Misplaced Pages

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Solavirum (talk | contribs) at 21:34, 27 March 2021 (→Split and fall: +). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Seljuks of SyriaSuriye Selçukluları سلجوقیان سوریه
1079–1117
Double-headed eagle used by Seljuks
Capital	blahblah (1037–1043) blahblah (1043–1051)
Common languages	Persian Oghuz Turkic Arabic
Religion	Sunni Islam
Malik
• 1078–1095	Tutush I
• 1114-1117	Sultan Shah
• 1104	Ertash
History
• Tutush seizes Aleppo	1079
• Tutush seizes Damascus	1079
• Aleppo and Damascus split	1095
• First Crusade	1095–1099
• damascus end	1104
• 1117 aleppo end	1117
Preceded by Succeeded by Mirdasid dynasty Fatimid Caliphate Artuqids Burid dynasty Kingdom of Jerusalem County of Edessa Principality of Antioch County of Tripoli

History of the Turkic peoples pre–14th century
Turkic peoples Onogurs Oghuz Turks Saragurs Utigurs Bulgars Sabir Kutrigurs Karluks Kimek Kipchaks Cherniye Klobuki Uyghurs Tatars Kumyks Yakuts Dolgans Krymchaks Crimean Karaites
Turkic Languages Turkish Azerbaijani Uzbek Kazakh Uyghur Turkmen Tatar Kyrgyz Bashkir Chuvash Qasgqai Karakalpak Sakha Kumyk Karachay-Balkar Tuvan Gagauz Karaim Krymchak
Turkic Mythology Belief system: Tengrism and Shamanism Chief gods and goddesses: Kayra and Ülgen Epics and heroes: Ergenekon and Asena Major concepts: Sheka and Grey wolf
Pre-14th century Yenisei Kyrgyz People 202 BCE–13th CE Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate Dingling 71 BC–?? AD Tiele (Gaoche) Göktürks First Turkic Khaganate 552–581 Western Turkic Khaganate 581–657 (Tokhara Yabghus, Turk Shahis) Eastern Turkic Khaganate 581–650 Second Turkic Khaganate 682–744 Sabiri People Khazar Khaganate 618–1048 Xueyantuo 628–646 Kangar Union 659–750 Turk Shahi 665-850 Türgesh Khaganate 699–766 Kimek–Kipchak Confederation 743–1035 Uyghur Khaganate 744–840 Oghuz Yabgu State 750–1055 Karluk Yabgu State 756–940 Kara-Khanid Khanate 840–1212 Western Kara-Khanid Eastern Kara-Khanid Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 848–1036 Qocho 856–1335 Pecheneg Khanates 860–1091 Ghaznavid Empire 963–1186 Seljuk Empire 1037–1194 Sultanate of Rum Cuman–Kipchak Confederation 1067–1239 Khwarazmian Empire 1077–1231 Kerait Khanate 11th century–13th century Atabegs of Azerbaijan 1136–1225 Delhi Sultanate 1206–1526 Mamluk dynasty Khalji dynasty Tughlaq dynasty Qarlughid Kingdom 1224–1266 Golden Horde 1242–1502 Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) 1250–1517 Bahri dynasty Ottoman State 1299–1922
v t e

The Seljuks of Syria, the Syrian Seljuks (Template:Lang-tr; Template:Lang-fa), the Syrian Seljuk State (Template:Lang-tr), or the Syrian and Palestinian Seljuk State (Template:Lang-tr) was high medieval Turkic Sunni Muslim state in Syria.

History

Foundation

In 1078, the Seljuk Sultan Malik-Shah I appointed his brother Taj ad-Dawla Tutush, the mayor of Ganja in Arran, to conquer Syria and the adjacent areas, and promised them to him as iqta. Tutush besieged and conquered Aleppo next year, which was ruled by Sabiq ibn Mahmud of the Mirdasid dynasty, while a Fatimid army simultaneously besieged Damascus. Thereupon, the Turcoman ruler of Damascus, Atsiz ibn Uwaq (r. 1071–1079) asked for help from Tutush. Having heard that Tutush was coming, the Fatimid forces retreated. Even though Atsiz accepted Tutush's suzerainty, Tutush had Atsiz strangled with the bowstring of his bow on the pretext that he was late to greet him and that he was conspiring against him with his brother. Tutush captured the cities such as Jerusalem, Damascus, Acre, Tyre, Tripoli, Jaffa, and Arish, as well as the region of Galilee, previously under Atsiz's domain, and founded the Syrian Seljuk State.

