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nigger nigger 0px|Right shoulder of a Boy Scout uniform, with stripes facing forward on flag]] Other organizations that wear flag patches on their uniforms are free to have the flag facing in either direction. The uniform of the Boy Scouts of America, for example, has the stripes facing front, the reverse of the military style.

Places of continuous display

By presidential proclamation, acts of Congress, and custom, American flags are displayed continuously at certain locations.

• Replicas of the Star Spangled Banner Flag (15 stars, 15 stripes) are flown at two sites in Baltimore, Maryland: Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine and Flag House Square.
• Marine Corps War Memorial (Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima), Arlington, Virginia
• Lexington, Massachusetts Town Green
• The White House, Washington, D.C.
• Fifty U.S. Flags are displayed continuously at the Washington Monument, Washington, D.C.

• At U.S. Customs and Border Protection Ports of Entry that are continuously open.
• A Civil War era flag (for the year 1863) flies above Pennsylvania Hall (Old Dorm) at Gettysburg College. This building, occupied by both sides at various points of the Battle of Gettysburg, served as a lookout and battlefield hospital.
• Grounds of the National Memorial Arch in Valley Forge NHP, Valley Forge, Pennsylvania
• By custom, at the Maryland home, birthplace, and grave of Francis Scott Key; at the Worcester, Massachusetts, war memorial; at the plaza in Taos, New Mexico (since 1861); at the United States Capitol (since 1918); and at Mount Moriah Cemetery in Deadwood, South Dakota.
• Slover Mountain (Colton Liberty Flag), in Colton, California. July 4, 1917 to circa. 1952 & 1997 to present.
• At the ceremonial South Pole as one of the 12 flags representing the signatory countries of the original Antarctic Treaty.
• The surface of the Moon, having been placed there by the astronauts of Apollo 11, Apollo 12, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16 and Apollo 17.

Particular days for display

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The flag should especially be displayed at full staff on the following days:

• January: 1 (New Year's Day) 3rd. Monday of the month (Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday) and 20 (Inauguration Day, once every four years)
• February: 12 (Lincoln's birthday) and the third Monday (Presidents' Day, originally Washington's birthday which is the 22nd)
• May: Third Saturday (Armed Forces Day) and last Monday (Memorial Day; half-staff until noon)
• June: 14 (Flag Day)
• July: 4 (Independence Day)
• September: First Monday (Labor Day), 17th (Constitution Day)
• October: Second Monday (Columbus Day) and 27 (Navy Day)
• November: 11 (Veterans Day) and fourth Thursday (Thanksgiving Day)
• and such other days as may be proclaimed by the President of the United States; the birthdays of states (date of admission); and on state holidays.

Display at half-staff

The flag is displayed at half-staff (half-mast in naval usage) as a sign of respect or mourning. Nationwide, this action is proclaimed by the president; state-wide or territory-wide, the proclamation is made by the governor. In addition, there is no prohibition against municipal governments, private businesses or citizens flying the flag at half-staff as a local sign of respect and mourning. However, many flag enthusiasts feel this type of practice has somewhat diminished the meaning of the original intent of lowering the flag to honor those who held high positions in federal or state offices. President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued the first proclamation on March 1, 1954, standardizing the dates and time periods for flying the flag at half-staff from all federal buildings, grounds, and naval vessels; other congressional resolutions and presidential proclamations ensued. However, they are only guidelines to all other entities: typically followed at state and local government facilities, and encouraged of private businesses and citizens.

To properly fly the flag at half-staff, one should first briefly hoist it top of the staff, then lower it to the half-staff position, halfway between the top and bottom of the staff. Similarly, when the flag is to be lowered from half-staff, it should be first briefly hoisted to the top of the staff.

Federal guidelines state the flag should be flown at half-staff at the following dates/times:

• May 15 - Peace Officers Memorial Day, unless it is the third Saturday in May, Armed Forces Day, full-staff all day
• Last Monday in May - Memorial Day (until noon)
• July 27 - Korean War Veterans Day (expired 2003 − reinstated 2009)
• September 11 - Patriot Day
• First Sunday in October - Start of Fire Prevention Week.
• December 7 - National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day
• For 30 days - Death of a president or former president
• For 10 days - Death of a vice president, Supreme Court chief justice/retired chief justice, or speaker of the House of Representatives.
• From death until the day of interment - Supreme Court associate justice, member of the Cabinet, former vice president, president pro-tempore of the Senate, or the majority and minority leaders of the Senate and House of Representatives. Also for federal facilities within a state or territory, for the governor.
• On the day after the death - Senators, members of Congress, territorial delegates or the resident commissioner of the commonwealth of Puerto Rico

Further, the flag is always flown at half-staff at three locations in the United States. These locations are The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier; Arlington Cemetery; and the Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor.

