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South African RepublicZuid-Afrikaansche Republiek
1856–1902
Flag Coat of arms of South African Republic Coat of arms
Anthem: Transvaalse Volkslied
Location of the South African Republic, circa 1890.
Capital	Pretoria 25°43′S 28°14′E / 25.717°S 28.233°E / -25.717; 28.233
Common languages	Dutch
Religion	Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk
Government	Republic
President
• 1857–1863	Marthinus Wessel Pretorius
• 1883–1902	Paul Kruger
• 1900–1902	Schalk Willem Burger (acting)
History
• Established	17 January 1852
• First Boer War	20 December 1881
• Independence	27 February 1884
• Second Boer War	11 October 1899
• Treaty of Vereeniging	31 May 1902
• Disestablished	31 May 1902
Area
1870	191,789 km (74,050 sq mi)
Population
• 1870	120,000
Currency	South African Republic pond
Preceded by Succeeded by Klein Vrystaat Nieuwe Republiek Transvaal Colony
Today part of	South Africa

The South African Republic , often referred to as the Template:Lang-nl, the ZAR, The Transvaal, and sometimes even the Republic of Transvaal was an independent and internationally recognised country in southern Africa from 1852 to 1902. The country defeated the British in what is often referred to as the First Boer War and remained independent until the end of the Second Boer War on 31 May 1902, when it was forced to surrender to the British. The territory of the ZAR became known after this war as the Transvaal Colony.

Name and etymology

Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (ZAR)

Constitutionally the name of the country was Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (South African Republic or ZAR). Many people also called the ZAR, Transvaal, in reference to the area over (or trans) the Vaal River including the British press and the press in Europe. In fact the name "Transvaal" was later so often used that later the British objected to the use of the real name (The South African Republic). The British pointed out that the Convention of Pretoria of 1881-08-03 referred to the 'Transvaal Territory' and that the Transvaal and the South African Republic did not have the same boundaries. However, in the London Convention dated 1884-02-27, a subsequent treaty between Britain and the ZAR, Britain acquiesced and reverted to the use of the true name, "The South African Republic".

Transvaal

The name of the South African Republic was of such importance that on 1 September 1900 the British declared by special proclamation that the name of the South African Republic be changed from "South African Republic" to "The Transvaal" and that the entire territory shall henceforth and forever be known as "The Transvaal" This proclamation was issued during the second boer war and whilst the ZAR was still an independent country.

On the 31st of May 1902 The Vereeniging Peace Treaty was signed, with the country of "The Transvaal" and the British Government which also converted the ZAR into the Transvaal Colony. The treaty established a Municipal Government, Witwatersrand District court and the High Court of Transvaal. On the 20th of May 1903 and Inter Colonial Council was established, to manage the colonies of the British Government. The name "Transvaal" was finally changed in 1994, when the ANC Government broke up the Transvaal area and renamed the core, to "Gauteng".

History

Early History

In paleolithic times, between 2.2 to 3.3 million years ago, hominds lived within the geographic area of the ZAR. The earliest hominid bones, between 2.2 to 3.3 million years old, was discovered at Sterkfontein in 1994. In 1938 Paranthropus robustus bones were found at Kromdraai, and during 1947 several more examples of Australipitecus africanus were uncovered in Sterkfontein. The pastoral San People lived on the lands of Southern Africa and they were later joined by Bantu people from North Africa and even later joined by the European people from Europe. Bantu peoples, who displaced the San people, were themselves decimated and scattered by the Mfecane which left most of the lands of the ZAR abandoned and vacant. The Boers constantly tried to expand their territories but found strong resistance from the Bantu peoples and specifically the Sotho people and the Zulu people.

Formation

The Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek came into existence on 17 January 1852 when the United Kingdom signed the Sand River Convention treaty with about 40,000 boer people, recognising their independence in the region to the north of the Vaal River. The first president of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek was Marthinus Wessel Pretorius, elected in 1857, son of Boer leader Andries Pretorius, who commanded the Boers to victory at the Battle of Blood River. Here also, is a List of Presidents of the South African Republic. The capital was established at Potchefstroom and later moved to Pretoria. The parliament as called the Volksraad and had 24 members.

Independence

The South African Republic became fully independent on the 27 February 1884 when the London Convention was signed. The country independently also entered into various agreements with other foreign countries after that date.

