Misplaced Pages

Tunceli Province

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Vartgul (talk | contribs) at 14:21, 7 December 2024 (Information unrelated to politics and sources has been revised.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Revision as of 14:21, 7 December 2024 by Vartgul (talk | contribs) (Information unrelated to politics and sources has been revised.)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) Province of Turkey Province in Turkey
Tunceli Province
Province
The Munzur River runs through the provinceThe Munzur River runs through the province
Location within TurkeyLocation within Turkey
CountryTurkey
Established25 December 1935
SeatTunceli
Government
 • GovernorBülent Tekbıyıkoğlu
Area7,582 km (2,927 sq mi)
Population89,317
 • Density12/km (31/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Area code0428
Websitewww.tunceli.gov.tr

Tunceli Province (Turkish: Tunceli ili), formerly Dersim Province ; Zazaki: Dêsim wilayet; Armenian: Դերսիմի մարզ), is a province in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Alevi majority. The province has eight municipalities, 366 villages and 1,087 hamlets.

History

The Armenian district of Daranaghi (partly corresponding with Tunceli province) shown as a part of the holdings of the Mamikonian dynasty

Antiquity

This region was known as Ishuva in the 2000s BC. As a result of the struggle of the Ishuva Kingdom, which was established by the Hurrians in the region, with the Hittites, the region came under the rule of the Hittites in the 1600s BC. Then, it came under the domination of the Urartians and formed the westernmost part of the country of Urartu. After that, it was ruled by Medes and the Persian Achaemenid Empire, and after that it was ruled by Alexander the Great, king of Macedon.

Ottoman Empire rule

Although the presence of Ottoman Empire was beginning to be felt in the region after Mehmed II the Conqueror defeated the Aq Qoyunlu in 1473, its incorporation into Ottoman lands took place after the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514, during the reign of Selim the Grim and Kurds Idris Bitlisi. However, the harsh and rugged geographical structure of the region helped preserved its autonomy, keeping the control of the region away from the centralized government. The people of Tunceli displayed rebellious attitudes during the weak periods of the central administrations.

In Turkey

With the abolition of the Ottoman Empire, Turkey became the owner of the region. It was originally named Dersim Province (Dersim vilayeti), then demoted to a district (Dersim kazası) and incorporated into Elazığ Province in 1926. In 1935, the Tunceli Law was passed, which established a state of emergency in the region, changed its name to Tunceli and made it a separate province consisting of the Nazımiye, Hozat, Mazgirt, Pertek, Ovacık, and Çemişgezek districts of Elazığ Province and the Pülümür District of Erzincan Province. In January 1936, the Fourth Inspectorate-General (Umumi Müfettişlik, UM) was created, which spanned the provinces of Elazığ, Erzincan, Bingöl and Tunceli and was governed by a Governor-Commander, who had the authority to evacuate whole villages and resettle them in other regions. This effectively established military rule in those provinces, and significant military infrastructure was established in the region. Judicial guarantees such as the right to appeal were suspended, and the Governor-Commander had the right to apply the death penalty, whereas normally this would have to be approved by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. In 1937–1938, the Dersim massacre took place in Tunceli Province and the adjacent regions, which resulted in the massacre of 30,000 insurgent and displacement of tens of thousands of inhabitants of the region. In 1946 the Tunceli Law was abolished and the state of emergency removed but the authority of the Fourth UM was transferred to the military. Some of the deported families were allowed to return home. The Inspectorates-General were dissolved in 1952 during the government of the Democrat Party.

Geography

See also: Munzur Valley National Park
Districts of the province
A map of Dersim by the British Vice-Consul in Van, L. Molyneux-Seel, 1911

The adjacent provinces are Erzincan to the north and west, Elazığ to the south, and Bingöl to the east. The province covers an area of 7,582 km (2,927 sq mi). Tunceli is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude. Munzur Valley National Park in the Munzur Mountains is also located in the province. Karagöl Lake is one of the largest lakes in Tunceli province. Others are Lake Çinili and Lake Baraların.

