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Events
- King Xerxes I of Persia sets out to conquer Greece.
- Cimon and his friends burn horse-bridles as an offering to Athena and join the marines
- August 11 - The Battle of Thermopylae, a victory by Persians over the Greek
- Pleistarchus succeeds his father Leonidas I as king of Sparta.
- August - Battle of Artemisium - The Persian fleet fights an inconclusive battle with the Greek allied fleet.
- September 23 - Battle of Salamis between Greece and Persia, leading to a Greek victory
- Battle of Himera - The Carthaginians under Hamilcar are defeated by the Greeks of Sicily, led by Gelon of Syracuse.
Births
- Euripides, Greek playwright.
- Antiphon, Attic orator.
- Philolaus, Greek mathematician and philosopher (+ circa 405 BC) (estimated date).
Deaths
- Leonidas I and 300 Spartans (died at Thermopylae).
- Nabu-rimanni, Chaldean astronomer and mathematician (estimated date).
- Xenophanes, Greek philosopher.