The American Flag on US Postage

The American Flag did not appear in any form on US Postal stamp issues until the Battle of White Plains Issue was released in 1926, and there it displays the 'Betsy Ross' flag with its circle of 13 stars. The 48 star flag first appeared on the General Pulaski issue of 1931 however the depiction there is noticeable at best. The first U.S. Postage stamp to feature the American Flag by itself with the Flag being the sole subject was issued July 4, 1957, displayed at the top of the photo to the right.

Folding for storage

Though not part of the official Flag Code, according to military custom, flags should be folded into a triangular shape when not in use. To properly fold the flag:

1. Begin by holding it waist-high with another person so that its surface is parallel to the ground.
2. Fold the lower half of the stripe section lengthwise over the field of stars, holding the bottom and top edges securely.
3. Fold the flag again lengthwise with the blue field on the outside.
4. Make a rectangular fold then a triangular fold by bringing the striped corner of the folded edge to meet the open top edge of the flag, starting the fold from the left side over to the right.
5. Turn the outer end point inward, parallel to the open edge, to form a second triangle.
6. The triangular folding is continued until the entire length of the flag is folded in this manner (usually thirteen triangular folds, as shown at right). On the final fold, any remnant that does not neatly fold into a triangle (or in the case of exactly even folds, the last triangle) is tucked into the previous fold.
7. When the flag is completely folded, only a triangular blue field of stars should be visible.

Use in funerals

Traditionally, the flag of the United States plays a role in military funerals, and occasionally in those over other civil servants (such as the President). A burial flag is draped over the deceased's casket as a pall during services. Just prior to the casket being lowered into the ground, the flag is ceremonially folded and presented to the deceased's next of kin as a token of respect.

History

The design of the flag has been modified 26 times since it was first adopted in 1777. The 48-star version went unchanged for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4, 1959. This was the longest time the flag went unchanged until July 5, 2007, when the 50-star version broke the record.

First flag

At the time of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776, the United States had no official national flag. The Grand Union Flag has historically been referred to as the "First National Flag"; although it has never had any official status, it was used early in the American Revolutionary War by George Washington and formed the basis for the design of the first official U.S. flag. It closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the same era that was used from 1707, and an argument dating to Sir Charles Fawcett in 1937 holds that the Company flag indeed inspired the design., in addition to Buckminster Fuller's mention of it in his book, Critical Path. However, the Company flag could have from 9 to 13 stripes, and was not allowed to be flown outside the Indian Ocean. Both flags could have been easily constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign, a common flag throughout Britain and its colonies.

Another theory holds that the red-and-white stripe—and later, stars-and-stripes—motif of the flag may have been based on the Washington family coat of arms, first used to identify the family in the twelfth century, when one of George Washington's ancestors took possession of Washington Old Hall, then in County Durham, north-east England, which consisted of a shield "argent, two bars gules, above, three mullets gules" (a white shield with two red bars below three red stars).

The Flag Resolution of 1777

On June 14, 1777, the Marine Committee of the Second Continental Congress passed the Flag Resolution which stated: "Resolved, That the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new Constellation." Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. A false tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment.

The 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign, rather than a national flag. It appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee. On May 10, 1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern "it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States."

The Flag Resolution did not specify any particular arrangement, number of points, nor orientation for the stars. The pictured flag shows 13 outwardly-oriented five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag. Although the Betsy Ross legend is controversial, the design is among the oldest of any U.S. flags. Popular designs at the time were varied and most were individually crafted rather than mass-produced. Other examples of 13-star arrangements can be found on the Francis Hopkinson flag, the Cowpens flag, and the Brandywine flag. Given the scant archaeological and written evidence, it is unknown which design was the most popular at that time.