Expansion

On the 23rd November 1859 the independent Republic of Lijdenburg merged with the Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek. On 9 May 1887, burghers the territories of Stellaland and Goosen (sometimes referred to as Goshen) were granted rights to the ZAR franchise. On the 25th of July 1895 the burghers that took part in the war at Zoutpansberg, were granted citizenship of the ZAR.

Constitution and laws

The constitution of the Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek has been referred to as legally interesting for its time. It contained provisions for the division between the political leadership and office bearers in government administration. The legal system consisted of higher and lower courts and had adopted a jury system. The laws were enforced by the South African Republic Police (Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek Politie or ZARP) which were divided into Mounted Police (Rijdende Politie) and Foot Police.

Racism

The constitution promoted racialism as it treated European (white) people differently from Native (black) people. Although slavery was illegal in the constitution and foreigners (white and black) were discriminated against, black foreigners had fewer rights than their white counterparts. At this time in history, this was very similar to many other European countries as well as in the new world. Discrimination on the basis of race was prevalent in the ZAR and even coloured British subjects were forced to reside in ghettos outside cities with Asian and black races, whilst white races were free to live anywhere. One of the Racist excuses often used by the ZAR Government was "sanitation and regard to public health necessitated that measure of segregation"

Language and culture

Language

On the 30 July 1888 the high Dutch language was declared as the only language to be used in the country. This usage was not only in government but also in schools, trade and for general use. All other languages were declared as "foreign". These changes to the ZAR laws made the use of all other foreign languages illegal in the ZAR. Use of any foreign language was subject to criminal penalty and fine of 20 ZAR Pond for each offense. The British similarly had declared English to be the only language spoken in the Cape Colony some decades earlier to outlaw the Dutch Language. The discovery of gold in 1885 led to a major influx of uitlanders. By 1896 the language of government and citizens remained Dutch but in many market places, shops and homes the English language was spoken.

Boer Wars

Civil War 1861-1864

Secucuni War 1876

First Boer War

On 12 April 1877, Britain issued a proclamation called: "ANNEXATION OF THE S.A. REPUBLIC TO THE BRITISH EMPIRE" In the proclamation, the British claim that the country is unstable, ungovernable, bankrupt and facing civil war.

The Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek viewed this proclamation as an act of aggression, and resisted. Instead of declaring war, the country decided to send a delegation to United Kingdom and the USA, to protest. This did not have any effect and the First Boer War formally broke out on 20 December 1880. The First Boer War was the first conflict since the American Revolution in which the British had been decisively defeated and forced to sign a peace treaty under unfavourable terms. It would see the introduction of the khaki uniform, marking the beginning of the end of the famous Redcoat. The Battle of Laing's Nek would be the last occasion where a British regiment carried its official regimental colours into battle. The Pretoria Convention of 1881 was signed on 3 August 1881 and ratified on 25 October 1881 by the Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek (where the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek is referred to by the name "Transvaal Territory"). The Pretoria Convention of 1881 was superseded in 1884 by the London Convention, and in which the British suzerainty over the South African Republic, was relinquished. The British Government, in the London Convention, accepted the name of the country as The South African Republic. The convention was signed in duplicate, in London on 27 February 1884 by Hercules Robinson, S.JP. Kruger, S.J. Du Toit and N.J. Smit and later ratified by the South African Republic (Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek) Volksraad.

In 1885 extremely rich Gold reefs were discovered in the ZAR. The South African Republic burghers were farmers and not miners and much of the mining fell to immigrants. The immigrants were also referred to as "outlanders" (uitlanders). By 1897 the immigrants had invested over 300 000 000 British Pounds in the ZAR goldfields.

Mapoch War 1883

Western frontier war 1885

Second Boer War

Britain first attacked the independent country of South Africa in December 1895, the Jameson Raid. The British started building up massive amounts of troops and resources at the borders of the ZAR. Then they demanded voting rights for the 50,000 British nationals and the 10, 000 other nationals in South Africa, even though none of these nationals were at that time South African citizens. Kruger rejected the British demand and called for the withdrawal of British troops from the ZAR's borders. When the British refused, Kruger declared war against Britain. Britain was joined in the war by forces and armies from other countries and even independent countries, Australia, Canada and New Zealand as well as forces and citizens of colonies like the Colony of Natal and the Cape Colony. This war was also the first war in the history of the independent country of Australia fought in.

