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| Born | Anwar Nasser Abdulla Aulaqi b. (1971-04-22) April 22, 1971 (age 53) Las Cruces, New Mexico |
| Alma mater | Colorado State University; San Diego State University; The George Washington University Graduate School of Education and Human Development |
| Occupation(s) | lecturer/former Imam/ al-Qaeda Regional Commander |
| Employer | Iman University |
| Known for | accused of being senior Al-Qaeda recruiter and motivator linked to various terrorists |
| Height | 6 ft 1 in (185 cm) |
Anwar al-Awlaki (also spelled Aulaqi; Arabic: أنور العولقي Anwar al-‘Awlaqī; born (1971-04-22) April 22, 1971 (age 53) in Las Cruces, New Mexico) is a Muslim lecturer, spiritual leader, and former imam who has been accused of being a senior talent recruiter and motivator "for al-Qaeda and all of its franchises," linked to various terrorists. US officials in late 2009 said al-Awlaki had recently been promoted to the rank of regional commander within al-Qaeda. With a blog and a Facebook page, he has been described as the "bin Laden of the internet."
Originally trained as a civil engineer, al-Awlaki later became an imam. He has most recently been associated with Iman University in Yemen. The univeristy is headed by Abdul Majeed al-Zindani, who has been designated by the US and United Nations as associated with terrorism and Al-Qaeda. Additionally, students of the university have allegedly been linked to assassinations.
Al-Awlaki's sermons were attended by three of the 9/11 hijackers, as well as by accused Fort Hood shooter Nidal Malik Hasan. In addition, US intelligence intercepted at least 18 emails between Hasan and al-Awlaki from December 2008 to June 2009, including one in which Hasan wrote "I can't wait to join you ." Directly after the Fort Hood shooting, al-Awlaki praised Hasan's actions on his website, and then again a few days later in an interview.
The following month, a number of sources reported ties between al-Awlaki and Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, the suspect in the Northwest Airlines Flight 253 terrorist attack of December 25, 2009, often noting al-Awlaki's links to Fort Hood. According to the suspect, Awlaki was one of Abdulmutallab's trainers and recruiter. US authorities intercepted communications that the cleric met with "a Nigerian", and suspect that he has expanded his role to actually planning the attack.
Sought by authorities in Yemen with regard to a new investigation into his possible Al-Qaeda ties, the authorities have been unable to locate him since approximately March 2009, though he has been accessible to the Arabic press. He was initially reported as possibly having been killed in a Yemeni air strike on a meeting of al-Qaeda militants and leaders at his house in the mountains of eastern Shabwa in late December 2009, but by January the working assumption was that he had survived.
Early life
His parents are from Yemen. Al-Awlaki's father, Nasser al-Aulaqi, earned his master's degree in agricultural economics at New Mexico State University (1971), received a doctorate at the University of Nebraska, and worked at the University of Minnesota from 1975 to 1977.
The family returned to Yemen in 1978, where al-Awlaki lived for 11 years. His father served as Agriculture Minister and as president of Sanaa University.
Al-Awlaki returned to Colorado in 1991 to attend college, and holds a B.S. in Civil Engineering from Colorado State University (1994), which he attended on a foreign student visa and Yemeni government scholarship, and an M.A. in Education Leadership from San Diego State University; he also worked on a Doctorate degree in Human Resource Development at George Washington University Graduate School of Education & Human Development from January to December 2001. His Islamic education consists of a few intermittent months with various scholars, and reading works by several prominent Islamic scholars.
Ideology
Al-Awlaki has been accused by a number of sources of Islamic fundamentalism and encouraging terrorism. According to Harry Helms and an independent Yemeni political analyst who insisted on anonymity, Al-Awlaki is an adherent of the Wahhabi fundamentalist sect of Islam; Helms also said his sermons were extremely anti-Israel and pro-jihad.
