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In Greek mythology, the Minotaur was a creature that was part man and part bull. It dwelt in the Labyrinth, which was an elaborate maze constructed by King Minos of Crete and designed by the architect Daedalus to hold the Minotaur. The Minotaur was eventually killed by Theseus.
"Minotaur" is Greek for "Bull of Minos". The bull was also known as Asterius or Asterion, a name shared with Minos's foster father.
The story
Before Minos became king, he asked the Greek god Poseidon for a sign, to assure him that he, and not his brother, was to receive the throne. Poseidon agreed to send a white bull on condition Minos would sacrifice the bull back to the god. Indeed, a bull of unmatched beauty came out of the sea. King Minos, after seeing it, found it so beautiful that he instead sacrificed another bull, hoping that Poseidon would not notice. Poseidon was very angry when he realized what had been done so he caused Minos's wife, Pasiphae, to be overcome with a fit of madness in which she fell in love with the bull. Pasiphae went to Daedalus for assistance, and Daedalus devised a way for her to satisfy her passions. He constructed a hollow wooden cow covered with cowhide for Pasiphae to hide in and allow the bull to mount her. The result of this union was the Minotaur. In some accounts, the white bull went on to become the Cretan Bull captured by Heracles (also known as Hercules) for one of his labours.
The Minotaur had the body of a man and the head and tail of a bull. It was a fierce creature, and Minos, after getting advice from the Oracle at Delphi, had Daedalus construct a gigantic labyrinth to hold the Minotaur. It was located under Minos' palace in Knossos. Now it happened that Androgeus, son of Minos, had been killed by the Athenians, who were jealous of the victories he had won at the Panathenaic festival. To avenge the death of his son, Minos waged war and won. He then demanded that seven Athenian youths and seven maidens be sent every ninth year to be devoured by the Minotaur. When the third sacrifice came round, Theseus volunteered to go to slay the monster. He promised to his father, Aegeus, that he would put up a white sail on his journey back home. Ariadne, Minos' daughter, fell in love with Theseus and helped him get out of the maze by giving him a ball of thread, allowing him to retrace his path. Theseus killed the Minotaur (with a magical sword Ariadne had given him) and led the other Athenians back out the labyrinth. (Plutarch, Theseus, 15—19; Diod. Sic. i. I6, iv. 61; Apollodorus iii. 1,15). However Theseus forgot to put up the white sails, so his father started crying and fell into the sea. Then it became known as the Aegean Sea.
Minos, angry that Theseus was able to escape, imprisoned Daedalus and his son Icarus in the labyrinth. They were able to escape by building wings for themselves, but Icarus died during the escape as he flew too high and the wax which held the feathers in the wing melted as it was closer to the Sun.
Sometimes the Minotaur is represented as a bull with a human torso and head, like a bull version of the Centaur.
Interpretations
The contest between Theseus and the Minotaur was frequently represented in Greek art. A Knossian didrachm exhibits on one side the labyrinth, on the other the Minotaur surrounded by a semicircle of small balls, probably intended for stars; it is to be noted that one of the monster's names was Asterius.
The ruins of Minos' palace at Knossos have been found, but the labyrinth has not. The enormous number of rooms, staircases and corridors in the palace has led archaeologists to believe that the palace itself was the source of the labyrinth myth.
Some modern mythologists regard the Minotaur as a solar personification and a Greek adaptation of the Baal-Moloch of the Phoenicians. The slaying of the Minotaur by Theseus in that case indicates the abolition of such sacrifice by the advance of Greek civilization.
According to A. B. Cook, Minos and Minotaur are only different forms of the same personage, representing the sun-god Zeus of the Cretans, who depicted the sun as a bull. He and J. G. Frazer both explain Pasiphae's union with the bull as a sacred ceremony, at which the queen of Knossos was wedded to a bull-formed god, just as the wife of the Tyrant in Athens was wedded to Dionysus. E. Pottier, who does not dispute the historical personality of Minos, in view of the story of Phalaris considers it probable that in Crete (where a bull-cult may have existed by the side of that of the double axe) victims were tortured by being shut up in the belly of a red-hot brazen bull. The story of Talos, the Cretan man of brass, who heated himself red-hot and clasped strangers in his embrace as soon as they landed on the island, is probably of similar origin.
A political interpretation has that the Greeks freed themselves from the tributes and the power of Crete.
Fictional appearances
Minotaurs appear in fantasy and historical fiction far less frequently than other mythological beings such as centaurs. In the Divine Comedy Dante and Virgil confront "the infamy of Crete" at the entrance to the seventh circle of Hell. In Mary Renault's The King Must Die and Federico Fellini's movie Satyricon, minotaurs are merely men wearing bull's head masks. Terry Gilliam's movie Time Bandits is less clear on this point, since the minotaur is not unmasked and therefore might be real. Takashi Miike's 2003 film Gozu also features a Minotaur-like character ('Gozu' literally means 'cow head' in Japanese), but he is small, slim, and apparently harmless, unlike many of the times the creature has featured in fiction.