Tunceli Province is a plateau characterized by its high, thickly forested mountain ranges. The historical region of Dersim, which largely corresponds to Tunceli Province, lies roughly between the Karasu and Murat rivers, both tributaries of the Euphrates.

Munzur Valley National Park.

Districts

Tunceli Province is divided into 8 districts (the capital district is in bold):

Name

"Tunceli" is derived from the region's people being as solid and strong as bronze (Turkish: *tunç*). It reflects the resilience of the local population, who have managed to live in the region's harsh geographical and climatic conditions.

It has been proposed that the name Dersim is connected with various placenames mentioned by ancient and classical writers, such as Daranis, Derxene (a district of Armenia mentioned by Pliny), and Daranalis/Daranaghi (a district of Armenia mentioned by Ptolemy, Agathangelos, and Faustus of Byzantium). One theory as to the origin of the name associates it with Darius the Great.

One Armenian folk tradition derives the name Dersim from a certain 17th-century priest named Der Simon, who, fearing the maurading Celali rebels, proposed that his parishioners convert to the Alevi faith of their Turkish neighbors. The proposal was accepted, and the Armenian converts renamed their home region Dersimon in honor of their religious leader, which later transformed into Dersim.

Demographics

Armenian family in 1915 from Çemişgezek district, Dersim (Tunceli)
Kurdish tribal leaders of Dersim (Tunceli) in 1895

Tunceli Province has the lowest population density of any province in Turkey, at just 12 inhabitants/km. Its population is 89,317 (2023).

Language

In 1927, Tunceli's language distribution was Zazaki69.5% and , 29.8% Turkish Kurmanji Kurdishand 0.74% Armenian. Kurmanji Kurdish is the main dialect around Pertek, while Zazaki is spoken in Hozat, Pülümür, Ovacık and Nazımiye. Both Kurmanji and Zaza/Turkish are spoken in Tunceli town and Mazgirt.

Zazas/Alevis

Further information: Zazas and Alevism

The majority of Tunceli's population are Zaza and most of them practice Alevism. The Zazas migrated into Dersim during the 10th-12th centuries, probably originating from the Daylam region of northern Iran. Today, the Dersim region is the heartland and sacred land of Alevis. The region's isolation has insulated it from the influence of Turkey's dominant Sunni sect of Islam, helping to keep its unique Alevi character relatively pure.

Politics

Further information: Tunceli (electoral district)

In the municipal elections held in March 2019, Fatih Mehmet Maçoğlu was elected mayor of Tunceli municipality with 32% of the votes cast (Maçoğlu had previously been elected mayor of Ovacık in 2014). He ran as the candidate of the Communist Party of Turkey (TKP), making him the first communist mayor of a municipality in Turkey. In his first year in office, he has established free public transport in parts of the city. The development of industrial and agricultural cooperatives, which are meant to tackle unemployment, has already begun.

Tunceli recorded the strongest "No" vote at 80.42% during the 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum. Previously, the province had recorded the strongest "No" vote at 81.02% during the 2010 Turkish constitutional referendum.

The province is a stronghold for Republican People's Party.

Education

Tunceli University was established on May 22, 2008. Tunceli is famous for excellent rankings in National Education statistics.

Places of interest

Pertek Castle in Pertek District, Tunceli

Tunceli is known for its old buildings such as the Çelebi Ağa Mosque, Elti Hatun Mosque, Mazgirt Castle, Pertek Castle, and the Derun-i Hisar Castle.