Despite the 1777 resolution, a number of flags only loosely based on the prescribed design were used in the early years of American independence. One example may have been the Guilford Court House Flag, traditionally believed to have been carried by the American troops at the Battle of Guilford Court House in 1781.

The origin of the stars and stripes design is inadequately documented. The apocryphal story credits Betsy Ross for sewing the first flag from a pencil sketch handed to her by George Washington. No evidence for this exists; indeed, nearly a century had passed before Ross' grandson, William Canby, first publicly suggested it. Another woman, Rebecca Young, has also been credited as having made the first flag by later generations of her family. Rebecca Young's daughter was Mary Pickersgill, who made the Star Spangled Banner Flag.

It is likely that Francis Hopkinson of New Jersey, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, designed the 1777 flag while he was the Chairman of the Continental Navy Board's Middle Department, sometime between his appointment to that position in November 1776 and the time that the flag resolution was adopted in June 1777. This contradicts the Betsy Ross legend, which suggests that she sewed the first Stars and Stripes flag by request of the government in the Spring of 1776. Hopkinson was the only person to have made such a claim during his own lifetime, when he sent a bill to Congress for his work. He asked for a "Quarter Cask of the Public Wine" as payment initially. The payment was not made, however, because it was determined he had already received a salary as a member of Congress, and he was not the only person to have contributed to the design. No one else contested his claim at the time.

Later flag acts

In 1795, the number of stars and stripes was increased from 13 to 15 (to reflect the entry of Vermont and Kentucky as states of the union). For a time the flag was not changed when subsequent states were admitted, probably because it was thought that this would cause too much clutter. It was the 15-star, 15-stripe flag that inspired Francis Scott Key to write "The Star-Spangled Banner", now the national anthem.

On April 4, 1818, a plan was passed by Congress at the suggestion of U.S. Naval Captain Samuel C. Reid in which the flag was changed to have 20 stars, with a new star to be added when each new state was admitted, but the number of stripes would be reduced to 13 so as to honor the original colonies. The act specified that new flag designs should become official on the first July 4 (Independence Day) following admission of one or more new states. The most recent change, from 49 stars to 50, occurred in 1960 when the present design was chosen, after Hawaii gained statehood in August 1959. Before that, the admission of Alaska in January 1959 prompted the debut of a short-lived 49-star flag.

As of July 4, 2007, the 50-star flag has become the longest rendition in use.

The "Flower Flag" arrives in Asia

The U.S. flag was brought to the city of Canton (Guǎngzhōu) in China in 1785 by the merchant ship Empress of China, which carried a cargo of ginseng. There it gained the designation "Flower Flag ." According to author and U.S. Naval officer George H. Preble:

When the thirteen stripes and stars first appeared at Canton much curiosity was excited among the people. News was circulated that a strange ship had arrived from the farther end of the world, bearing a flag as beautiful as a flower. Everybody went to see the Fah-kay-cheun , or flower-flag ship. This name at once established itself in the language, and America is now called Fah-kay-gawk , the flower-flag country, and an American, Fah-kay-gawk-yun , flower flag country man, — a more complimentary designation than that of red-headed barbarian, the name first bestowed on the Dutch.

The above quote romanizes the Chinese words from spoken Cantonese. In Mandarin, the official Chinese language, "Flower Flag Nation" is rendered as Huāqíguó (花旗國). These names were common usage in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Other Asian nations have equivalent terms for America, for example Hoa Kỳ ("Flower Flag") in Vietnam. Chinese nowadays refer to the US as Měiguó (美国). Měi is short for Měilìjiān (a Chinese pronunciation of "America") and "guó" means "country," so this name is unrelated to the flag.

The U.S. flag took its first trip around the world in 1787-90 on board the Columbia. William Driver, who coined the phrase Old Glory, took the U.S. flag around the world in 1831-32. The flag attracted the notice of Japanese when an oversized version was carried to Yokohama by the steamer Great Republic as part of a round-the-world journey in 1871.

Historical progression of designs

In the following table depicting the 28 various designs of the United States flag, the star patterns for the flags are merely the usual patterns, often associated with the United States Navy. Canton designs, prior to the proclamation of the 48-star flag, had no official arrangement of the stars. Furthermore, the exact colors of the flag were not standardized until 1934.

