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'''Stangeriaceae''' is the smallest family of the ]s, including only two extant genera, '']'' and ''].'' '''Stangeriaceae''' is the smallest family of the ]s, including only two extant genera, '']'' and ''].''
==Taxonomy== ==Taxonomy==
Although the name was first published by Schimper and Schenk<ref>{{Cite book|last=Metcalf Collection (North Carolina State University).|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/34265|title=Handbuch der palaeontologie. Unter mitwirkung von W. Ph. Schimper; hrsg. von Karl A. Zittel.|last2=Schenk|first2=August|last3=Schimper|first3=Wilhelm Philip|last4=Scudder|first4=Samuel Hubbard|last5=Zittel|first5=Karl Alfred von|date=1880|publisher=R. Oldenbourg,|location=München,|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.34265}}</ref>, it was used by ] (who was unaware of previous uses) to include only the genus ''Stangeria.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first=L A S|last2=Johnson|first2=L. A. S.|date=1959|title=The families of cycads and the Zamiaceae of Australia|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/47364|journal=Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales|volume=84|pages=64–117}}</ref> Later, Stevenson expanded the family to include ''Bowenia.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stevenson|first=Dennis Wm.|date=1990-03-07|title=Morphology and Systematics of the Cycadales|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.21135/893273507.003|journal=The Biology, Structure, and Systematics of the Cycadales: Proceedings of the Symposium CYCAD 87|publisher=The New York Botanical Garden Press|doi=10.21135/893273507.003|isbn=978-0-89327-350-7}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> This decision was based on some shared characters (]) such as the presence of fused vacularized ]s, the lack or irregular production of ]s, and a few other anatomical and morphological traits<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Stevenson|first=Dennis WM.|date=1992-04-01|title=A formal classification of the extant cycads|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2806837|journal=Brittonia|language=en|volume=44|issue=2|pages=220–223|doi=10.2307/2806837|issn=1938-436X}}</ref>. Later molecular<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Salas-Leiva|first=Dayana E.|last2=Meerow|first2=Alan W.|last3=Calonje|first3=Michael|last4=Griffith|first4=M. Patrick|last5=Francisco-Ortega|first5=Javier|last6=Nakamura|first6=Kyoko|last7=Stevenson|first7=Dennis W.|last8=Lewis|first8=Carl E.|last9=Namoff|first9=Sandra|date=2013-11-01|title=Phylogeny of the cycads based on multiple single-copy nuclear genes: congruence of concatenated parsimony, likelihood and species tree inference methods|url=https://academic.oup.com/aob/article/112/7/1263/2768918|journal=Annals of Botany|language=en|volume=112|issue=7|pages=1263–1278|doi=10.1093/aob/mct192|issn=0305-7364|pmc=3806525|pmid=23997230}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rai|first=Hardeep S.|last2=O’Brien|first2=Heath E.|last3=Reeves|first3=Patrick A.|last4=Olmstead|first4=Richard G.|last5=Graham|first5=Sean W.|date=2003-11-01|title=Inference of higher-order relationships in the cycads from a large chloroplast data set|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790303001313|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=29|issue=2|pages=350–359|doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00131-3|issn=1055-7903}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chaw|first=Shu-Miaw|last2=Walters|first2=Terrence W.|last3=Chang|first3=Chien-Chang|last4=Hu|first4=Shu-Hsuan|last5=Chen|first5=Shin-Hsiao|date=2005-10-01|title=A phylogeny of cycads (Cycadales) inferred from chloroplast matK gene, trnK intron, and nuclear rDNA ITS region|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790305000084|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=214–234|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.006|issn=1055-7903}}</ref> evidence suggested that the two genera of the Stangeriaceae belonged in different positions within the ]., thus leading other authors to propose dissolving the family.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Christenhusz|first=M. J. M.|last2=Reveal|first2=J. L.|last3=Farjon|first3=A.|last4=Gardner|first4=M. F.|last5=Mill|first5=R. R.|last6=Chase|first6=M. W.