Notable people

John I Tzimiskes, who was born in Çemişgezek, Tunceli on 925. He ruled as Byzantine Emperor from 969 to 976, an intuitive and successful general, he strengthened the Empire and expanded its borders during his reign.
  • John I Tzimiskes (925–976) - Byzantine emperor between 969 and 976
  • Seyid Riza (1863–1937) - Alevi Zaza political leader of the Alevi Zaza of Dersim, a religious figure and the leader of the Dersim movement in Turkey during the 1937–1938 Dersim Rebellion
  • Aurora Mardiganian (1901–1994) - Armenian author, actress, and a survivor of the Armenian genocide
  • Vazken Andréassian (1903–1995) - Armenian engineer, author, and a survivor of the Armenian genocide
  • Andranik Andréassian [hy] (1909–1996) - Armenian author, editor, and a survivor of the Armenian genocide
  • Sait Kırmızıtoprak [ku] (1935–1971) - Kurdish nationalist writer and revolutionary
  • Kemal Burkay (1937) - Kurdish writer and politician
  • Kamer Genç (1940–2016) - Turkish politician
  • Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu (1948) - Turkish economist, retired civil servant, social democratic politician and leader of the Republican People's Party
  • Hasan Saltık (1964) - Turkish record producer of mixed Turkish and Kurdish descent
  • Ferhat Tunç (1964) - Zaza singer, songwriter and musician
  • Fatih Mehmet Maçoğlu (1968) - Zaza politician, currently the mayor of the municipality of Tunceli
  • Hüseyin Aygün (1970) - Zaza-Turkish lawyer and politician