No. of Stars	No. of Stripes	Design(s)	States Represented by New Stars	Dates in Use	Duration
0	13		N/A	December 3, 1775 – June 14, 1777	1½ years (18 months)
13	13		Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island	June 14, 1777 – May 1, 1795	18 years (215 months)
15	15		Vermont, Kentucky	May 1, 1795 – July 3, 1818	23 years (278 months)
20	13		Indiana, Louisiana, Mississippi, Ohio, Tennessee	July 4, 1818 – July 3, 1819	1 year (12 months)
21	13		Illinois	July 4, 1819 – July 3, 1820	1 year (12 months)
23	13		Alabama, Maine	July 4, 1820 – July 3, 1822	2 years (24 months)
24	13		Missouri	July 4, 1822 – July 3, 1836 1831 term "Old Glory" coined)	14 years (168 months)
25	13		Arkansas	July 4, 1836 – July 3, 1837	1 year (12 months)
26	13		Michigan	July 4, 1837 – July 3, 1845	8 years (96 months)
27	13		Florida	July 4, 1845 – July 3, 1846	1 year (12 months)
28	13		Texas	July 4, 1846 – July 3, 1847	1 year (12 months)
29	13		Iowa	July 4, 1847 – July 3, 1848	1 year (12 months)
30	13		Wisconsin	July 4, 1848 – July 3, 1851	3 years (36 months)
31	13		California	July 4, 1851 – July 3, 1858	7 years (84 months)
32	13		Minnesota	July 4, 1858 – July 3, 1859	1 year (12 months)
33	13		Oregon	July 4, 1859 – July 3, 1861	2 years (24 months)
34	13		Kansas	July 4, 1861 – July 3, 1863	2 years (24 months)
35	13		West Virginia	July 4, 1863 – July 3, 1865	2 years (24 months)
36	13		Nevada	July 4, 1865 – July 3, 1867	2 years (24 months)
37	13		Nebraska	July 4, 1867 – July 3, 1877	10 years (120 months)
38	13		Colorado	July 4, 1877 – July 3, 1890	13 years (156 months)
43	13		Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Washington	July 4, 1890 – July 3, 1891	1 year (12 months)
44	13		Wyoming	July 4, 1891 – July 3, 1896	5 years (60 months)
45	13		Utah	July 4, 1896 – July 3, 1908	12 years (144 months)
46	13		Oklahoma	July 4, 1908 – July 3, 1912	4 years (48 months)
48	13		Arizona, New Mexico	July 4, 1912 – July 3, 1959	47 years (564 months)
49	13		Alaska	July 4, 1959 – July 3, 1960	1 year (12 months)
50	13		Hawaii	July 4, 1960 – present	64 years (774 months)

Future of the flag

The United States Army Institute of Heraldry has prepared designs for flags with up to 56 stars, should additional states accede, using a similar staggered star arrangement. There are political movements supporting statehood in Puerto Rico (by the New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico) and the District of Columbia, among other areas.

A possible United States 51-star flag

United States 51-star flag

Similar national flags

Flag of Bikini Atoll

Flag of Liberia

Flag of Malaysia

• The flag of Bikini Atoll is symbolic of the islanders' belief that a great debt is still owed to the people of Bikini because in 1954 the United States government detonated a thermonuclear bomb on the island as part of the Castle Bravo test.
• The flag of Liberia bears a close resemblance, showing the ex-American-slave origin of the country. The Liberian flag has 11 similar red and white stripes, which stand for the 11 signers of the declaration there, as well as a blue square with only a single large white star for the union.
• The flag of Malaysia also has a striking resemblance, with red and white stripes (14 total), and a blue canton, but displaying instead of stars a star and crescent emblem. This is due, however, to the great influence of the British East India Company, rather than the later United States flag. Also quite similar is the flag of the Federation of Malaya, a predecessor to current day Malaysia.

Flag of Togo

Flag of Netherlands New Guinea/West Papua

First Republican Flag of Brazil: November 15–19, 1889

Flag of El Salvador: 1865-1912

• The flag of Togo resembles a Liberian flag with 5 stripes, though the colors are Pan-African colors.
• The Morning Star flag of the former Netherlands New Guinea is intentionally similar to the flag of the United States.
• The very short lived First Flag of the Republic of the United States of Brazil, (November 15–19, 1889) resembles the U.S flag, but uses Brazil's traditional colors of green, yellow, and blue instead of the U.S. flag's red, white, and blue. It was indeed designed to honor the U.S people and the 1776 revolution.
• The flag of El Salvador from 1865 to 1912. A different flag was in use, based on the flag of the United States, with a field of alternating blue and white stripes and a red canton containing white stars.

