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The Dulo clan or the House of Dulo was the ruling dynasty of the Bulgars (or Huno-Bulgars) of states in various parts of Eastern Europe, including Old Great Bulgaria (632 AD), Volga Bulgaria (until the 13th century) and modern Bulgaria (since 681 AD). The origins of the Bulgars and Dulo clan are not known precisely, there are many theories about their origin, but it is generally considered that it is intimately related to the origin and activity of the Huns. Until the beginning of 20th century in Danube Bulgaria the dynasty was known under the names Dua (or Rua).

The most what is known about the House of Dulo is written in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans. The first two rulers, Avitohol and Irnik, are usually identified by many historians as Attila and his third son Ernak although no documents exist to support this identification.

Kubrat (605 AD-665 AD), the first historical member of the House of Dulo, was a Utigurs Bulgar. Yury Zuev and some modern Bulgarian scholars identify the Utigurs as one of the tribes of the Yuezhi, which is a transliteration of their own name for themselves meaning "moon clan". In 632 AD he founded Old Great Bulgaria on the territory of modern Ukraine unifying different Bulgar tribes and defeating the Avars. During the second half of the 7th century Kubrat's sons split up the Bulgar family and spread over Europe, from the Volga to the shadow of Vesuvius: Batbayan (Ukraine), Kotrag (Volga Bulgaria), Kuber (Balkan Macedonia), Asparuh (Danube Bulgaria) and also Alcek (Italy).

Asparuh of the House of Dulo founded modern Bulgaria in the year 681, establishing the First Bulgarian Empire south of the Danube after defeating the Romans in the Battle of Ongal.

Tervel (700-721AD) of the House of Dulo played an important role in the history of Europe when in 717-718 AD he defeated Arabs and stopped the Arab siege of Constantinople.

Sevar was the last known ruler of Bulgaria from the House of Dulo, he reigned 738–754 AD. The successor of the last Dulo was a boyar named Kormisosh, of the House of Vokil (or Uokil).

Research history

The Nominalia lists as the first ruler mythical Avitohol, who lived 300 years and descended from the Dulo clan. Josef Marquart and many other historians identified Avitohol with Attila the Hun. Steven Runciman considered the connection possible, but suspicious and unimportant if the link between Irnik-Ernak is confirmed. Runciman considered the name Avitohol meaningless and its biblical origin more convincing. He considered that the missionaries were spreading Old Testament stories around the Eurasian Steppes, as well the story of Japheth, the ancestor of Eurasian people, which easly modifies into the Latin name Avitus (ancestral; granfather) it derives from. Runciman considered Avitohol to be a distant mythological ancestor. Ivan Biliarsky considers that both Avitohol and Irnik were only mythic figures of the historical personalities. According to him the Nominalia shows that the clan memory and genealogy important to Central Asian peoples was likewise significant to the Bulgars, as well the cosmological understanding of the history, as the Avitohol and Irnik were mentioned in the category of the creator and founder, the mythological divine ancestor-creator represented in the reincarnation of the cultural hero within time cycles. Jean W Sedlar considered the Attila connection justly doubtful, and argued the possibility of a steppe dynasty which produced Hunnic rulers like Attila may have also produced rulers for the Bulgars.

The second listed ruler is Irnik, who lived 150 years and also descended from the Dulo clan. It is generally considered that in the Nominalia under Irnik was considered the third son of Attila, Ernak. Vasil Zlatarski thought the identification between Irnik and Ernak pointless, and they were two different persons. Zlatarski pointed out, which points Runciman considered to be indisputable; if Irnik was Ernak, then both Ernak and Atilla belonged to the Dulo clan, whereas, actually, no source mentions Dulo clan in connection with them; according the Nominalia Irnik ruled from 437, not 435 like Ellac or the 15 years later Ernak (c. 469–503); if Irnik was the ruler of the Bulgars, then he ruled over the Western branch Kutrigurs, and not the Eastern branch the Utigurs which allegedly established the Old Bulgaria in the Balkan. George Vernadsky, like Zlatarski and Runciman, considered that the Bulgars horde that settled during the 7-8th century in the Balkans belonged to the Utigurs-Bulgars, and as their khans claimed descent from Ernak, the Utigurs could have been the remnants of the horde of Ernak.

