Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 23:06, 11 December 2020

Workspace

Hittorf observed that some unknown rays were emitted from the cathode (negative electrode) which could cast shadows on the glowing wall of the tube, indicating the rays were traveling in straight lines. In 1890, Arthur Schuster demonstrated cathode rays could be deflected by electric fields, and William Crookes showed they could be deflected by magnetic fields. In 1897, J. J. Thomson succeeded in measuring the charge-mass-ratio of cathode rays, showing that they consisted of negatively charged particles smaller than atoms, the first "subatomic particles", which had already been named electrons by Irish physicist, George Johnstone Stoney in 1891. The earliest version of the CRT was known as the "Braun tube", invented by the German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1897. It was a cold-cathode diode, a modification of the Crookes tube with a phosphor-coated screen.

The first cathode-ray tube to use a hot cathode was developed by John Bertrand Johnson (who gave his name to the term Johnson noise) and Harry Weiner Weinhart of Western Electric, and became a commercial product in 1922. The introduction of hot cathodes allowed for lower acceleration anode voltages and higher electron beam currents, since the anode now only accelerated the electrons emitted by the hot cathode, and no longer had to have a very high voltage to induce electron emission from the cold cathode.

In 1926, Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a CRT television that received images with a 40-line resolution. By 1927, he improved the resolution to 100 lines, which was unrivaled until 1931. By 1928, he was the first to transmit human faces in half-tones on a CRT display. By 1935, he had invented an early all-electronic CRT television.

It was named in 1929 by inventor Vladimir K. Zworykin, who was influenced by Takayanagi's earlier work. RCA was granted a trademark for the term (for its cathode-ray tube) in 1932; it voluntarily released the term to the public domain in 1950.

In the 1930s, Allen B. DuMont made the first CRTs to last 1,000 hours of use, which was one of the factors that led to the widespread adoption of television.

The first commercially made electronic television sets with cathode-ray tubes were manufactured by Telefunken in Germany in 1934.

From 1949 to the early 1960s there was a shift from circular CRTs to rectangular CRTs, although the first rectangular CRTs were made in 1938 by Telefunken. While circular CRTs were the norm, European TV sets often blocked portions of the screen to make it appear somewhat rectangular while American sets often left the entire front of the CRT exposed or only blocked the upper and lower portions of the CRT.

In 1954 RCA produced some of the first color CRTs, the 15GP22 CRTs used in the CT-100, the first color TV set to be mass produced. The first rectangular color CRT were also made in 1954. However, the first color rectangular CRTs to be offered to the public were made in 1963. One of the challenges that had to be solved to produce the rectangular color CRT was convergence at the corners of the CRT. In 1965, brighter rare earth phosphors began replacing dimmer and cadmium-containing red and green phosphors. Eventually blue phosphors were replaced as well.

The size of CRTs increased over time, from 19 inches in 1938, to 21 inches in 1955, 35 inches by 1985, and 43 inches by 1989. However, experimental 31 inch CRTs were made as far back as 1938.

In 1960 the Aiken tube was invented. It was a CRT in a flat panel display format with a single electron gun. Deflection was electrostatic and magnetic but due to patent problems it was never put into production. It was also envisioned as a Head-up display in aircraft. By the time patent issues were solved RCA had already invested heavily in conventional CRTs.

In 1987, flat screen CRTs were developed by Zenith for computer monitors, reducing reflections and helping increase image contrast and brightness. Such CRTs were expensive which limited their use to computer monitors. Attempts were made to produce flat screen CRTs using inexpensive and widely available float glass.

In 1990, the first CRTs with HD resolution were released to the market by Sony.

In the mid 1990s, some 160 million CRTs were made per year.

Flat panel displays dropped in price and started significantly displacing cathode-ray tubes in the 2000s. After several predictions, LCD monitor sales began exceeding those of CRTs in 2003-2004 and LCD TV sales started exceeding those of CRTs in the US in 2005, in Japan in 2005-2006, in Europe in 2006, globally in 2007-2008, and in India in 2013.