Flag of Samoa

1st National Flag of the Confederate States of America

Flag of Chile

Flag of the Republic of Texas

Flag of Puerto Rico

Flag of Cuba

See also

Template:Misplaced Pages-Books

Article sections

• Colors, standards and guidons: United States
• Flag desecration: United States

Associated persons

• Francis Bellamy (1855–1931), creator of the Pledge of Allegiance
• William Driver (1803–1886), who owned and named "Old Glory"
• Charles Fawcett, British historian who suggested the design is based on the flag of the British East India Company
• Thomas E. Franklin (1966–present), photographer of Ground Zero Spirit, better known as Raising the Flag at Ground Zero
• Christopher Gadsden (1724–1805), after whom the Gadsden flag is named
• Robert G. Heft (1941–2009), a designer of the current flag's canton
• Francis Hopkinson (1737–1791), designer (according to some historians)
• Jasper Johns (1930–), painter of Flag (1954–55), inspired by a dream of the flag
• John Paul Jones (1747–1792), who claimed to have first raised the Grand Union Flag aboard the Alfred in 1775
• Francis Scott Key (1779–1843), writer of "The Star-Spangled Banner"
• Mary Young Pickersgill (1776–1857), maker of the banner hoisted over Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore
• Katha Pollitt (1949–present), author of a controversial essay on post-9/11 America and her refusal to fly an American flag
• George H. Preble (1816–1885), author of History of the American Flag (1872) and photographer of the Fort McHenry flag
• Joe Rosenthal (1911–2006), photographer of Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima
• Betsy Ross (1752–1836), creator of the first stars and stripes flag (according to legend)
• George Washington (1732–1799), who (according to legend) first sketched the stars and stripes design and on whose family arms the design may be based

References

Bibliography

• Allentown Art Museum. The American Flag in the Art of Our Country. Allentown Art Museum, 1976.
• Herbert Ridgeway Collins. Threads of History: Americana Recorded on Cloth 1775 to the Present. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979.
• Grace Rogers Cooper. Thirteen-star Flags: Keys to Identification. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1973.
• David D. Crouthers. Flags of American History. Hammond, 1978.
• Louise Lawrence Devine. The Story of Our Flag. Rand McNally, 1960.
• William Rea Furlong, Byron McCandless, and Harold D. Langley. So Proudly We Hail: The History of the United States Flag. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981.
• Scot M. Guenter, The American Flag, 1777–1924: Cultural Shifts from Creation to Codification. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 1990. online
• Marc Leepson, Flag: An American Biography. Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press, 2005.
• David Roger Manwaring. Render Unto Caesar: The Flag-Salute Controversy. University of Chicago Press, 1962.
• Boleslaw Mastai and Marie-Louise D'Otrange Mastai. The Stars and the Stripes: The American Flag as Art and as History from the Birth of the Republic to the Present. Knopf, 1973.
• Milo Milton Quaife. The Flag of the United States. 1942.
• Milo Milton Quaife, Melvin J. Weig, and Roy Applebaum. The History of the United States Flag, from the Revolution to the Present, Including a Guide to Its Use and Display. Harper, 1961.
• Albert M. Rosenblatt. "Flag Desecration Statutes: History and Analysis," Washington University Law Quarterly 1972: 193-237.
• Leonard A. Stevens. Salute! The Case of The Bible vs. The Flag. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1973.
• Arnaldo Testi. Capture the Flag: The Stars and Stripes in American History (New York University Press; 2010) 192 pages. A European perspective on the symbolism and political, social, and cultural significance of the flag.