Origin

Some researchers consider that the origin of the clan probably was Turkic. This proposition was suggested by Mikhail Artamonov, and was prompted by Lev Gumilev (1967), impling there may be made an association of the Dulo clan with the five Duolu or Tu-lu tribes of the Western Turks. The First Turkic Khaganate (552–581) was during the Göktürk civil war (581–593) divided into Western and Eastern Khaganate. The Western was led by Onoq (ten arrows), the five Duolu and five Nushibi tribes. Many modern historians consider that the first historical Bulgar ruler Kubrat belonged to the Dulo clan of the Western Turks - the so-called alliance Onogurs Bulgars.

Some historians have even identified the Western qaghan Mohotu (Külüg Sibir) with Organa, the nephew of Kubrat. Accurately or not, it still points to the rivalty between the Bulgars, led by Kubrat from the Dulo clan, and the Khazars, led by the Ashina clan.

Omeljan Pritsak further considered the connection of the name of Dulo clan with the name of the old Xiongnu ruling house T'u-ko (in Early Middle Chinese D'uo'klo). This association could furtherly prove the link between Xiongnu and Huns (as well Hun-Bulgars). Peter B. Golden considers the Turkic association as speculative.

Mercia MacDermott claimed that the Dulo clan had the dog as its sacred animal. MacDermott considered that the Bulgarian expression preserved to this today "he kills the dog", in the meaning "he gives the orders", is a relic of the time when the Dulo Khan sacrified a dog to the deity Tangra in the name of the whole community.

Some modern Bulgarian scholars, the most prominent of them, namely Peter Dobrev, argued that the Turkic names of the animals in the Bulgar calendar (also found in the Nominalia) show that the Turkic peoples had borrowed these words from the Iranian language (Bulgars). However, according Raymond Detrez, this theory is rooted in the periods of anti-Turkish sentiment in Bulgaria, and is ideologically motivated. As such the proto-Bulgar language (of the group which established the state of Bulgaria), was claimed to be of Iranian language although it is generally accepted it was Turkic and related to modern Chuvash.

Aleksandar Burmov noted that the medieval writers under various names mentioned Huns and Bulgars, and some authors mentioned them as separate ethnical categories. The cases of mixing information for Proto-Bulgars and Huns in some authors, as well as possible rapprochement of the names Avitohol - Attila, and Irnik - Ernak, do not give reason to draw a line of equality between the two ethnic groups. According Burmov there is no historical evidence that the Bulgars and Huns lived in the same territory. Burmov, Peter B. Golden, Gyula Németh and Panos Sophoulis concluded that claiming of Attilid descent shows the intermingling of European Huns elements with newly arrived Oğuric Turkic groups, as the number of evidence of linguistic, ethnographic and socio-political nature show that Bulgars belonged to the group of Turkic peoples.

Etymology

B. Zhivkov emphasized that Dulo and Nushibi were tribal confederations, and not ruling dynasties. B. Simeonov derived Dulu from Turkic dul/tul (big, powerful, giant; war horse), and saw Dulo as partly Slavicized form. The *Dullu Simeonov derived from Old Hunnic dul + lu (mounted, horseman). According P. B. Golden no such Hunnic word is attested. According G. Clauson, Old Turkic tul denotes "widow, widower". All theories P. B. Golden considers for now as speculative.

Legacy

Dulo Hill on Livingston Island, near Antarctica, is named after the Bulgarian ruling dynasty Dulo.

