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Greenhouse gas emissions

The majority of Saudi Arabia's greenhouse gas emissions are produced by its electricity, transportation and manufacturing sectors. These elements of the Saudi Arabian economy require a great deal of energy, most of which is generated through the use of fossil fuels. In 2019, the total carbon dioxide emissions for the country was 559.6 million tons. Due to its quickly growing population which is accompanied by increased electricity demand and expansion of the manufacturing sector, energy demand is continuing to rise and with it so are greenhouse gas emissions. Between 2007 and 2021 Saudi Arabia saw its population increase by more than 40% from 25.18 million to 35.45 million people. At the same time, the nation's gross domestic product rose by about 45% and electricity used per capita rose by 1.378 MWh, further contributing to its emissions. Saudi Arabia produces and exports the largest amounts of petroleum liquids of any nation in the world, but it is also one of the largest consumers. In 2017, it used an average of 3,328,000 barrels per day, placing it sixth in global use of fuel. It was also high on the list for electricity usage with its 295 billion kWh making it thirteenth in the world.

Impacts on the natural environment

Temperature and weather changes

From 1979 to 2019, Saudi Arabia has seen its mean temperature increase by 2.1 °C which is nearly three times more than the world average. The increase has been even more dramatic in the summer months as the mean temperature has increased by 2.5 °C. Because of climate change, there has been a global rise in extreme weather events such as the record heatwaves in the summer of 2010. During this period, the Saudi Arabian city of Jeddah saw temperatures reach 52 °C, causing eight of the nations power stations to shutdown with multiple cities suffering from blackouts. The overall increase in temperature disproportionately impacts the different regions of the country and is seasonally dependent as, the nation's capital, Riyadh saw increases in its average summer temperature increase by 0.0676 °C per year between 2009 and 2013 while its winter averages increased by 0.0561 °C per year. On the other hand, Tabuk in the north-west saw slightly more gradual increases during the same period with its summer average increasing by 0.0583 °C per year and its winter temperatures increasing by 0.0427 °C per year. This reflects the overall regional trends in Saudi Arabia of lower temperatures in the north and higher temperatures in the coastal and central parts of the country.

Sea level rise

Impacts on people

Mitigation

Adaptation

Society and culture

International cooperation

References

1. Alajmi, Reema Gh (2021-09-01). "Factors that impact greenhouse gas emissions in Saudi Arabia: Decomposition analysis using LMDI". Energy Policy. 156: 112454. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112454. ISSN 0301-4215.
2. ^ Al-Ismail, Fahad Saleh; Alam, Md Shafiul; Shafiullah, Md; Hossain, Md Ismail; Rahman, Syed Masiur (2023-01). "Impacts of Renewable Energy Generation on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Saudi Arabia: A Comprehensive Review". Sustainability. 15 (6): 5069. doi:10.3390/su15065069. ISSN 2071-1050. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
3. ^ Rahman, Muhammad Muhitur; Rahman, Mohammad Shahedur; Chowdhury, Saidur R.; Elhaj, Alaeldeen; Razzak, Shaikh Abdur; Abu Shoaib, Syed; Islam, Md Kamrul; Islam, Mohammed Monirul; Rushd, Sayeed; Rahman, Syed Masiur (2022-01). "Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Industrial Processes and Product Use Sector of Saudi Arabia—An Emerging Challenge". Sustainability. 14 (12): 7388. doi:10.3390/su14127388. ISSN 2071-1050. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
4. Odnoletkova, Natalia; Patzek, Tadeusz W. (2021-08-01). "Data-Driven Analysis of Climate Change in Saudi Arabia: Trends in Temperature Extremes and Human Comfort Indicators". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. 60 (8): 1055–1070. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-20-0273.1. ISSN 1558-8424.
5. ^ Almazroui, Mansour (2020-10-17). Krakauer, Nir Y. (ed.). "Changes in Temperature Trends and Extremes over Saudi Arabia for the Period 1978–2019". Advances in Meteorology. 2020: 1–21. doi:10.1155/2020/8828421. ISSN 1687-9317.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
6. Tarawneh, Qassem Y.; Chowdhury, Shakhawat (2018-03). "Trends of Climate Change in Saudi Arabia: Implications on Water Resources". Climate. 6 (1): 8. doi:10.3390/cli6010008. ISSN 2225-1154. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)