Tutush struggled with the Seljuk Sultan of Rum, Suleiman ibn Qutalmish (r. 1077–1086), who had claimed Aleppo. Qutalmish was defeated and killed in a battle that took place near Aleppo on 4 June 1086. Sultan Malik-Shah died in November 1092, though there were no princes of age to inherit the vast Seljuk empire. Tutush claimed the Seljuk throne, as he was the only adult, though he gained little support from the Turkic elite. He then captured Mosul, Aleppo and the Diyar Bakr. One of Malik-Shah's wives, Terken Khatun, then tried to reach out to Tutush, but suddenly died in 1094, with her sickly son Mahmud dying a month later. By 1094, Tutush, accompanied by his sons, Radwan and Duqaq, had invaded the Jazira and western Iran, seizing the city of Ray. He was, however, killed by his niece Berkyaruq's forces near the same city on 25 February 1095.

Split and fall

Following his father's death, Radwan returned to Aleppo and took over the Syrian Seljuk throne. Radwan's brother Duqaqç accompanied by atabeg Janah ad-Dawla al-Husain, also arrived in Aleppo, though to moved to Damascus and founded a melikdom there. Thereupon, Radwan besieged the city, but was unsuccessful in seizing it and had to return to Aleppo. Thus, the Syrian Seljuk State was divided into two melikdoms, Aleppo and Damascus.

Radwan desired to expand his domain and besieged Suruç, which was at the time ruled by Soqman ibn Ortoq, in 1096, but failed to seize the town. Later, he marched on the Armenian-ruled Edessa and conquered the city. He also wanted to capture Harran, but gave up because of unrest among his commanders. Radwan then captured Turbessel and Şeyhüddeyr after eliminating Yusuf ibn Abak, one of the commanders who disobeyed him. He then besieged Damascus, but yet again failed to capture the city and returned to Aleppo. Duqaq then sought to capture Aleppo, but was defeated by Radwan on 22 March 1097 in Qinnasrin.

Taking advantage of the Syrian Seljuk split, Fatimid Caliph Al-Musta'li promised military support to Radwan against his brother if he gave khutbah in his name. Radwan agreed to this on 28 August 1097, but was met with harsh reactions in the Sunni world. A month later, Radwan again gave khutbah, this time to the Abbasid Caliph and the Seljuk Sultan, also apologizing to the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mustazhir.

Radwan prepared to attack Duqaq and Janah ad-Dawla, while the latter had established an independent emirate in Homs. Meanwhile, the Crusaders marched on Antioch, and the city's governor, Yaghi-Siyan, asked for help from the Muslim leaders, especially the Seljuk Sultan Berkyaruk. Radwan sent only a small unit to the aid Muslim defenders, which were led by Kerbogha, the Turcoman emir of Mosul. The Crusaders captured Antioch in 1098 and established a principality there. Yaghi-Siyan left Radwan's side because of his behaviour, leaving him alone against the invading Crusaders. The Crusader forces seized al-Bara and Ma'arrat al-Nu'man in 1098, and captured Zardana, Sarmeen and Kella, surrounding Aleppo. Radwan was defeated by Bohemond I Antioch on 5 July 1100. While Bohemond I was closing on Aleppo, the Armenian ruler of Melitene, Gabriel, asked for his help in struggling against the Gazi Gümüshtigin of the Danishmendids. Radwan used this opponity to seize supplies stored by the Crusaders.