He is often noted for targeting young US-based Muslims with his lectures. Terrorism consultant Evan Kohlmann calls al-Awlaki "one of the principal jihadi luminaries for would-be homegrown terrorists. His fluency with English, his unabashed advocacy of jihad and mujahideen organizations, and his Web-savvy approach are a powerful combination." He calls al-Awlaki's lecture "Constants on the Path of Jihad", which he says was based on a similar document written by the founder of Al-Qaeda, the "virtual bible for lone-wolf Muslim extremists."
Connections to terrorism
In the US; 1991-2002
Al-Awlaki served as an Imam in Fort Collins, Colorado, and then of the Masjid Ar-Ribat al-Islami mosque in San Diego, California, from 1996-2000. Al-Awlaki was arrested in San Diego in 1996 and 1997 for soliciting prostitutes. In 1998 and 1999 in San Diego, he served as Vice President for the Charitable Society for Social Welfare (CSSW), founded by Abdul Majeed al-Zindani. During a terrorism trial, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agent Brian Murphy testified that CSSW was a “front organization to funnel money to terrorists,” and US federal prosecutors have described it as being used to support Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda. The FBI investigated al-Awlaki beginning in June 1999 through March 2000 for possible fundraising for Hamas, links to al-Qaeda, and a visit in early 2000 by a close associate of "the blind sheik" Omar Abdel Rahman (now in prison for his role in the 1993 World Trade Center attack), but was unable to unearth sufficient evidence for a criminal prosecution.
Nawaf al-Hazmi
Khalid al-Mihdhar
While he was in San Diego, witnesses told the FBI he had a close relationship with two of the 9/11 hijackers (Nawaf Al-Hazmi and Khalid Almihdhar) in 2000, and served as their spiritual advisor. Authorities say the two hijackers regularly attended the mosque Al-Awlaki led in San Diego, and Al-Awlaki had many closed-door meetings with them, which led investigators to believe Al-Awlaki knew about the 9/11 attacks in advance.
In his last positions in the US, he headed east and served as Imam at the Dar al-Hijrah mosque in the metropolitan Washington, DC, area beginning in January 2001, and was also the Muslim Chaplain at George Washington University. Fluent in English, known for giving eloquent talks on Islam, and with a mandate to attract young non-Arabic speakers, "he was the magic bullet," according to mosque spokesman Johari Abdul-Malik; "he had everything all in a box." Shortly after this his sermons were attended by two of the 9/11 hijackers (Al-Hazmi again and Hani Hanjour), and by Fort Hood shooter Nidal Malik Hasan. The September 11 Commission concluded that two of the hijackers "reportedly respected al-Awlaki as a religious figure". The FBI also learned he may have been contacted by a possible "procurement agent" for Osama bin Laden, Ziyad Khaleel. When police raided the Hamburg, Germany, apartment of Ramzi Binalshibh (the "20th hijacker") while investigating the 9/11 attacks, his telephone number was found among Binalshibh's personal contact information.
Writing on the IslamOnline.net website six days after the 9/11 attacks, he suggested that Israeli intelligence agents might have been responsible for the attacks, and that the FBI "went into the roster of the airplanes and whoever has a Muslim or Arab name became the hijacker by default." He left the US for Yemen in March 2002, following extensive FBI investigations. Weeks later he posted an essay in Arabic titled "Why Muslims Love Death" on the Islam Today website, praising the Palestinian suicide bombers' fervor, and months later at a lecture in a London mosque that was recorded on videotape he lauded them in English. By July 2002 he was under investigation because a subject of a US Joint Terrorism Task Force (Joint Terrorism Task Forces are FBI-led, multi-agency teams made up of FBI agents, other federal investigators—including those from the Department of Defense, and state and local law enforcement officers) investigation was discovered to have sent money to al-Awlaki, and his name was placed on an early version of what is now the federal terror watch list.