In the mid 2000s, Canon and Sony presented the Surface-conduction electron-emitter display and Field-emission displays, respectively. They both were flat panel displays that had one (SED) or several (FED) electron emitters per subpixel in place of electron guns; the electron emitters were placed on a sheet of glass and the electrons were accelerated to a nearby sheet of glass with phosphors using an anode voltage; the electrons were not focused making each subpixel essentially a flood gun CRT. They were never put into mass production as LCD technology was significantly cheaper, eliminating the market for such displays.

The last known manufacturer of (in this case, recycled) CRTs, Videocon, ceased in 2015. CRT TVs stopped being made around the same time.

In 2015, several CRT manufacturers were convicted in the US for price fixing. The same occurred in Canada in 2018.

Demise

Worldwide sales of CRT computer monitors peaked in 2000, at 90 million units, while those of CRT TVs peaked in 2005 at 130 million units.

Beggining in the late 90s to the early 2000s CRTs began to be replaced with LCDs, starting first with computer monitors smaller than 15 inches in size largely because of their lower bulk. Among the first manufacturers to stop CRT production was Hitachi, in 2001, followed by Sony in Japan in 2004, Thomson in the US in 2004, Matsushita Toshiba picture display in 2005 in the US, 2006 in Malaysia and 2007 in China, Sony in the US in 2006, Sony in Singapore and Malaysia for the Latin American and Asian markets in 2008, Samsung SDI in 2007 and 2012 and Cathode Ray Technology(formerly Philips) in 2012 and Videocon in 2015-16. Ekranas in Lithuania and LG.Philips Displays went bankrupt in 2005 and 2006 respectively. Matsushita Toshiba stopped in the US in 2004 due to losses of $109 million, and in Malaysia in 2006 due to losses that almost equaled their sales. The last CRT TVs at CES were shown by Samsung in 2007 and the last mass produced model was introduced by LG in 2008 for developing markets due to its low price. The last CRT TV by a major manufacturer was introduced by LG in 2010.

CRTs were first replaced by LCD in developed markets such as Japan and Europe in the 2000s and continued to be popular in developing markets such as Latin America, China, Asia and the Middle East due to their low price compared to contemporary flat panel TVs, and later in markets like rural India, however in around 2014 even rural markets started favoring LCD over CRT, leading to the demise of the technology.

Despite being a mainstay of display technology for decades, CRT-based computer monitors and televisions are now virtually a dead technology. Demand for CRT screens dropped in the late 2000s. The rapid advances and falling prices of LCD flat panel technology — first for computer monitors, and then for televisions — spelled doom for competing display technologies such as CRT, rear-projection, and plasma display. Efforts from Samsung and LG to make CRTs competitive with their LCD and plasma counterparts, offering slimmer and cheaper models to compete with similarly sized and more expensive LCDs CRTs eventually became obsolete and were relegated to developing markets once LCDs fell in price, with their lower bulk, weight and ability to be wall mounted coming as pluses.

Most high-end CRT production had ceased by around 2010, including high-end Sony and Panasonic product lines. In Canada and the United States, the sale and production of high-end CRT TVs (30-inch (76 cm) screens) in these markets had all but ended by 2007. Just a couple of years later, inexpensive "combo" CRT TVs (20-inch (51 cm) screens with an integrated VHS player) disappeared from discount stores.

Electronics retailers such as Best Buy steadily reduced store spaces for CRTs. In 2005, Sony announced that they would stop the production of CRT computer displays. Samsung did not introduce any CRT models for the 2008 model year at the 2008 Consumer Electronics Show; on 4 February 2008, they removed their 30" wide screen CRTs from their North American website and did not replace them with new models.

In the United Kingdom, DSG (Dixons), the largest retailer of domestic electronic equipment, reported that CRT models made up 80–90% of the volume of televisions sold at Christmas 2004 and 15–20% a year later, and that they were expected to be less than 5% at the end of 2006. Dixons ceased selling CRT televisions in 2006.

CRTs' demise has made maintaining arcade machines made before the wide adoption of flat panel displays difficult, due to a lack of spare replacement CRTs. (CRTs may need replacement due to wear as explained further below) Repairing CRTs, although possible, requires a high level of skill.