Meanwhile, Radwan made peace with Janah ad-Dawla in Nukrah and returned to Aleppo with him. Janah ad-Dawla was killed in 1103 by the Batiniyya, who prospered in Aleppo during Radwan's reign, in Homs, and the city was passed into Duqaq. The regent of Antioch, Tancred, who forcibly collected money from the rural locals, made peace with Radwan, in return receiving 7000 dinars in gold and 10,000 cattle and sheep. Following Soqman ibn Ortoq's victory over the Crusaders in 1104, Radwan also took action and took back the cities and fortresses occupied by the Crusaders. After the death of his brother Duqaq in June 1104, Radwan moved to Damascus and gave khutba in his name.

When Radwan ibn Tutush died in 1113, his sons Alparslan Tajuddevle al-Ahras was replaced. Alparslan, in cooperation with Muhammed Tapar, eliminated a significant portion of the Batinis in Aleppo. Damask Atabegi asked Tuğtegin to help him, and he accepted it. Atabeg Emir Lü'lü, who did not like Tuğtegin's involvement in Aleppo affairs, killed Alparslan in 1114 and replaced him with his brother Sultan Shah. However, Lü'lü did not have the skills to deal with Aleppo issues. When he saw that his life was in danger, he was killed by his henchmen in 1116 while he wanted to take his wealth with him and go to one of the eastern countries. After this incident, Necmeddin İlgazi, the Artuqid ruler of Mardin, came to Aleppo in 1117 when the nobles of Aleppo wanted them to free themselves from the pressure of the Crusaders and dominated the city. Thus, the Aleppo branch of the Syrian Seljuks came to an end.

After the death of his father Tutush, Duqaq (r. 1095–1104) established the Damascus branch of the Syrian Seljuks in Damascus with the invitation of Emir Savtegin. With the death of Duqaq on 6 June 1104, atabeg Tuğtekin replaced him with his very young son, II Tutuş (r. 1104– ). One month later, Tuğtegin felt the need to enthrone Tutush's twelve-year-old brother, Ertash, also known as Bektash. The Damascus Seljuk Melik was also ended when Ertash left the city secretly with his mother and an order in October or November 1104, fearing that Toghtekin would kill him. After this, the Turkish atabegs known as Burids succeeded the Seljuks in Damascus.

Rulers

References

1. ^ Sevim 1991, pp. 92–93.
2. ^ Sümer 2009, pp. 385–386.
3. Özaydın 2012, pp. 446–449.
4. Bosworth 1988, pp. 800–801.
5. Cahen 1960. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCahen1960 (help)
6. ^ Peacock 2015, p. 76. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPeacock2015 (help)
7. Bosworth 1968, p. 103.
8. Bosworth 1968, p. 105.
9. Tetley 2008, p. 128. sfn error: no target: CITEREFTetley2008 (help)
10. ^ Sevim 2008, pp. 49–50.
11. LeTourneau 1960, p. 1332.
12. Richards 2010, p. 16.

Sources

• Sümer, Faruk (2009). "Suriye Selçukluları". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. ISBN 978-975-389-566-8.
• Sevim, Ali (1991). "Atsız b. Uvak". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 4 (Âşik Ömer – Bâlâ Külli̇yesi̇) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. ISBN 978-975-389-431-9.
• Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2012). "Tutuş". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkül – Tüsterî) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. ISBN 978-975-389-713-6.
• Sevim, Ali (2008). "Tutuş". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 35 (Resûlîler – Sak) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. ISBN 978-975-389-457-9.
• LeTourneau, R. G. (1960). "Burids". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. OCLC 495469456.
• Richards, D. S. (2010). The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athir for the Crusading Period from Al-Kamil Fi'l-ta-Ta'rikh. Routledge. ISBN 9780754669500.
• Bosworth, Clifford E. (1988). "Barkīāroq". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 8.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Cl., Cahem (1960). "Barkyārūḳ". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. OCLC 495469456.
• Tetley, Gillis (2008). The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-08438-8.
• Peacock, A. C. S. (2015). The Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–378. ISBN 978-0-7486-3826-0.
• Bosworth, Clifford E. (1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–202. ISBN 978-0-521-06936-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)