In October 2002, a Denver federal judge signed off on an arrest warrant for al-Awlaki for passport fraud, but just days later, on October 9, the Denver U.S. Attorney's Office rescinded it. The prosecutors withdrew the warrant because they ultimately felt they lacked evidence that al-Awlaki had committed a crime, according to U.S. Attorney Dave Gaouette, who authorized its withdrawal. While al-Awlaki had listed Yemen as his place of birth (which the prosecutors believed was false) on his original application for a US social security number in June 1990, which he then used to obtain a passport in November 1993, he later changed his place of birth information to Las Cruces, New Mexico. Prosecutors could not charge him for his initial lie, because a 10-year statute of limitations on lying to the Social Security Administration had expired. "The bizarre thing is if you put Yemen down (on the application), it would be harder to get a Social Security number than to say you are a native-born citizen of Las Cruces," Gaouette said. As a result of the withdrawal of the warrant, agents were unable to arrest him when he returned to JFK airport in the US on October 10, 2002—the following day. ABC News reported that the decision to cancel the arrest warrant outraged members of a Joint Terrorism Task Force in San Diego who were monitoring al-Awlaki and wanted to "look at him under a microscope", but Gaouette said there was no objection to the warrant being rescinded during a meeting attended by Ray Fournier, the San Diego federal diplomatic security agent whose allegation had set in motion the effort to obtain a warrant. Gaouette opined that if al-Awlaki had been convicted, he would have faced about 6 months in custody.
Al-Awlaki then returned briefly to Northern Virginia, where he visited radical Islamic cleric Ali al-Timimi, who is now serving a life sentence for inciting followers to fight with the Taliban against the US, and asked him about recruiting young Muslims for "violent jihad."
In the United Kingdom; 2002-04
Al-Awlaki left the US before the end of 2002, because of a "climate of fear and intimidation" according to Imam Johari Abdul-Malik of the Dar al-Hijrah mosque. Moving to the UK, he gave a series of lectures in December 2002 and January 2003 at the London Masjid at-Tawhid mosque, describing the rewards martyrs receive in paradise, and developing a following among ultraconservative young muslims.
He spent several months in Britain in 2003, giving talks to up to 200 youths. In Britain's Parliament in 2003, Louise Ellman, MP for Liverpool Riverside, mentioned the relationship between al-Awlaki and the Muslim Association of Britain (MAB), a Muslim Brotherhood front organization founded by Kemal el-Helbawy, a senior member of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.
In Yemen; 2004-present
Al-Awlaki returned to Yemen in early 2004, and lived in his ancestral village in the southern province of Shabwa with his wife and five children. He became associated with and lectured at Iman University, headed by al-Zindani (who was designated a terrorist in 2004 by both the US and the UN). While al-Zindani promotes the school's science department, it is believed by some that its curriculum deals mostly if not exclusively with radical Islamic studies, and that it is an incubator of radicalism. Students are suspected of having assassinated three American missionaries, and "the number two leader for the Yemeni Socialist Party, Jarallah Omar". John Walker Lindh, now serving a 20-year prison sentence in connection with his participation in Afghanistan's Taliban army, is a former student of the university.
On August 31, 2006, Al-Awlaki was arrested by Yemeni authorities with regard to what he claimed was a "secret police investigation" over "tribal issues", but what has been reported as charges of kidnapping a teenager for ransom and being involved in an al-Qaida plot to kidnap a US military attaché. Al-Awlaki blames the US for pressuring the Yemeni authorities to arrest him, and says that in approximately September 2007 he was interviewed by FBI agents on subjects including the 9/11 attacks. Gregory Johnsen, a Yemen expert, noted that his name was on a list of 100 prisoners whose release was sought by al-Qaida-linked militants in Yemen. After 18 months in prison in Yemen, he was finally released on December 12, 2007.
In December 2008 he sent a communique to the Somalian terrorist group Al-Shabaab congratulating them, thanking them for "giving us a living example of how we as Muslims should proceed to change our situation. The ballot has failed us but the bullet has not", and ending "if my circumstances would have allowed I would not have hesitated in joining you and being a soldier in your ranks".