Current uses

While CRTs had declined dramatically in the late 2000s, they are still widely used by consumers and some industries. CRTs do have some distinct advantages over other newer technologies.

Because a CRT doesn't need to draw a full image and instead uses interlaced lines, a CRT is faster than an LCD which draws the entire image. CRTs are also able to correctly display certain resolutions, such as the 256x224 resolution of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). This is also an example of the most common usage of CRTs by consumers, retro video gaming. Some reasons for this include:

• CRTs are able to correctly display the often 'oddball' resolutions that many older consoles use.
• Pre-seventh generation video game consoles were designed with CRTs completely in mind; even if a console could be displayed on an LCD, it would almost always look substantially better on a CRT.
• CRTs have near zero input lag for pre-seventh generation consoles as compared to LCDs.

Some industries still use CRTs because it is either too much effort, downtime, and/or cost to replace them, or there is no substitute available; a notable example is the airline industry. Planes such as the Boeing 747-400 and the Airbus A320 used CRT instruments in their glass cockpits instead of mechanical instruments. Airlines such as Lufthansa still use CRT technology, which also uses floppy disks for navigation updates.

CRTs also tend to be more rugged than their flat panel counterparts, although rugged LCDs also exist.

Comparison with other technologies

• LCD advantages over CRT: Lower bulk, power consumption and heat generation, higher refresh rates (up to 360hz), higher contrast ratios
• CRT advantages over LCD: Better color reproduction, no motion blur, multisyncing available in many monitors, no input lag
• OLED advantages over CRT: Lower bulk, similar color reproduction, higher contrast ratios, similar refesh rates(over 60Hz, up to 120hz) but not on computer monitors, also suffers from motion blur

On CRTs, refresh rate depends on resolution, both of which are ultimately limited by the maximum horizontal scanning frequency of the CRT; motion blur also depends on the decay time of the phosphors; phosphors that decay too slowly for a given refresh rate may cause smearing or motion blur on the image. In practice CRTs are limited to a refresh rate of 160hz. LCDs that can compete with OLED (Dual Layer, and mini-LED LCDs) are not available in high refresh rates, although quantum dot LCDs (QLEDs) are available in high refresh rates (up to 144Hz) and are competitive in color reproduction with OLEDs.

CRT monitors can still outperform LCD and OLED monitors in input lag, as there is no signal processing between the CRT and the display connector of the monitor, since CRT monitors often use VGA which provides an analog signal that can be fed to a CRT directly. Video cards designed for use with CRTs may have a RAMDAC to generate the analog signals needed by the CRT. Also, CRT monitors are often capable of displaying sharp images at several resolutions, an ability known as multisyncing. Due to these reasons CRTs are sometimes preferred by PC gamers in spite of their bulk, weight and heat generation.