|date=2011-02-18|title=A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms|url=http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.19.1.3|journal=Phytotaxa|volume=19|issue=1|pages=55|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.3|issn=1179-3163}}</ref> Although the name was first published by ] and ]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Metcalf Collection (North Carolina State University).|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/34265|title=Handbuch der palaeontologie. Unter mitwirkung von W. Ph. Schimper; hrsg. von Karl A. Zittel.|last2=Schenk|first2=August|last3=Schimper|first3=Wilhelm Philip|last4=Scudder|first4=Samuel Hubbard|last5=Zittel|first5=Karl Alfred von|date=1880|publisher=R. Oldenbourg,|location=München,|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.34265}}</ref>, it was used by ] (who was unaware of previous uses) to include only the genus ''Stangeria.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first=L A S|last2=Johnson|first2=L. A. S.|date=1959|title=The families of cycads and the Zamiaceae of Australia|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/47364|journal=Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales|volume=84|pages=64–117}}</ref> Later, Stevenson expanded the family to include ''Bowenia.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stevenson|first=Dennis Wm.|date=1990-03-07|title=Morphology and Systematics of the Cycadales|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.21135/893273507.003|journal=The Biology, Structure, and Systematics of the Cycadales: Proceedings of the Symposium CYCAD 87|publisher=The New York Botanical Garden Press|doi=10.21135/893273507.003|isbn=978-0-89327-350-7}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> This decision was based on some shared characters (]) such as the presence of fused vacularized ]s, the lack or irregular production of ]s, and a few other anatomical and morphological traits<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Stevenson|first=Dennis WM.|date=1992-04-01|title=A formal classification of the extant cycads|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2806837|journal=Brittonia|language=en|volume=44|issue=2|pages=220–223|doi=10.2307/2806837|issn=1938-436X}}</ref>. Later molecular<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Salas-Leiva|first=Dayana E.|last2=Meerow|first2=Alan W.|last3=Calonje|first3=Michael|last4=Griffith|first4=M. Patrick|last5=Francisco-Ortega|first5=Javier|last6=Nakamura|first6=Kyoko|last7=Stevenson|first7=Dennis W.|last8=Lewis|first8=Carl E.|last9=Namoff|first9=Sandra|date=2013-11-01|title=Phylogeny of the cycads based on multiple single-copy nuclear genes: congruence of concatenated parsimony, likelihood and species tree inference methods|url=https://academic.oup.com/aob/article/112/7/1263/2768918|journal=Annals of Botany|language=en|volume=112|issue=7|pages=1263–1278|doi=10.1093/aob/mct192|issn=0305-7364|pmc=3806525|pmid=23997230}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rai|first=Hardeep S.|last2=O’Brien|first2=Heath E.|last3=Reeves|first3=Patrick A.|last4=Olmstead|first4=Richard G.|last5=Graham|first5=Sean W.|date=2003-11-01|title=Inference of higher-order relationships in the cycads from a large chloroplast data set|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790303001313|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=29|issue=2|pages=350–359|doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00131-3|issn=1055-7903}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chaw|first=Shu-Miaw|last2=Walters|first2=Terrence W.|last3=Chang|first3=Chien-Chang|last4=Hu|first4=Shu-Hsuan|last5=Chen|first5=Shin-Hsiao|date=2005-10-01|title=A phylogeny of cycads (Cycadales) inferred from chloroplast matK gene, trnK intron, and nuclear rDNA ITS region|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790305000084|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=214–234|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.006|issn=1055-7903}}</ref> evidence suggested that the two genera of the Stangeriaceae belonged in different positions within the ]., thus leading other authors to propose dissolving the family.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Christenhusz|first=M. J. M.|last2=Reveal|first2=J. L.|last3=Farjon|first3=A.|last4=Gardner|first4=M. F.|last5=Mill|first5=R. R.|last6=Chase|first6=M. W.|date=2011-02-18|title=A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms|url=http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.19.1.3|journal=Phytotaxa|volume=19|issue=1|pages=55|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.3|issn=1179-3163}}</ref>
==Distribution== ==Distribution==