The East London Mosque provoked the outrage of The Daily Telegraph by hosting a video-teleconference by al-Awlaki in 2008, and former Shadow Home Secretary Dominic Grieve expressed concern over al-Awlaki's involvement. In 2009 the mosque played a pre-recorded video lecture by al-Awlaki, with a poster depicting New York in flames, as he was barred from entering Britain since 2006 on security grounds. On August 23, 2009, al-Awlaki was banned by local authorities in Kensington and Chelsea, London, from speaking at Kensington Town Hall via videolink to a fundraiser dinner for Guantanamo detainees promoted by Cageprisoners.
In Yemen, he provides al-Qaeda members with the protection of his powerful tribe, the Awlakis, against the government. The tribal codes requires the tribe to protect of those who seek refuge and help, and this is an even greater imperative where the person is a member of his tribe, or a tribesman's friend. Awlaki has also reportedly helped negotiate deals with other tribal leaders.
Sought by authorities in Yemen with regard to a new investigation into his possible Al-Qaeda ties, however, the authorities were unable to locate al-Awlaki since approximately March 2009, and by December 2009 al-Awlaki was on the Yemen government's most-wanted list.
Current status
Yemeni authorities have been trying to locate al-Awlaki, who according to his father disappeared approximately March 2009. He was believed to be hiding in Yemen's Shabwa or Mareb regions, which are part of the so-called "triangle of evil" (known as such because it attracts al-Qaeda militants seeking refuge among local tribes that are unhappy with Yemen's central government).
Reports quoting Yemeni sources originally said al-Awlaki may have been killed in a pre-dawn air strike by Yemeni Air Force fighter jets on a meeting of senior al-Qaeda militants and leaders at a hideout in Rafd, a remote mountain valley in eastern Shabwa, on December 24, 2009, but the working assumption now is that he survived. Pravda reported that Yemeni planes, using Saudi Arabian and US intelligence aid, killed at least 30 Al Qaeda members from Yemen and abroad, and that an al-Awlaki house was "raided and demolished". ABC News reported the dead may include Naser Abdel Karim al-Wahishi (the region's al-Qaeda leader), Saeed al-Shehri (the region's No. 2 al-Qaeda leader), and al-Awlaki. On December 28 The Washington Post reported that US and Yemeni officials said that al-Awlaki was at the meeting of senior al-Qaeda leaders that was attacked, but his fate was still unknown. Al-Awlaki's relatives did not believe he was among those killed, however.
According to Abdul Elah al-Shaya, a Yemeni journalist who said the former imam called him on December 28, 2009, and said that the claims of his death by the Yemeni government were "lies," al-Awlaki is alive and well. The journalist said that al-Awlaki informed the journalist that he had been home at the time of the bombing and did not attend the al-Qaeda meeting. Shaya insisted that al-Awlaki is not tied to Al Qaeda, and declined to comment as to whether al-Awlaki had told him about any contacts he may have had with Abdulmutallab. While it is not possible to confirm Shaya's account and he is of uncertain credibility, according to Gregory Johnsen, a Yemeni expert at Princeton University, he is generally reliable. Yemen's Deputy Prime Minister for Defense and Security Affairs also said he believed al-Awlaki is alive.
Works
The Nine Eleven Finding Answers Foundation says Al-Awlaki's ability to write and speak in straight-forward English enables him to be a key player in inciting English-speaking Muslims to commit terrorist acts. As al-Awlaki himself wrote in 44 Ways to Support Jihad:
Most of the Jihad literature is available only in Arabic and publishers are not willing to take the risk of translating it. The only ones who are spending the time and money translating Jihad literature are the Western intelligence services ... and too bad, they would not be willing to share it with you.
Written works
- 44 Ways to Support Jihad—Essay (January 2009)—writes "The hatred of kuffar is a central element of our military creed," asserts that all Muslims must participate in Jihad in person, by funding it, or by writing. All Muslims must remain physically fit and train with firearms to be ready for the battlefield."