References

1. Ferdinand Braun (1897) "Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium des zeitlichen Verlaufs variabler Ströme" (On a process for the display and study of the course in time of variable currents), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 3rd series, 60: 552–559.
2. ^ Thorn-AEI Radio Valves and Tubes Limited (1964). Electrons in Picture Tubes. United Kingdom.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
3. Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television, NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation), 2002, retrieved 23 May 2009.
4. Forrester, Chris (2011). High Above: The untold story of Astra, Europe's leading satellite company. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 220. ISBN 978-3-642-12009-1.
5. ^ Albert Abramson, Zworykin, Pioneer of Television, University of Illinois Press, 1995, p. 231. ISBN 0-252-02104-5.
6. Popular Photography, November 1990, page 5
7. Albert Abramson, Zworykin, Pioneer of Television, University of Illinois Press, 1995, p. 84. ISBN 0-252-02104-5.
8. "RCA Surrenders Rights to Four Trade-Marks," Radio Age, October 1950, p. 21.
9. Hart, Hugh (28 January 2010). "Jan. 29, 1901: DuMont Will Make TV Work". Wired.
10. Telefunken, Early Electronic TV Gallery, Early Television Foundation.
11. 1934–35 Telefunken, Television History: The First 75 Years.
12. "Telefunken RFB/T2". www.earlytelevision.org.
13. Television Digest, 1949 issue
14. ^ https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Radio-Age/ElectronicAge-1964-Autumn.pdf
15. ^ https://www.earlytelevision.org/motorola_prototype_crt.html
16. https://vintagetek.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Tek-CRT-History-Keller-Oct-2007-Pt5.pdf
17. "Raytheon Model M-1601 console television receiver | Science Museum Group Collection". collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk.
18. "Westinghouse 19 Inch Color TV Ad". www.earlytelevision.org.
19. "15GP22 Color CRT". www.earlytelevision.org.
20. Knowles, Tim Mekeel And Laura. "RCA pioneers remember making the first color TV tube". LancasterOnline.
21. Early Television Museum. "DuMont Experimental Color".
22. https://www.earlytelevision.org/pdf/zenith_rectangular_crt.pdf
23. "US Patent for Color picture tube Patent (Patent # 3,989,977 issued November 2, 1976) - Justia Patents Search". patents.justia.com.
24. "Rare earth activated indium borate cathodoluminescent phosphors".
25. "Rare earth activated yttrium and gadolinium oxy-chalcogenide phosphors".
26. http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/components/rca/crt/TPM-1508A_RCA_Phosphors_Oct61.pdf
27. Toshiba Corporation. "東芝未来科学館：世界初のブラック・ストライプ方式ブラウン管" (in Japanese).
28. "Cathode ray tube color screen and method of producing same".
29. "The Cathode Ray Tube site, Cathode Ray Tubes". www.crtsite.com.
30. "21AXP22". www.earlytelevision.org.
31. "CBS and Westinghouse 22 Inch Rectangular Color Tubes". www.earlytelevision.org.
32. "1988 vs. 2008: A Tech Retrospective". PCWorld. 22 February 2008.
33. https://docs.sony.com/release/PVM4300.pdf The KX-45ED1 by sony was even larger, at 45 visible inches, and it was released in 1988 in Japan, but i couldn't find any reliable sources about it
34. "RCA 31 Inch CRT". www.earlytelevision.org.
35. "Geer Experimental Color CRT". www.earlytelevision.org.
36. Taylor, Alan. "50 Years Ago: The World in 1961 - The Atlantic". www.theatlantic.com.
37. "Fairchild Flat Screen CRT". www.earlytelevision.org.
38. "Flat Screen TV in 1958 - Popular Mechanics (Jan, 1958)".
39. Corporation, Bonnier (5 August 1986). "Popular Science". Bonnier Corporation – via Google Books.
40. Corporation, Bonnier (5 April 1992). "Popular Science". Bonnier Corporation – via Google Books.
41. Warren, Rich. "TV MAKERS TUNING IN TO FLAT SCREENS TO HELP ROUND OUT SALES". chicagotribune.com.
42. "Prototype CRT's". www.crtsite.com.
43. "History of the CRT TV". BT.com.
44. "Toshiba : Press Releases 21 December, 1995".
45. "LCDs to outsell CRT monitors soon: IDC". amp.smh.com.au.
46. "IDC: LCDs to outsell CRT monitors in 2003 | Computerworld". www.computerworld.com.