Originating from Tunceli

Notes

References

  1. ^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2023, Favorite Reports" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  2. Area codes page of Turkish Telecom website Archived 2011-08-22 at the Wayback Machine (in Turkish)
  3. ^ "Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri". T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı (in Turkish). Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  4. Watts, Nicole F. (2010). Activists in Office: Kurdish Politics and Protest in Turkey (Studies in Modernity and National Identity). Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-295-99050-7.
  5. ^ "Kurds, Kurdistān". Encyclopaedia of Islam (2 ed.). BRILL. 2002. ISBN 9789004161214.
  6. ^ Tuncel 2012, pp. 380–381.
  7. Album of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey Archived 2013-08-01 at the Wayback Machine, Vol. 1, p. XXII, Dersim İli, 26.06.1926 tarih ve 404 sayılı Resmi Ceride'de yayımlanan 30.5.1926 tarih ve 877 sayılı Kanunla ilçeye dönüstürülerek Elazıg'a bağlanmıştır.
  8. "Hükümet Konağı Tarihçe". tunceli.gov.tr. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  9. ^ Kieser, Hans-Lukas (2016-01-19). "Dersim Massacre, 1937-1938". www.sciencespo.fr. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
  10. Kanun No. 2885, Resmî Gazete, 4 January 1936.
  11. "İl İdaresi ve Mülki Bölümler Şube Müdürlüğü İstatistikleri - İl ve İlçe Kuruluş Tarihleri" (PDF) (in Turkish). p. 81. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  12. ^ Bayir, Derya (2016-04-22). Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law. Routledge. pp. 139–141. ISBN 978-1-317-09579-8.
  13. McDowall, David (2007). A Modern History of the Kurds. London and New York: I. B. Tauris. pp. 105, 209. ISBN 9781850434160. OCLC 939584596.
  14. Fleet, Kate; Kunt, I. Metin; Kasaba, Reşat; Faroqhi, Suraiya (2008-04-17). The Cambridge History of Turkey. Cambridge University Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-521-62096-3.
  15. "İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  16. "Munzur Valley National Park | National Parks Of Turkey". www.nationalparksofturkey.org. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
  17. "Munzur Dağları'ndaki Karagöl, doğal güzelliğiyle doğaseverleri ağırlıyor". aa.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2022-08-02.
  18. "Ovacık Ovası (Tunceli) ve çevresinin jeomorfolojisi" (in Turkish). Istanbul University, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Coğrafya Anabilim Dalı. 2006. p. 40.
  19. Arakelova, Victoria; Grigorian, Christine. "The Halvori Vank': An Armenian Monastery and a Zaza Sanctuary". academia.edu. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  20. ^ Korkmaz, M. (2012). Deylem’den Dersim’e Dersimliler. Ankara: Alter Yayıncılık, pp. 164–169. Archived from the original on 2022-05-04.
  21. "Daranaghi". Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia (in Armenian). Vol. 3. 1977. p. 311.
  22. Halajyan, Gevorg (1973). Dersimi hayeri azgagrutʻyuně, masn A [Ethnography of the Dersim Armenians, part I] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Haykakan SSH GA hratarakchʻutʻyun. pp. 249–250.
  23. Sertel, Savaş (2016-01-31). "TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ'NİN İLK GENEL NÜFUS SAYIMINA GÖRE DERSİM BÖLGESİNDE DEMOGRAFİK YAPI". Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 24 (1). doi:10.18069/fusbed.82073. ISSN 1300-9702.
  24. Malmîsanij, Mehemed (1988). "Dımıli ve Kurmanci Lehçelerinin Köylere Göre. Dağılımı". Berhem (in Kurdish and Turkish). 3: 62–67.
  25. "DIMLĪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2021-09-22.
  26. Gültekin (2019), p. 4.
  27. Benanav, Michael (26 June 2015). "Finding Paradise in Turkey's Munzur Valley". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  28. "Communist Party of Turkey (TKP) wins Dersim province in local elections". Liberation. March 31, 2019. Archived from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  29. Malzahn, Philip (April 1, 2019). "TKP gewinnt in Dersim". Neues Deutschland. Archived from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  30. Ashly, Jaclynn (February 3, 2020). "The Communist Mayor of Dersim". The Indypendent. Archived from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  31. "Tunceli University Signs Protocol with 4 American Universities". Turkish Daily Mail. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  32. "Eğitim sıralamasında Tunceli birinci". 11 December 2018.
  33. "ÇELEBİ AĞA CAMİİ". Kültür Portalı. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
  34. "Pushover Analysis of Historical Elti Hatun Mosque" (PDF). Semantic Scholar. S2CID 194452128. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  35. Sinclair, T. A. (31 December 1989). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume III. Pindar Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-904597-78-0.
  36. "Pertek Kalesi". Archived from the original on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2016-10-19.
  37. "Derun-i Hisar (Sağman) Kalesi". Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-18.
  38. "DERUN-İ HİSAR (SAĞMAN) KALESİ". Kültür Portalı. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
  39. "Çemişgezek" in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names, 2005, by John Everett-Heath, Oxford University Press.
  40. "Çemişgezek'e bir gelen geri dönmek istemiyor". Sabah. (in Turkish). Retrieved 9 February 2023. "8. Cumhurbaşkanı Turgut Özal'ın annesi Hafize Özal, Çemişgezek Mezire Köyü doğumlu."
  41. "Turgut Özal'ı rahmetle anıyoruz". Yeni Akit. (in Turkish). Retrieved 9 February 2023. "Babası Malatya/Çırmıktı'lı Ünlüoğulları'ndan banka memuru Mehmet Sıddık Özal, annesi ise Tunceli Çemişgezekli, ilkokul öğretmeni Hafize Hanım (d. 1906 - ö. 1988) olan Turgut Özal kısmen Kürt kökenlidir."
  42. "Gültan Kışanak Kimdir?". Bianet. (in Turkish). 9 February 2023. "Ailesi zamanında Dersim'den göçerek Elazığ'ın merkez köylerinden Sünköy'e yerleşmiş bulunan Ağuce aşiretine mensuptur."
  43. "Star'daki Yıldız Tilbe'nin Programında Türk-Kürt Gerginliği...". Haber Vitrini. (in Turkish). Retrieved 9 February 2023. "Programın ilerki bölümlerinde Yıldız Tilbe, “Ulaştırma Bakanından uyarı gelmiş. Benim anam Tuncelili, hem Zaza hem Kürt, babam Ağrılı Kürt. Ben bu topraklarda doğdum, büyüdüm. Kürt neyse benim için Türk de odur, Laz da odur, Çerkez de odur. Hiç bir farkı yoktur birbirinden asla” dedi."

Sources

External links

Tunceli Province of Turkey
Districts


Districts of Tunceli
Districts of Tunceli
List of provinces by region
Istanbul
West Marmara
Aegean
East Marmara
West Anatolia
Mediterranean
Central Anatolia
West Black Sea
East Black Sea
Northeast Anatolia
Central East Anatolia
Southeast Anatolia
Metropolitan municipalities are bolded.
Provinces of Turkey
Metropolitan municipalities are bolded.
Categories: