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Myanmar kyat

Template:My icon
File:1 Kyat.jpg File:K1000obverse.png 1 kyat (1990) 1000 kyat (2004)
ISO 4217
Code	MMK (numeric: 104)
Subunit	0.01
Unit
Symbol	K‎
Denominations
Subunit
1/100	pya
Banknotes	50 pyas, K1, K5, K10, K20, K50, K100, K200, K500, K1000
Coins	10, 25, 50 pyas, K1, K5, K10, K50, K100
Demographics
User(s)	Myanmar
Issuance
Central bank	Central Bank of Myanmar
Valuation
Inflation	21.4%
Source	The World Factbook, 2006 est.

The kyat (Burmese: ; MLCTS: kyap, IPA: [dʒɛʔ] or IPA: [tʃɛʔ]; ISO 4217 code MMK) is the currency of Myanmar/Burma. It is often abbreviated as "K", which is placed before the numerical value.

History

First kyat, -1889

The kyat was a denomination of both silver and gold coinages in Burma until 1889. It was divided into 20 pe, each of 4 pya, with the mu and mat worth 2 and 4 pe, respectively. Nominally, 16 silver kyat equal 1 gold kyat. The silver kyat was equivalent to the Indian rupee, which replaced the kyat after Burma was conquered by the British.

Second kyat, 1943-1945

When the Japanese occupied Burma in 1942, they introduced a currency based on the rupee. This was replaced at par by the kyat in 1943. This kyat was subdivided into 100 cents. The kyat became worthless at the end of the war when the rupee was reintroduced.

Third kyat, 1952-

The present kyat was introduced on July 1, 1952. It replaced the rupee at par. Decimalization also took place, with the kyat subdivided into 100 pya.

Coins

First kyat

In 1852, Mindon, the second last king of Burma, established the Royal Mint in Mandalay (Central Burma). The dies were made in Paris. Silver coins were minted in denominations of 1 pe, 1 mu (2 pe), 1 mat (4 pe), 5 mu (10 pe) and 1 kyat, with gold 1 pe and 1 mu. The obverses bore the Royal Peacock Seal, from which the coins got their name. The reverse contained the denomination and mint date (in the Burmese era, which starts from A.D. 638). In the 1860s and 1870s, lead coins were issued for ⅛ and ¼ pya, with copper, brass, tin and iron ¼ pe (1 pya) and copper 2 pya. Further gold goins were issued in 1866 for 1 pe, 2½ mu and 1 kyat, with 5 mu issued in 1878.

Second kyat

No coins were issued for this currency.

Third kyat

In 1952, coins were introduced for 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 pya and 1 kyat. 1 pya coins were last minted in 1966, with the 5 pya last minted in 1987 and the 10, 25 and 50 pya in 1991. In 1999, a new series of coins was issued in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 kyats.

Banknotes

First kyat

No paper money was issued for this currency.

Second kyat

The Burma State Bank issued notes for 1, 5, 10 and 100 kyat in 1944, followed by a further issue of 100 kyat notes in 1945.

Third kyat

In 1953, the Union Bank of Burma introduced the first kyat notes, in denominations of 1, 5, 10 and 100 kyats. These were very similar in design to the last series of rupee notes, issued earlier the same year. In 1958, 20 and 50 kyats notes were introduced. The 50 and 100 kyat notes were demonetized on May 15, 1964. This was the first of several demonetizations, ostensible carried out with the aim of fighting black marketeering. The Peoples Bank of Burma took over note production in 1965 with an issue of 1, 5, 10 and 20 kyat notes.

• 1973 5-kyat banknote 1973 5-kyat banknote

In 1972, the Union of Burma Bank took over note issuance, with notes introduced between 1972 and 1979 for 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 kyats. The notes were printed by the Security Printing Works in Wazi, Upper Burma (established circa 1972) under the technical direction of the German firm Giesecke & Devrient. On November 3, 1985, the 20-, 50-, and 100-kyat notes were demonetized without warning, though the public was allowed to exchange limited amounts of the old notes for new ones. All other denominations then in circulation remained legal tender. On November 10, 1985, 75-kyat notes were introduced, the odd denomination possibly chosen because of dictator Ne Win's predilection for numerology; the 75-kyat note was supposedly introduced to commemorate his 75th birthday. It was followed by the introduction of 15- and 35-kyat notes on August 1, 1986.

• 1986 35-kyat banknote 1986 35-kyat banknote

Only two years later, on September 5, 1987, the government demonetized the 25-, 35-, and 75-kyat notes without warning or compensation, rendering some 75% of the country's currency worthless. The resulting economic disturbances led to serious riots (see 8888 Uprising) and eventually a coup d'état in 1988 by General Saw Maung. On September 22, 1987, banknotes for 45 and 90 kyat were introduced, both of which incorporated Ne Win's favorite number, nine.

Following the change of the country's name to Myanmar on June 20, 1989, new notes began to be issued. This time, the old notes were not demonetized, but simply allowed to fall into disuse through inflation as well as wear and tear. On March 1, 1990, 1-kyat notes were issued, followed by 200-kyat notes on March 27, 1990. On March 27, 1994, notes for 50 pya, 20, 50, 100, and 500 kyats were issued, followed, on May 1, 1995, by new 5- and 10-kyat notes. 1,000-kyat notes were introduced in November 1998.

In 2003, rumours of another pending demonetization swept through the country, resulting in the junta issuing official denials, but this time the demonetization did not materialise. In 2004, the sizes of the 200, 500, and 1,000 kyats were reduced in size (to make all Myanma banknotes uniform in size) but larger notes remain in circulation. 50 pya, 1, and 5 kyat banknotes are now rarely seen, because of their low value.

Current MMK exchange rates

Since 2001, the official exchange rate has varied between 5.75 and 6.70 kyats per US Dollar (8.20 to 7.00 kyats per Euro). However, the street rate (black market rate), which more accurately takes into account the standing of the national economy, has varied from 800 kyats to 1335 kyats per USD (985 to 1475 kyats per EUR). Black market exchange rates (USD to MMK) decrease during the peak of the tourist season in Myanmar (December to January). The following exchange rates are official and are primarily stagnant. They do not indicate performance of the actual national economy.

• 1 USD = K 6.69010
• 1 EUR = K 8.51482
• 1 GBP = K 12.67386
• 1 JPY = K 0.05719
• 1 CNY = K 0.84532

Rates are as of 22 September 2006.

According to The Irrawaddy, which provides accurate estimates of the black market (street rate, and hence unofficial), are as follows:

• 1 USD = K 1280 Rates are as of 15 February 2007
• 1 USD = K 1350 Rates are as of 21 September 2007
• 1 USD = K 1325 Rates are as of 15 October 2007

According to Khitpyaing, which provides accurate estimates of the black market (street rate, and hence unofficial), are as follows:

• 1 USD = K 1285 Rates are as of 18 Novenber 2007

See also

• Economy of Myanmar

References

• Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.
• Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (2003). 2004 Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1901–Present. Colin R. Bruce II (senior editor) (31st ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873495934.
• Pick, Albert (1994). Bruce, Colin R. II; Shafer, Neil (eds.). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues (7th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9.
• Cuhaj, George S., ed. (2006). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: Modern Issues 1961-Present (12th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-89689-356-1.

External links

Template:Standard numismatics external links

• Globex Info Links on the Myanmar - Kyat

• Currencies with ISO 4217 code
• Economy of Myanmar