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Hugo Henneberg (27 July 1863 – 11 July 1918) was an Austrian scientist, graphic artist, and art photographer.

Early life and education

Hugo Henneberg was born on 27 July 1863 in Vienna, Austrian Empire.

Henneberg departed from his family home at the age of eleven to go to grammar school at Schnepfenthal Salzmann School. In 1882, Henneberg devoted himself to studies in physics, chemistry, astronomy, and mathematics at the Vienna University and later in Jena.

He partnered with Vienna's Richard O. Lorenz on a patent filed under the 'Electrical apparatus and telegraphy' category for electric arc lamps on 26 May 1883. In December 1884, they entered a patent in Berlin for innovations in regulators for electric arc lamps.

Henneberg received his doctorate at the University of Jena in 1887. Shortly after, Dr. Hugo Henneberg travelled to North America in 1888. In 1889, he published an article on the thermal conductivity of mixtures of ethyl alcohol and water in the scientific journal, Annalen der Physik. In 1890, he visited Egypt and Greece.

Career

As a young man, he was drawn to photography, beginning by constructing a camera from an opera glass lens housed in a cigar box.

Vienna Camera Club

By 1890, he took up artistic photography. Hugo Henneberg made his first appearance at the 1893 Salzburg exhibition, and by 1894, he had become a member of Vienna's photographic society, Vienna Camera Club (German: Wiener Camera-Klub).

The Linked Ring

The Austrian amateur photographer was admitted to the British photographic society, The Linked Ring, in 1894 with Hans Watzek and became closely associated with Heinrich Kühn. That year, Henneberg's artworks were part of the 1894 Photographic Salon, an exhibition organized by the Linked Ring Brotherhood, held at the Dudley Gallery within the Egyptian Hall in Piccadilly, London. He exhibited various works including "Evening Calm", "November", and "Landscape". The following London Photographic Salon in 1895 also included an exhibit of Henneberg's works.

Gum Printing

After witnessing French photographer Robert Demachy's work with gum prints, Henneberg brought the gum bichromate process to the attention of Kühn in 1895. The process revived by Demachy was soon studied and practiced to perfection by Henneberg, Watzek, and Kühn. The men verified, corrected, and completed the previous studies of Rouillé-Ladevéze. Through experimentation, Henneberg and Kühn discovered that burnt sienna was key to printing from high-contrast negatives using the gum process. They advocated for more gum for richer tones and softer colors, suggesting a solution of an equal mix of gum and water, without preservatives. Henneberg highlighted that the critical aspect was the correct application of gum, pointing out previous mistakes like using too much or too little gum, thin coatings, overprinting, and overly hot water. Hugo Henneberg published an article titled "The Gum Bichromate Process" in the March 1896 issue of the Wiener Photographische Blätter. It was a practical article on the technique of gum printing.

The Trifolium

By 1897, the trio of Henneberg, Kühn, and Watzek formed the 'Vienesse Trifolium,' or 'The Clover Leaf' (German: Das Kleeblatt) with each member adopting a three-leaf clover in their signature. The three internationally known photographers traveled together to northern and southern Germany, to Italy and Holland and engaged in photography and collective exhibitions. The Das Kleeblatt collective developed the gum bichromate technique, inventing a multi-layer gum print that allowed for the separation of tones in their images.

In January 1897, Henneberg did a German translation of an article by Demachy for Wiener Photographische Blätter, the periodical of the Vienna Camera Club.

The Vienesse artist was among the exhibitors showcasing gum prints at the London Photographic Exhibition in October 1897. Three of Henneberg's photos were exhibited at the Dudley Gallery in Piccadilly, London.

He was named a corresponding member of the Society for the Promotion of Amateur Photography (German: Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Amateur Photographie) in Hamburg, Germany on 19 November 1897. On 25 January 1898, M. Pichier of the Association of Friends of Photography Königsberg (German: Verein von Freunden der Photographie Königsberg) proposed Henneberg as an honorary member, recognizing his significance in artistic photography and the association's growth following his 1897 exhibition.

In March 1899, Hugo Henneberg work was exhibited at the Exhibition of Pictorial Photography in Berlin, Germany. He was credited by Hugo Müller as one of the first who tried to introduce color using the gum-bichromate process.