Notes

1. Presidential Proclamation No. 2795, July 2, 1948 Code of Federal Regulations of the United States, Title 3 Compilation (1943-1948), HathiTrust, Google Books/University of Michigan scan, pages 212-213.
2. Public Law 83-319, approved March 26, 1954
3. Presidential Proclamation No. 3418, June 12, 1961
4. Public Law 89-335, approved November 8, 1965
5. Presidential Proclamation No. 4000, September 4, 1970
6. Presidential Proclamation No. 4064, July 6, 1971, effective July 4, 1971
7. Presidential Proclamation No. 4131, May 5, 1972
8. http://www.gettysburg.edu/news_events/news_detail.dot?inode=2746067&pageTitle=34-star+flag+flies+over+Gettysburg+College+without+Congressional+approval
9. Pub.L. 94−53, 89 Stat. 259, S.J.Res. 98, approved July 4, 1975
10. With the consent of Congress, Old Glory kept perpetual shine, PE Press Archive.
11. With the consent of Congress, Slover Mountain, The Sun, 14 May 2008
12. By Act of Congress. California Portland Cement Co
13. US Code, Title 4, Chapter 1, §7.
14. 36 U.S.C. Sec. 136
15. 36 U.S.C. Sec. 127
16. Pub. L. 111–41 (text) (PDF), 123 Stat. 1962, July 27, 2009.
17. Patriot Day, 2005
18. Public Law 107-51
19. Presidential Proclamation Fire Prevention Week | The White House
20. National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day, 2007
22. Scotts Specialized Catalogue of United States Postage Stamps
23. "Sequence of Events for an Army Honors Funeral At Arlington National Cemetery". Arlington National Cemetery. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
24. "Flag Presentation Protocol". Virginia Army National Guard. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
25. Grand Union Flag
26. The Striped Flag of the East India Company, and its Connexion with the American "Stars and Stripes" at Flags of the World
27. East India Company (United Kingdom) at Flags of the World
28. A 2002 BBC documentary featuring the town of Selby and Selby Abbey showed the coat of arms with the commentator referring to it as the inspiration for the U.S. Flag, a commonly held belief in Britain.
29. ^ Federal Citizen Information Center: The History of the Stars and Stripes. Retrieved June 7, 2008.
30. Guenter (1990)
31. Mastai, 60
32. Other evidence suggests it dates only to the nineteenth century. The original flag is at the North Carolina Historical Museum.
33. Crews, Ed. "The Truth About Betsy Ross". Retrieved 2009-06-27.
34. Embassy of the United States of America . Retrieved April 11, 2008.
35. "Journals of the Continental Congress - Friday, October 27, 1780". Library of Congress. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
36. United States Government (1861). Our Flag (PDF). Washington DC: United States Government Printing Office. S. Doc 105-013.
37. "United States Flag History". United States Embassy. Archived from the original on 2008-02-25. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
38. ^ Preble, George Henry, History of the flag of the United States of America, (1880).
39. ^ Tappan, Eva March, The Little Book of the Flag (1917), pp. 91–92.
40. ^ Chinese: 花旗國. See Chinese English Dictionary
    Citibank, which founded a branch in China in 1902, is known as "Flower Flag Bank" (花旗銀行).
    Olsen, Kay Melchisedech, Chinese Immigrants: 1850–1900 (2001), p. 7.
    "Philadelphia's Chinatown: An Overview", The Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
    Leonard, Dr. George, "The Beginnings of Chinese Literature in America: the Angel Island Poems".
41. "American Flag Raised Over Buddhist Temple in Japan on July 4, 1872"
42. (For alternate versions of the flag of the United States, see the Stars of the U.S. Flag page at the Flags of the World website.) Further information: ]
43. Leepson, Marc. (2005). Flag: An American Biography. New York: St. Martin's Press.

External links

• A mathematician figures out the best way to jam an extra star onto the American flag. - By Chris Wilson - Slate Magazine
• Star power: 200 years of change (USA TODAY)

• United States at Flags of the World
• The Thirteen Stars and Stripes-A Survey of 18th Century Images of the US Flag
• U.S. Flag Etiquette (ushistory.org)
• U.S. Flag etiquette (americanflags.org)
• Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding the flag
• Encyclopedia Smithsonian: Facts About the United States Flag (citation needs to be updated)
• The Flag Code—U.S. Code Home: Title 4, Flag and Seal, Seat of Government, and the States—Chapter 1, The Flag
  • Provides details about the design of the flag, treatment of the flag, the pledge of allegiance, etc.
• Executive Order No. 10798, with specifications and regulations for the current flag
• Is the American Flag Alive?
• Flag of the United States of America
• Civil Air Patrol - Flag Folding (YouTube) (Video on the proper folding of the United States flag)
• Photo gallery: Inside an American flag manufacturing plan

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