47. Maslog-Levis, Kristyn. "LCDs outsell CRTs in Q4 2003". ZDNet.
48. "LCDs Overtake and Outsell CRTs in Q3 2004!". Audioholics Home Theater, HDTV, Receivers, Speakers, Blu-ray Reviews and News.
49. "LCD monitors outsold CRTs in Q3, says DisplaySearch | EE Times".
50. September 2005, TVTechnology 28. "Canada: Daytek Adds 40-Inch LCD HD". TVTechnology.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
51. "LCD TV shipments beat CRT in Japan in 2005". ARN.
52. "Big-screen CRT TV business in Japan all but over". Macworld. 24 July 2006.
53. Staff, C. I. O. (24 July 2006). "Big-Screen CRT TV Biz in Japan All But Finished". CIO.
54. "LCDs outsell CRTs in Europe | Macworld". www.macworld.com.
55. Sherwood, James. "Global LCD TV sales overtake CRT". www.theregister.com.
56. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
57. Mitra, Amit. "Indians switch off cathode ray TVs". @businessline.
58. "Canon signals end of the road for SED TV dreams". Good Gear Guide.
59. "Three more years of Videocon CRT demand?". 9 January 2015.
60. ^ "A look at where California's CRT glass is going". 12 March 2020.
61. "Saying Goodbye To Old Technology — And A Legendary NYC Repair Shop". NPR.org.
62. "Onida exits DVD business, aims to phase out CRT TV manufacturing by 2015". Business Standard.
63. "Price fixing settlement: If you owned a TV in 1995 you could get money back". Global News.
64. Levine, Dan (1 June 2015). "Companies in cathode ray tube price fixing lawsuit reach $528 million deal". Reuters.
65. ^ "CRTs going down the tubes? Hardly". MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
66. "CNN.com - Are you looking at your last CRT? - February 15, 2002". edition.cnn.com.
67. McClung, By Pat; Jul 25, 1999. "FlexScan L66: A sound choice in flat-panel displays -". FCW. {{cite web}}: |first2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
68. "GE Announces Tube Plant Closing; 790 Jobs Cut". AP NEWS.
69. "Hitachi Will Still Manufacture CRT Monitors - ExtremeTech". www.extremetech.com.
70. Blincoe, Robert. "Hitachi to ditch CRT monitors". www.theregister.com.
71. ^ "Sony to stop making old-style cathode ray tube TVs". MarketWatch.
72. "Thomson shuts down American picture tube production | TV Technology". www.tvtechnology.com.
73. Certain Color Television Receivers from China, Invs. 731-TA-1034 (Final). DIANE Publishing. ISBN 9781457820526 – via Google Books.
74. "Hitachi, Matsushita, Toshiba cement LCD venture plan | Computerworld". www.computerworld.com.
75. ^ Williams, Martyn (27 July 2006). "Panasonic-Toshiba venture to shut Malaysia CRT plant". Network World.
76. "Panasonic China stops CRT TV production at Shandong plant". DIGITIMES.
77. "Retrotechtacular: Some Of The Last CRTs From The Factory Floor". 30 November 2018.
78. "Full Page Reload". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News.
79. "Samsung SDI Struggles to Close CRT Lines". m.koreatimes.co.kr. 10 December 2007.
80. "Samsung Hungary to Halt CRT Production". world.kbs.co.kr.
81. "Samsung SDI halts CRT production in Malaysia plant - Pulse by Maeil Business News Korea". m.pulsenews.co.kr.
82. "Samsung SDI halts CRT production in Malaysia plant". www.mk.co.kr. 3 April 2012.
83. "Cathode Ray Technology". www.crtsite.com.
84. "Cathode Ray Technology B.V. Engineering Model Type D10-XXX". lampes-et-tubes.info.
85. "Videocon shuts down furnaces - and stokes concerns". 22 October 2015.
86. "With demand dwindling, questions swirl around Videocon". 1 February 2018.
87. Elliott, Bobby (3 March 2016). "Videocon begins accepting CRT glass again".
88. "Ekranas files for bankruptcy, Vilniaus Vingis braces for worst". www.baltictimes.com.
89. Bush, Steve (27 January 2006). "LG.Philips seeks bankruptcy protection in Europe".
90. "LCD plant coming soon after CRT close-down". ComputerWeekly.com.
91. ^ "Samsung introduces 2007 LCD, plasma, DLP and CRT lineup". Engadget.
92. March 2007, J. Mark Lytle 09. "World's thinnest CRT TV bucks all trends". TechRadar.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
93. Solca, Bogdan. "LG Presents the Slimmest CRT TV Display". softpedia.
94. "LG's Classic TV gives old CRT new legs". Engadget.
