ] of the penis and it is possible that these apparently dissimilar structures in fact share similar functions related more to sexual reflexes than to touch perception.<ref name="Taylor2007Sep" />

The effect of circumcision on sexual function is the subject of intense debate. Taylor's view is that "almost certainly, removal of the prepuce and its ridged band distorts penile reflexogenic functions but exactly how and to what extent still remains to be seen".<ref name="Taylor2007Sep" /> More recent research has demonstrated that the clinically important ] is absent in 73% of circumcised men ostensibly due to the removal of fine-touch nerve endings in the ridged band.<ref name=Podnar_2012>
{{vcite journal
| author= Podnar S
| title= Clinical elicitation of the penilo-cavernosus reflex in circumcised men
| journal= BJU Int
| date= 2012
| volume= 209
| issue=
| pages= 582–5
| url= http://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/pdf/2012-02_Podnar.pdf
| doi= 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10364.x
| pmid= 21883821
| pmc= }}
</ref>

For an overview of the issues surrounding male circumcision and sexual function, see ].

==See also==
*]
⚫ *]
*]
*]
*]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* ''The Ridged Band: Specialized Sexual Tissue'' URL: http://research.cirp.org/ (Dr John R. Taylor responsible for site content)

===Illustrations===
* ''Dr John Taylor's illustrations''
* ''Your Anatomy'' Site illustrating the ridged band
* ''Ridged band and frenulum'' SexDictionary.info

==Further reading==
* Kristen O'Hara with Jeffrey O'Hara. ''Sex as Nature Intended It''. Hudson, Massachusetts: Turning Point Publications, 2001: pp.&nbsp;139, 148-49. ({{ISBN|0-9700442-0-8}})
* Paul Fleiss, M.D. and Frederick Hodges, D. Phil. ''What Your Doctor May ''Not'' Tell You About Circumcision''. New York: Warner Books, 2002: pp.&nbsp;7–8, 13, 14. ({{ISBN|0-446-67880-5}})

]
]
]
]

Revision as of 05:55, 3 December 2020

The arrow points to the boundary between the ridged band and the true skin of the foreskin.

The ridged band is a band of highly erogenous mobile skin toward the end of the foreskin. Along with the frenulum of the penis, it is considered to be the most sensitive part of the penis to fine-touch. It was discovered by Canadian pathologist and medical researcher John Taylor in 1991, who believed it to be important in male sexual sensation and reflexes.

It has, especially in regard to phimosis and preputioplasty, been called preputial ring or phimotic ring, ring being analogous to band, referring to the shape, and preputial meaning pertaining to the prepuce. More particularly, it refers to the transitional area from the external to the internal surface of the prepuce, or foreskin. Most or all of the ridged band is removed by male circumcision.

History

Taylor first used the term "ridged band" instead of "wrinkly skin" and described the structure at the Second International Symposium on Circumcision, organized by NOCIRC in San Francisco, 1991, after examining the foreskins of 22 adults obtained at autopsy. The term ridged band was subsequently used by him in an anatomical and histological study of the foreskin published in the British Journal of Urology in 1996. The mean age was 37 years, range 22–58. The prepuces were studied grossly and histologically.

Structure

Part of a ridged band under 10× magnification. The delicate and highly innervated mucosa features many ridges which increase sensitivity through increased surface area.

Taylor described the ridged band as a transversely ridged band of mucosal tissue, located just inside the tip of the foreskin near the mucocutaneous boundary, also known as the preputial sphincter. He characterized the ridged band as intensely vascular and richly innervated, stating that it "contains more Meissner's corpuscles than does the smooth mucosa", and noted that these tactile corpuscles were found only in the crests of ridges.

Function

File:Permanently retracted foreskin.jpgA retracted prepuce showing well-defined ridged bandThe ridged band is completely removed during circumcision.

The prepuce, including the ridged band, is a specific erogenous zone.

Taylor (1996) postulates that "the ridged band with its unique structure, tactile corpuscles and other nerves, is primarily sensory tissue". He hypothesizes (2007) that Meissner's corpuscles in the ridged band are adapted to detect stretch:

Work in progress indicates that retraction and stretching of this accordion-like structure triggers reflex contraction of bulbocavernosus and bulbospongiosus.

Taylor theorizes that the main function of the ridged band is to trigger sexual reflexes. In a letter to the editor of BJU International, 2007, Taylor writes:

Initial study (J.R.T. unpublished) indicates that the real importance of the ridged band to sexual intercourse lies in an ability to trigger a reflex contraction of muscles responsible for ejaculation.

In the Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2007, Taylor states:

Both glans and prepuce contribute to the single mucocutaneous junctional zone of the penis and it is possible that these apparently dissimilar structures in fact share similar functions related more to sexual reflexes than to touch perception.

The effect of circumcision on sexual function is the subject of intense debate. Taylor's view is that "almost certainly, removal of the prepuce and its ridged band distorts penile reflexogenic functions but exactly how and to what extent still remains to be seen". More recent research has demonstrated that the clinically important bulbocavernosus reflex is absent in 73% of circumcised men ostensibly due to the removal of fine-touch nerve endings in the ridged band.

For an overview of the issues surrounding male circumcision and sexual function, see Sexual effects of circumcision.

See also

References

  1. Kimmel, Michael; Milrod, Christine; Kennedy, Amanda (2014). Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis. United States: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 73. ISBN 978-0759123120.
  2. ^ Sorrells ML, Snyder JL, Reiss MD, et al. Fine-touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis. BJU Int. 2007;99(4):864–869. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06685.x. PMID 17378847.
  3. ^ Taylor JR, Lockwood AP, Taylor, AJ. The prepuce: Specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision. British Journal of Urology. 1996;77(2):291–295. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410X.1996.85023.x. PMID 8800902. (Reprint: cirp.org)
  4. Winkelmann RK. The erogenous zones: their nerve supply and significance. Mayo Clin Proc. 1959;34(2):39–47. PMID 13645790.
  5. ^ Taylor JR. The forgotten foreskin and its ridged band (letter). J Sex Med. September 2007;4(5):1516. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00588.x. PMID 17727357.
  6. Taylor, JR. Fine-touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis (letter). BJU Int. July 2007;100(1):218. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07026_4.x. PMID 17552969.
  7. Podnar S. Clinical elicitation of the penilo-cavernosus reflex in circumcised men. BJU Int. 2012;209:582–5. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10364.x. PMID 21883821.

External links

Illustrations

  • Dr John Taylor's illustrations
  • Your Anatomy Site illustrating the ridged band
  • Ridged band and frenulum SexDictionary.info

Further reading

  • Kristen O'Hara with Jeffrey O'Hara. Sex as Nature Intended It. Hudson, Massachusetts: Turning Point Publications, 2001: pp. 139, 148-49. (ISBN 0-9700442-0-8)
  • Paul Fleiss, M.D. and Frederick Hodges, D. Phil. What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Circumcision. New York: Warner Books, 2002: pp. 7–8, 13, 14. (ISBN 0-446-67880-5)
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