- Al-Awlaki has also written for Jihad Recollections, an English language online publication published by Al-Fursan Media, an apparent collaboration of online terrorist sympathizers.
Lectures
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References
- Murphy, Dan (November 10, 2009). "Fort Hood shooting: Was Nidal Malik Hasan inspired by militant cleric?". Christian Science Monitor. Boston. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
- ^ "Imam in Fort Hood case born in New Mexico". United Press International. November 11, 2009. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
- ^ Cardona, Felisa (December 3, 2009). "U.S. attorney defends dropping radical cleric's case in 2002". The Denver Post. Retrieved December 7, 2009.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|work=(help) - ^ Sperry, Paul E. "Infiltration: how Muslim spies and subversives have penetrated Washington". Thomas Nelson Inc., ISBN 1595550038, 9781595550033. Retrieved December 1, 2009.
{{cite news}}: Text "date2005" ignored (help) - Shephard, Michelle (October 18, 2009). "The powerful online voice of jihad". Toronto Star. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
- ^ Sharpe, Tom (November 14, 2009). "Radical imam traces roots to New Mexico; Militant Islam cleric's father graduated from NMSU". The Santa Fe New Mexican. Retrieved December 1, 2009.
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- "The anatomy of a suicide bomber," The National, January 2, 2010, accessed January 2, 2010
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- Flight 253 Attack and Ft Hood Massacre Linked, Say Intelligence Officials
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- ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan (December 10, 2009). "Cleric linked to Fort Hood attack grew more radicalized in Yemen". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
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{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ Rhee, Joseph (November 30, 2009). "How Anwar Awlaki Got Away; U.S. Attorney's Decision to Cancel Arrest Warrant "Shocked" Terrorism Investigators". =ABC News. Retrieved December 1, 2009.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|work=(help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - Hays, Tom, "FBI Eyes NYC ‘Charity’ in Terror Probe," Associated Press, February 26, 2004, accessed November 11, 2009
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- "Anwar al-Awlaki, "Salutations to Al-Shabaab of Somalia," The NEFA Foundation, December 21, 2008, accessed January 2, 2010
- Raynor, Gordon, "Muslim groups 'linked to September 11 hijackers spark fury over conference': A Muslim group has provoked outrage after inviting an extremist linked to the 9/11 hijackers to speak at a conference which is being promoted with a picture of New York in flames," The Daily Telegraph, December 27, 2008, accessed November 12, 2009
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- Jake Tapper (December 24, 2009). "Sources: Air Strike in Yemen May Have Killed Imam Who Inspired Fort Hood Shooter, Two Top Al Qaeda Officials". ABC News. Archived from the original on December 24, 2009.
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- Isikoff, Michael; Exclusive: Yemeni Journalist Says Awlaki Alive, Well, Defiant Newsweek.com, Declassified; posted and accessed December 29, 2009.
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- "Profile: Anwar al-Awlaki," November 24, 2009
External links
- "Exclusive; Ray Suarez: My Post-9/11 Interview With Anwar al-Awlaki," PBS, October 30, 2001
- al-Awlaki, Anwar, "Understanding Ramadan: The Muslim Month of Fasting", The Washington Post, November 19, 2001
- Ragavan, Chitra, "The imam's very curious story: A skirt-chasing mullah is just one more mystery for the 9/11 panel," US News and World Report, June 13, 2004
- "The powerful online voice of jihad; Shadowy cleric revered by disenchanted Muslim youths throughout West," Toronto Star, October 18, 2009
- "A Critique of the Methodology of Anwar al-Awlaki and his Errors in the Fiqh (Issue) of Jihad in Light of the Qur'an, Sunnah, and Classical to Contemporary Scholars of Ahl us-Sunnah" Salafi Manhaj, 2009
- "Al-Jazeera Satellite Network Interview with Yemini-American Cleric Shaykh Anwar al-Awlaki Regarding his Alleged Role in Radicalizing Maj. Malik Nidal Hasan," The NEFA Foundation, December 24, 2009