95. "LG Goes Retro, Introduces New CRT TV | TechHive". www.techhive.com.
96. "LG, Samsung try to save the CRT". amp.smh.com.au.
97. February 2009, Dean Evans 06. "What's happening to all the CRT TVs?". TechRadar.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
98. Ravikumar, R. "Rise of flat-screen televisions lowers the curtain on the bulky box". @businessline.
99. Wong, May (22 October 2006). "Flat Panels Drive Old TVs From Market". AP via USA Today. Retrieved 8 October 2006.
100. Shim, Richard. "LG.Philips Displays ups production of slim CRTs". CNET.
101. "LG, Samsung try to save the CRT". The Sydney Morning Herald. 19 August 2005.
102. "Samsung unveils HDTV-compatible CRT - Audio Visual - News - HEXUS.net". m.hexus.net.
103. "Philips division launches slim CRTs". South China Morning Post (in Indonesian). 2003-01-28. Retrieved 2020-12-11.
104. "World's slimmest CRT digital TV built". amp.smh.com.au.
105. "The Standard TV" (PDF). Veritas et Visus. Retrieved 12 June 2008.
106. "End of an era". The San Diego Union-Tribune. 20 January 2006. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2008.
107. "Matsushita says good-bye to CRTs". engadgetHD. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2008.
108. "SlimFit HDTV". Samsung. Archived from the original on 10 January 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2008.
109. "The future is flat as Dixons withdraws sale of 'big box' televisions". London Evening Standard. 26 November 2006. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
110. "Donkey Kong's failing liver: What the death of the CRT display technology means for classic arcade machines". 3 March 2017.
111. "Nintendo Entertainment System Specs". CNET. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
112. Pal, Soumyadeep. "The Iconic Boeing 747 Heads Into The Sunset. An Enduring Legacy". QNewsHub. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
113. "The Boeing 747-400 Is Still Updated With Floppy Disks - Here's Why". Simple Flying. 11 August 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
114. ^ Cite error: The named reference auto105 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
115. "Asus ROG Swift 360Hz PG259QN Review". PCMAG.
116. ^ "We played modern games on a CRT monitor - and the results are phenomenal | Eurogamer". www.eurogamer.net.
117. Morrison, Geoffrey. "Which TV is best for PS5 and Xbox Series X?". CNET.
118. "LG C9 OLED Review (OLED55C9PUA, OLED65C9PUA, OLED77C9PUA)". RTINGS.com.
119. "LG admits that OLED TVs will have problems with variable refresh rate (VRR) below 120 Hz". Gizchina.com. November 7, 2020.
120. "OLED Monitors In 2020 : Current Market Status". DisplayNinja. 23 November 2020.
121. Morrison, Geoffrey. "Motion blur on 4K TVs: What it is and how to fight it". CNET.
122. "Samsung SyncMaster 997MB - CRT monitor - 19" Series Specs". CNET.
123. "Samsung C32HG70 Review 2020: What You Need To Know". DisplayNinja. 29 October 2020.
124. Katzmaier, David. "QLED or OLED? We compare the two best TV technologies". CNET.
125. Kim, Chul (3 October 2002). "Production of shadow-mask-improved technology". Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 127 (3): 409–418. doi:10.1016/s0924-0136(02)00435-1.
126. "MultiSync 25th Anniversary - The Evolution of the MultiSync | NEC Display Solutions". www.nec-display.com.
127. Bagher, Askari Mohammad; Vahid, Mirzaei Mahmoud Abadi; Mohsen, Mirhabibi (19 May 2017). "A Review of Challenges in Display Technology". International Journal of Electrical Components and Energy Conversion. 3 (2): 26. doi:10.11648/j.ijecec.20170302.12.
128. Martindale, Jon (2019-09-17). "New Report States CRT Monitors Are Still Better Than Modern Gaming Displays". Digital Trends. Retrieved 2020-12-11.

This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

100,000th edit!

	100,000th edit award
	Let me be the first to congratulate you on your 100,000th edit! You are now entitled to place the 100,000 Edit Star on your bling page! or you could choose to display the {{User 100,000 edits}} user box. Or both! Thanks for all your work at the 'pedia! Cheers, — ~~~~

Shortcut

Category:Infobox person using residence