Henneberg had a villa designed by Josef Hoffmann of the Vienna Secession between 1900 and 1901 on the Hohe Warte in Vienna. He had a photo studio and darkroom installed in his home.

After Watzek's untimely death in 1903, Henneberg's enthusiasm for photography faded. By 1904, he shifted towards woodcutts, revisiting themes from his earlier gum prints. He immersed himself in etching, drawing, painting nudes, and landscapes, driven by a passion for broadening his artistic scope.

Death

Hugo Henneberg died on 11 July 1918 in Vienna, Austria. His final request while on his deathbed was to wear a work coat.

Works

• Evening Calm
• On the Highway
• Village in Pomerania
• Stormy Weather
• Italian Villa in Autumn
• Baltic Sea Beach
• Old Cypresses
• Motif at Stillfried
• An Orchard
• After Sunset
• Villa Torlonia

Gallery

• Photos by Hugo Henneberg
• November (1894)
• En Eté (1894)
• At the Rushy Pool (1895)
• Le Pont (1896)
• Auf Der Landstrasse (1897)
• Italienische Villa Im Herbst (1897)
• Am Kanal (1899)
• Ruhige See (1899)

References

1. ^ Photographische Rundschau und Mitteilungen. (1918). Germany: (n.p.).
2. Harker, M. F. (1979). The linked ring: the secession movement in photography in Britain, 1892-1910. London: Random House.
3. Impressionist Camera: Pictorial Photography in Europe, 1888-1918. (2006). United Kingdom: Merrell.
4. Illustrirtes Österreichisch-Ungarisches Patent-Blatt. (1883). Austria: Verlag von H. Palm (Michalecki & Company).
5. Patentblatt. (1884). Germany: Heymanns.
6. Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau: wöchentliche Berichte über die Fortschritte auf dem Gesammtgebiete der Naturwissenschaften. (1889). Germany: Druck und verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn.
7. Dutkiewicz, M. .., Eder, J. M., Haack, C., Hornig, E., Schrank, L. (1894). Photographische Correspondenz. Technische artistische und commerzielle Mittheilungen ... red. u. hrsg. von Ludwig Schrank. Austria: Gerold.
8. Spangenberg, K. L. (1989). Photographic Treasures from the Cinc innati Art Museum. United States: The Museum.
9. Photography. Volume 6. (1894). United Kingdom: (n.p.).
10. Liverpool and Manchester Photographic Journal. (1895). United Kingdom: H. Greenwood.
11. A New History of Photography. (1998). Germany: Könemann.
12. The British Journal Photographic Almanac and Photographer's Daily Companion. (1898). United Kingdom: Henry Greenwood.
13. Bulletin. Volume 24. (1897). Belgium: Association belge de photographie, Brussels.
14. Sun Pictures. (1987). United States: Hans P. Kraus, Jr., Incorporated.
15. Wood, J. (1993). The art of the autochrome: the birth of color photography. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
16. Art Photography in Germany Around 1900. (1983). Germany: Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen.
17. ^ Photographische rundschau centralblatt für amateurphotographie. (1897). Germany: Druck und Verlag von Wilhelm Knapp.
18. The Art Journal. (1897). United Kingdom: Virtue and Company.
19. ^ Chemist & Druggist. (1897). United Kingdom: Benn Brothers.
20. Photographische Rundschau. (1898). Germany: Knapp.
21. The Amateur Photographer. (1899). United Kingdom: Hazell, Watson & Viney.
22. Schweiger, W. J. (1984). Design in Vienna, 1903-1932. United Kingdom: Abbeville Press.
23. Camera-Club. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.klimt-database.com/en/network-vienna-1900/spheres-of-activity/camera-club/
24. The Photogram. (1894). United Kingdom: (n.p.).
25. Photograms of the Year. (1895). United Kingdom: Iliffe & Sons Limited.
26. Cite error: The named reference Photographische Korrespondenz (1898) was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

External links

Media related to Hugo Henneberg at Wikimedia Commons

• 1863 births
• 1918 deaths
• People from Vienna
• Austrian photographers
• 19th-century photographers
• Austrian etchers
• Austrian graphic artists
• Pictorialists
• University of Vienna alumni
• University of Jena alumni