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Reflexology, also known as zone therapy, is a complementary medical practice involving the application of pressure to specific points on the feet and hands. This is done using thumb, finger, and hand massage techniques with or without the use of oil or lotion. It is based on a system of zones and reflex areas that reflect an image of the body on the feet and hands, such work on the feet and hands creates relaxation and a reduction in pain to the related areas of the body.

Beneficial in supporting people to aid relaxation, calm the mind and body to allow the body to support itself to create homeostasis.

Definition

In a Cochrane Collaboration review, reflexology is defined as follows: "Reflexology is gentle manipulation or pressing on certain parts of the foot to produce an effect elsewhere in the body."

The Australian Government's Department of Health define reflexology as "a system of applying pressure, usually to the feet, which practitioners believe stimulates energy and releases 'blockages' in specific areas that cause pain or illness."

Claimed mechanism

There is no consensus among reflexologists on how reflexology is supposed to work; a unifying theme is the idea that areas on the foot correspond to areas of the body, and that by manipulating these one can improve health through one's qi. Reflexologists divide the body into ten equal vertical zones, five on the right and five on the left. Concerns have been raised by medical professionals that treating potentially serious illnesses with reflexology, which has no proven efficacy, could delay the seeking of appropriate medical treatment.

Reflexologists posit that the blockage of an energy field, invisible life force, or Qi, can prevent healing. Another tenet of reflexology is the belief that practitioners can relieve stress and pain in other parts of the body through the manipulation of the feet. One claimed explanation is that the pressure received in the feet may send signals that 'balance' the nervous system or release chemicals such as endorphins that reduce stress and pain. These hypotheses are rejected by the medical community, who cite a lack of scientific evidence and the well-tested germ theory of disease.

Reflexology's claim to manipulate energy (Qi) is unsupported by science; there is no scientific evidence for the existence of life energy (Qi), "energy balance", "crystalline structures", or "pathways" in the body.

In Trick or Treatment? Alternative Medicine on Trial, Simon Singh states that if indeed the hands and feet "reflect" the internal organs, reflexology might be expected to explain how such "reflection" was derived from the process of Darwinian natural selection, but Singh says that no argument or evidence has been adduced.

Regulation

In the United Kingdom, reflexology is coordinated on a voluntary basis by the Complementary and Natural Healthcare Council (CNHC). Registrants are required to meet Standards of Proficiency outlined by Profession Specific Boards, but since CNHC is voluntary anyone practicing can describe themselves as a reflexologist. When the CNHC began admitting reflexologists, a skeptic searched for, and found, 14 of them who were claiming efficacy on illnesses. Once pointed out, the CNHC had the claims retracted as it conflicted with the UK's Advertising Standards Authority code.

Reflexology is one of the most used alternative therapies in Denmark. A national survey from 2005 showed that 21.4% of the Danish population had used reflexology at some point in life and 6.1% had used reflexology within the previous year. A study from Norway showed that 5.6% of the Norwegian population in 2007 had used reflexology within the last 12 months.

History

Practices resembling reflexology may have existed in previous historical periods. Similar practices have been documented in the histories of China and Egypt. Reflexology was introduced to the United States in 1913 by William H. Fitzgerald, M.D. (1872–1942), an ear, nose, and throat specialist, and Edwin F. Bowers. Fitzgerald claimed that applying pressure had an anesthetic effect on other areas of the body. It was modified in the 1930s and 1940s by Eunice D. Ingham (1889–1974), a nurse and physiotherapist. Ingham claimed that the feet and hands were especially sensitive, and mapped the entire body into "reflexes" on the feet, renaming "zone therapy" reflexology. "Modern reflexologists use Ingham's methods, or similar techniques developed by the reflexologist Laura Norman."

See also

• Foot massage

Notes

1. "Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for managing pain in labour". Cochrane Collaboration. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
2. Cite error: The named reference aus17 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
3. Norman, Laura; Thomas Cowan (1989). The Reflexology Handbook, A Complete Guide. Piatkus. pp. 22, 23. ISBN 0-86188-912-6.
4. ^ "Reflexology". Aetna IntelliHealth. May 6, 2008. Archived from the original on 2012-02-21. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
5. "Reflexology". National Council Against Health Fraud. 1996. Retrieved 2007-01-27.
6. Barrett, Stephen (2004-09-25). "Reflexology: A close look". Quackwatch. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
7. Singh, Simon; Ernst, Edzard (2008). Trick or Treatment? Alternative Medicine on Trial. Transworld. ISBN 978-0-593-06129-9.
8. CNHC – Policies
9. CNHC Wishes to Thank Simon Perry, adventuresinnonsense.blogspot.com, Friday, 27 November 2009
10. Reflexology in Denmark text from Knowledge and Research Center for Alternative Medicine a Danish governmental institution
11. Nifab-undersøgelsen in Norwegian only
12. Norman, Laura; Thomas Cowan (1989). The Reflexology Handbook, A Complete Guide. Piatkus. p. 17. ISBN 0-86188-912-6.
13. Fitzgerald, William H.; Bowers, Edwin F. (1917) Zone therapy; or, Relieving pain at home. Columbus, Ohio: I. W. Long, Publisher (California Digital Library) Accessed Jan. 2015
14. Benjamin, Patricia (1989). "Eunice D. Ingham and the development of foot reflexology in the U.S". American Massage Therapy Journal.
15. "Massagenerd.com Presents History of Massage, Therapies & Rules" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-10-12.
16. cancer.org – Reflexology

External links

• Barrett, Stephen (2004-09-25). "Reflexology: A close look". Quackwatch. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
• Carroll, Robert Todd (2007-10-03). "Skeptics Dictionary: Definition of Reflexology". Retrieved 2011-03-14.
• Dunning, Brian (28 January 2007). "Skeptoid #24: Reflexology: Only Dangerous If You Use It". Skeptoid. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
• AQTN (2013). "Reflexology in the scientific literature – unbiased compilation" (PDF).

• Manual therapy
• Naturopathy
• Pseudoscience