The Second Boer War was a watershed for the British Army in particular and for the British Empire as a whole. It was here that the British used concentration camps where small babies, young children and women were held in camps without adequate food or medical care. The abhorrent conditions in these camps caused the death of 4 177 women, 22 074 children under sixteen. The camps were unmitigated humanitarian disasters and death rates varied between 344 and 700 per 1000. There is Media related to Second Boer War concentration camps at Wikimedia Commons

Political Structure of the ZAR

Officials

• President of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek
• State Secretary of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek
• State Attorney of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek

Divisions

The country was divided into 17 districts:

1. Pretoria district: Pretoria
2. Potchefstroom district: Potchefstroom, Ventersdorp, Klerksdorp, Venterskroon, Wolmaranstad
3. Rustenburg district: Rustenburg
4. Waterberg district: Nylstroom, Hartingsburg
5. Zoutpansberg district: Pietersburg, Haenertsburg, Woodbush, Eersteling, Marabastad, Smitsdorp
6. Lydenburg district: Lydenburg, Pilgrim's Rest, Barberton, Eureka City, FairView, Moodies, Jamestown
7. Middelburg district: Middelburg, Roossenekal
8. Heidelberg district: Heidelberg, Johannesburg, Elsburg, Boksburg, Krugersdorp
9. Wakkerstroom district: Wakkerstroom, Amersfoort
10. Piet Retief district: Piet Retief
11. Utrecht district: Utrecht, Luneburg
12. Bloemhof district: Christiania, Bloemhof, Schweizer-Reneke
13. Marico district: Zeerust, Jacobsdal, Ottoshoop
14. Lichtenburg district: Lichtenburg
15. Standerton district: Standerton, Bethal
16. Ermelo district: Ermelo, Amsterdam, Carolina
17. Vryheid district: Vryheid

Flag

The national flag of the ZAR featured three horizontal stripes of red, white, and blue (mirroring the Dutch national flag), with a vertical green stripe at the hoist, and was known as the Vierkleur (lit. four colours). The former national flag of South Africa (from 1927 to 1994) had, as part of a feature contained within its central white bar, a horizontal flag of the Transvaal Republic (ZAR).

See also

• Orange Free State

References

1. Alexander Mackay (1870). Manual of modern geography, mathematical, physical, and political. p. 484.
2. Tamarkin (1996). Cecil Rhodes and the Cape Afrikaners. pp. 249–250.
3. ^ Eybers (1917). Select_constitutional_documents_illustrating_South_African_history_1795-1910. pp. 455–463.
4. Irish University Press Series: British Parliamentary Papers Colonies Africa, (BPPCA Transvaal Vol 37 (1971) No 41 at 267)
5. Entry: South African Law Review1954. Butterworth's South African Law Review, 1954
6. "Origin of the Anglo-Boer War Revealed – C. H. Thomas (originally published in 1899 by Hodder & Stoughton)".
7. (Law articles 1017/1025 dd. 13 Juli 1888 & article 1026/1027, dd. 14 Juli 1888 & article 1030, dd. 16 Juli 1888)
8. Kachru, Braj; Kachru, Yamuna; Nelson, Cecil (2009). The Handbook of World Englishes. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 160–161. ISBN 1405188316.
9. ^ De Villiers, John (1896). The Transvaal. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 14. Cite error: The named reference "devilliers" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
10. ^ "HOBHOUSE E - THE BRUNT OF THE WAR - METHUEN & CO (1902)".
11. Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul R. (2008). "Concentration Camps, South African War". Dictionary of Genocide. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 9780313346415.