References

Notes

1. Pohl 1998.
2. Kim 2013, p. 59, 142. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKim2013 (help)
3. http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/29Huns/Zuev/ZuevEarly1En.htm, p.38 and p.62
4. http://www.protobulgarians.com/PODSTRANITSA%20NA%20DR%20ZHIVKO%20VOYNIKOV/ZHIVKO%20VOYNIKOV%20-%20PROIZHOD%20NA%20BAALGARITE%20-%20KNIGA%20-%202009.pdf
5. Nicephori Archiepiscopi Constantinopolitani Opuscula Historica, editor Carl G. de Boor, 24, 9-12.
6. Runciman (Book I) 1930, p. 2–24. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRunciman_(Book_I)1930 (help)
7. Cholpanov, B. and others. History of the Bulgarians: Military history, 2007, p.73
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/Nominalia_of_the_Bulgarian_khans
9. http://www.helsinki.fi/slavicahelsingiensia/preview/sh35/pdf/4.pdf
10. ^ Sophoulis, Panos (2011). Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. Brill. pp. 92, 147–148, 71, 111. ISBN 9789004206960.
11. ^ Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge University Press. pp. 79, 85. ISBN 9780521815390.
12. Runciman (Book I) 1930, p. 11. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRunciman_(Book_I)1930 (help)
13. Runciman (Book I) 1930, p. 12. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRunciman_(Book_I)1930 (help)
14. ^ Biliarsky, Ivan (2013). The Tale of the Prophet Isaiah: The Destiny and Meanings of an Apocryphal Text. Brill. pp. 255–257. ISBN 9789004254381.
15. Runciman (Appendix III) 1930, p. 280. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRunciman_(Appendix_III)1930 (help)
16. Runciman (Book I; Appendix III) 1930, p. 11–12; 281. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRunciman_(Book_I;_Appendix_III)1930 (help)
17. ^ Runciman (Book I) 1930, p. 11–12. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRunciman_(Book_I)1930 (help)
18. Runciman (Appendix III) 1930, p. 281. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRunciman_(Appendix_III)1930 (help)
19. Biliarsky, Ivan (2011). Word and Power in Mediaeval Bulgaria. Brill. p. 218. ISBN 9789004191457.
20. Sedlar, Jean W. (2011). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295800646.
21. Runciman (Appendix III) 1930, p. 11–12, 280–281. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRunciman_(Appendix_III)1930 (help)
22. ^ Zlatarski 1918, p. 79–80.
23. Runciman (Appendix III) 1930, p. 280–281. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRunciman_(Appendix_III)1930 (help)
24. ^ Zlatarski 1918, p. 80.
25. Vernadsky, George (1943). A History of Russia. Vol. 1. New Haven.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
26. Vernadsky, George (1948). A History of Russia. Vol. 2. New Haven. българската орда, която впоследствие се заселила на Балканите в течение на седмото и осмото столетие, е принадлежала към утигурите и доколкото българските ханове от тези векове се причислявали към потомците на Ернак, можем да заключим, че именно ордата на Ернак става известна като орда на утигурите.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
27. Denis Sinor (1990). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 261. ISBN 0521243041.
28. ^ Sanping Chen (2012). Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 97. ISBN 0812206282.
29. ^ Golden, Peter B. (2012), Oq and Oğur~Oğuz* (PDF), Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies, Rutgers University, pp. footnote 37
30. Brook, Kevin Alan (2006). The Jews of Khazaria. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 13. ISBN 9781442203020.
31. Curta, Kevin; Kovalev, Roman (2008). The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans. Brill. p. 288. ISBN 9789004163898.
32. ^ Golden, Peter B. (2003). Nomads and Their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs. Ashgate/Variorum. p. 71. ISBN 9780860788850.
33. ^ Kim 2013, p. 59. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKim2013 (help)
34. ^ Boris Zhivkov (2015). Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. Brill. pp. 50, 52–53. ISBN 9789004294486.
35. ^ MacDermott, Mercia (1998). Bulgarian Folk Customs. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 21–22. ISBN 9781853024856.
36. ^ Raymond Detrez (2005). Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence Vs. Divergence. Peter Lang. p. 29.
37. ^ Zlatarski (Burmov) 1948, p. 83. sfn error: no target: CITEREFZlatarski_(Burmov)1948 (help)
38. Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica: Dulo Hill.

Sources

• Zlatarski, Vasil N. (1918). Medieval History of the Bulgarian State, Vol I: History of the First Bulgarian Empire, Part I: Age of Hun-Bulgar Domination (679-852) (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Science and Arts Publishers, 2nd Edition (Petar Petrov, Ed.), Zahari Stoyanov Publishers, 4th Edition, 2006. ISBN 954-739-928-4.
• Pohl, Walter (1998), "Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies", in Lester K. Little; Barbara H. Rosenwein (eds.), Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings, Blackwell Publishers, pp. 13–24
• Runciman, Steven (1930). A History of the First Bulgarian Empire. G. Bell & Sons, London.
• Hyun Jin Kim (2013). The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107009066.

• Bulgars
• Bulgarian royal houses