Revision as of 10:06, 9 January 2021

Stangeriaceae
Stangeria eriopus in coastal lowland forest,
South Africa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Cycadophyta
Class: Cycadopsida
Order: Cycadales
Suborder: Zamiineae
Family: Stangeriaceae
Schimp. & Schenk
Genera

Stangeriaceae is the smallest family of the cycads, including only two extant genera, Stangeria and Bowenia.

Taxonomy

Although the name was first published by Schimper and Schenk, it was used by Johnson (who was unaware of previous uses) to include only the genus Stangeria. Later, Stevenson expanded the family to include Bowenia. This decision was based on some shared characters (synapomorphies) such as the presence of fused vacularized stipules, the lack or irregular production of cataphylls, and a few other anatomical and morphological traits. Later molecular evidence suggested that the two genera of the Stangeriaceae belonged in different positions within the Zamiaceae., thus leading other authors to propose dissolving the family.

Distribution

Though today the family occurs only in South Africa and Queensland, Australia, potentially related fossils are found in other places in the globe. Cladistic studies suggested that the fossil taxon Mesodescolea from the Lower Cretaceous of Argentina has affinities with the Stangeriaceae, being sister to Stangeria. This highly lobed fossil leaf from has been reinterpreted as an early angiosperm. Another fossil from the Lower Cretaceous of Argentina, Eobowenia incrassata, has been suggested as the oldest relative of Bowenia. The Paleogene genus Eostangeria from North America and Europe may also have affinities with the Stangeriaceae.

References

  1. Metcalf Collection (North Carolina State University).; Schenk, August; Schimper, Wilhelm Philip; Scudder, Samuel Hubbard; Zittel, Karl Alfred von (1880). Handbuch der palaeontologie. Unter mitwirkung von W. Ph. Schimper; hrsg. von Karl A. Zittel. München,: R. Oldenbourg,. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.34265.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  2. Johnson, L A S; Johnson, L. A. S. (1959). "The families of cycads and the Zamiaceae of Australia". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 84: 64–117.
  3. Stevenson, Dennis Wm. (1990-03-07). "Morphology and Systematics of the Cycadales". The Biology, Structure, and Systematics of the Cycadales: Proceedings of the Symposium CYCAD 87. The New York Botanical Garden Press. doi:10.21135/893273507.003. ISBN 978-0-89327-350-7.
  4. ^ Stevenson, Dennis WM. (1992-04-01). "A formal classification of the extant cycads". Brittonia. 44 (2): 220–223. doi:10.2307/2806837. ISSN 1938-436X.
  5. Salas-Leiva, Dayana E.; Meerow, Alan W.; Calonje, Michael; Griffith, M. Patrick; Francisco-Ortega, Javier; Nakamura, Kyoko; Stevenson, Dennis W.; Lewis, Carl E.; Namoff, Sandra (2013-11-01). "Phylogeny of the cycads based on multiple single-copy nuclear genes: congruence of concatenated parsimony, likelihood and species tree inference methods". Annals of Botany. 112 (7): 1263–1278. doi:10.1093/aob/mct192. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 3806525. PMID 23997230.
  6. Rai, Hardeep S.; O’Brien, Heath E.; Reeves, Patrick A.; Olmstead, Richard G.; Graham, Sean W. (2003-11-01). "Inference of higher-order relationships in the cycads from a large chloroplast data set". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 29 (2): 350–359. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00131-3. ISSN 1055-7903.
  7. Chaw, Shu-Miaw; Walters, Terrence W.; Chang, Chien-Chang; Hu, Shu-Hsuan; Chen, Shin-Hsiao (2005-10-01). "A phylogeny of cycads (Cycadales) inferred from chloroplast matK gene, trnK intron, and nuclear rDNA ITS region". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (1): 214–234. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.006. ISSN 1055-7903.
  8. Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Reveal, J. L.; Farjon, A.; Gardner, M. F.; Mill, R. R.; Chase, M. W. (2011-02-18). "A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms". Phytotaxa. 19 (1): 55. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.3. ISSN 1179-3163.
  9. Hermsen, Elizabeth J.; Taylor, Thomas N.; Taylor, Edith L.; Stevenson, Dennis Wm (2006). "Cataphylls of the Middle Triassic cycad Antarcticycas schopfii and new insights into cycad evolution". American Journal of Botany. 93 (5): 724–738. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.5.724. ISSN 1537-2197.
  10. Coiro, Mario; Martínez, Leandro C. A.; Upchurch, Garland R.; Doyle, James A. "Evidence for an extinct lineage of angiosperms from the Early Cretaceous of Patagonia and implications for the early radiation of flowering plants". New Phytologist. n/a (n/a). doi:10.1111/nph.16657. ISSN 1469-8137.
  11. Coiro,M.; Pott,C. (2017). "Eobowenia gen. nov. from the Early Cretaceous of Patagonia: indication for an early divergence of Bowenia?". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 97. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0943-x. PMC 5383990. PMID 28388891.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  12. Kvaček, Zlatko; Manchester, Steven R. (1999-05-01). "Eostangeria Barthel (Extinct Cycadales) from the Paleogene of Western North America and Europe". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 160 (3): 621–629. doi:10.1086/314152. ISSN 1058-5893.
Taxon identifiers
Stangeriaceae
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