The second part of David A. Gemmell's The Lion of Macedon historic fantasy, The Dark Prince, features a sympathetic minotaur, one of three brothers cursed to remain in the forms they chose when warring amongst themselves. The minotaur, despite a fearsome reputation, becomes a trustworthy and honourable fellow in the quest of the lead characters. One interesting angle is the minotaur's need to emerge from the forest to change back to a man on occasion, without which he would quickly die.
The Minotaur appears in many works by Pablo Picasso, particularly in the 1930s. Some of these show him raping and killing, but in other pictures the Minotaur is depicted as a lover rather than a monster, appearing to be in a consensual relationship with a woman.
Thomas Burnett Swann's novels Day of the Minotaur (1965), The Forest of Forever (1971) and Cry Silver Bells (published posthumously, 1977), which form a loose trilogy in reverse order and were later published as an omnibus volume in chronological order as The Minotaur Trilogy, depict the last two survivors of an ancient race of minotaurs dwelling in the forests of ancient Crete alongside other mythological creatures.
Unlike the classical description, Swann's minotaurs are more intelligent, human-like and cultured. Rather than being purely half human, half bull, their bodies were more like satyrs, having hoof-like toes, bull's tail, fur-covered (usually naked) bodies, human faces, large pointed ears, and short horns that grow like antlers. They were fully able to speak, and reason, and fluent in Greek ("What did you expect me to do, moo or speak Hittite?").
The beast appears in "Hercules in the Maze of the Minotaur" and "Hercules: The Legendary Journeys" Highway to Hades (Season 2, Episode 11).
The Minotaur plays a central role in Mark Z. Danielewski's book House of Leaves, although it is never directly seen.
Steven Sherrill's 2000 novel 'The Minotaur Takes a Cigarette Break' has the minotaur working as a cook in North Carolina. 'M' lives in a trailer, repairs automobiles in his spare time and falls in love with a waitress.
Minotaurs appear on three different occasions in Doctor Who, all seemingly unconnected. In the 1968 story The Mind Robber a minotaur appears as an illusionary mythical creature. Subsequently in the 1974 story The Time Monster a minotaur (played by future Darth Vader actor David Prowse) dwells in a maze, guarding a special crystal with mythical powers in the lost city of Atlantis. Creatures called nimon have the likeness of minotaurs in the 1980 story The Horns of Nimon.
In the anime Melody of Oblivion, Horu the monster is depicted in many ways that implies that he is, in fact, the minotaur.
There were 3 minotaurs in Monkeybone.
Minotaurs frequently appear in the Chronicles of Narnia.
In the Wonder Woman Comic book by DC, Wonder Woman has a minotaur working at the Themysciran Embassy as a chef. He is very kind, gentle and considerate but can and does engage in violence in defense of the embassy and those he cares for.
The 8th Xanth book, Crewel Lye features a race of "cow-boys" and "cow-girls" who are humans with the heads of cattle. They are forced to participate in gladiator-style combat, and it is implied that the Minotaur of myth had been one of their number.
As a race of monsters rather than a unique creature minotaurs feature in some fantasy role-playing games. (For minotaurs in the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, see Minotaur (Dungeons & Dragons).) In Warhammer Fantasy Battles Minotaurs are part of the Beasts of Chaos Army. In Warcraft, the Tauren are essentially a race of minotaurs. The card game Magic: The Gathering features minotaurs as being both savage (the Hurloon minotaurs) and tribal yet somewhat cultured (the Talruum). In the online game Shadowbane, players are able to assume the role of a minotaur, and minotaurs in general form a key role in the backstory and lore and are depicted as a full range, from the savage to the civilized.
The game Minotaur: The Labyrinths of Crete takes place in the labyrinth, but the minotaur is never seen.
Minotaurs are frequently bosses in the Castlevania video game series.
Minotaurs are also commonly-encountered enemies in the Playstation 2 game God of War.
A Minotaur called Kamos appear as an enemy character in Age of Mythology. Minotaurs appear also as greek myth units during the first game and the expansion pack Age of Mythology: The Titans
In the game Final Fantasy VIII, two Minotaurs make an appearance as The Brothers, a Guardian Force that can be defeated and acquired in the Tomb of the Unknown King
The movie Minotaur (2005), bore alot of similarities to the mythological story with some name changes. While the monster itself was human-like upon birth, it became more bovine-like in its adulthood, being the size of a bus, with few human-features (skin tone, teeth, eyes, etc.). Furthermore, its birth was planned by the kingdom of Minos to create a "living god" rather then divine retribuation for defying a god. Thus the Minotaur was a product of the zenith the people's greed & hedonism. But like the legend, the Minotaur was placed in the underground labyrinth where it feeds on those sacrficed to it.
See also
- The Assyrian Cherub had a bull body and a human head.
- The Egyptian Apis is often depicted as a bull, or bull-headed man.