External links

• American Library of Congress
• Documents Illustrating South African History 1795-1910

v t e Political history of South Africa
Defunct polities	Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c. 1075–c. 1220) Dutch Cape Colony (1652–1806) Mthethwa Paramountcy (c. 1780–1817) Ndwandwe Kingdom (c. 1780–1819) Cape Colony (1795–1910) Zulu Kingdom (1816–1897) Natalia Republic (1839–1843) Natal Colony (1843–1910) Orange Free State (1854–1902) South African Republic (1856–1902) Griqualand East (1861–1879) Griqualand West (1870–1873) Goshen (1882–1883) Stellaland (1882–1885) Nieuwe Republiek (1884–1888) Upingtonia (1885–1887) Klein Vrystaat (1886–1891) Orange River Colony (1902–1910) Transvaal Colony (1902–1910) Union of South Africa (1910–1961) Transkei (1976–1994) Bophuthatswana (1977–1994) Venda (1979–1994) Ciskei (1981–1994)
Events	Pre-colonial Bantu migrations Battle of Salt River 1652–1815 Dutch settlement French Huguenot settlement Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars Xhosa Wars Battle of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Boer Republics Transvaal Civil War Mineral Revolution Witwatersrand Gold Rush South African Wars South Africa Act 1909 (National Convention) 1910–1948 South West Africa campaign Maritz rebellion Rand Rebellion Great Depression 1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike Bantustans Apartheid 1948 general election Apartheid legislation Pass laws Internal resistance Coloured-vote constitutional crisis Defiance Campaign Congress of the People Freedom Charter Women's March 1956 1957 Alexandra bus boycott Sharpeville massacre 1960 republic referendum International isolation UN Resolution 1761 UNSC Resolution 591 Academic boycott Disinvestment Constructive engagement Tar Baby Option Sporting boycott Olympics Rugby union Rivonia Trial Durban Moment Border War Israeli alliance Israel–South Africa Agreement Mafeje affair Soweto Uprising Weapons of mass destruction Project Coast Church Street bombing 1983 constitutional referendum Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup d'état Third Force CODESA Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre Bisho massacre 1992 apartheid referendum Saint James Church massacre Bophuthatswana crisis Shell House massacre Post- apartheid 1994 general election Government of National Unity Reconstruction and Development Programme Truth and Reconciliation Commission Arms Deal Floor crossing Soweto bombings African Renaissance Travelgate Xenophobia Attack on Kennedy Road Blikkiesdorp Marikana massacre 2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike Nkandlagate Racism 2014 platinum strike #RhodesMustFall protests #FeesMustFall student protests Tshwane riots 2019 service delivery protests 2019 Johannesburg riots COVID-19 pandemic 2020 Phala Phala Robbery 2021 unrest Lady R incident
Political culture	African nationalism Afrikaner Calvinism Afrikaner nationalism Anarchism Azania Baasskap Boerehaat Black Consciousness Movement Cape Independence Day of the Vow Greater South Africa Honorary whites Rooi gevaar Slavery Swart gevaar Uitlander Volkstaat
Defunct organisations	Civic and political organisations Afrikaner Bond Afrikaner Broederbond Afrikaner Party AITUP APO AVF BPC Black Sash Boerestaat Party CDA CNIP CTEG COD Congress Alliance COSG CP DLF Dominion Party DP (1973–1977) DP (1989–2000) DPP DSM ECC FA FD Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners GNP Het Volk HNP (Herenigde) HNP (Herstigte) IDASA ID IP ISL Jeugkrag Johannesburg Reform Committee Labour Party (1910–1958) Labour Party (1969–1994) Liberal Party (1953–1968) NA NCP Natal Indian Congress NLP NNP NP NPP NRP NUSAS Occupy Orangia Unie Oranjewerkers Orde Boerevolk PAVN PFP Progressive Party (Cape Colony) Progressive Party PRP Radio Freedom Reform Party SABP SADECO SAIC SASO SAYCO SAYRCO South African Party (Cape Colony) South African Party (1911–1934) South African Party (1977–1980) TNIP Torch Commando UFP United Party Unionist Party National Party of Venda Volksparty Workers Party WOSA Trade unions and social movements APF BCM BLATU CNETU CTSWU FCWU FNETU FOSATU ICU IWW MUSA NEUM NURHS PAWE SAAPAWU SACTU SAIF SARHU SATUC Die Spoorbund UDF Umkosi Wezintaba Paramilitary and terrorist organisations APLA ARM AWB BBB Boeremag Greyshirts MK Ossewabrandwag Orde van die Dood PAGAD SANF
Histories of political parties	African National Congress Democratic Alliance Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
Category

• Use dmy dates from April 2012
• 19th century in South Africa
• South African Republic
• States and territories established in 1856
• States and territories disestablished in 1902