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Ethereum Software

Original author(s)	Vitalik Buterin, Gavin Wood
Developer(s)	Gavin Wood, Jeffrey Wilcke, Vitalik Buterin, et al
Repository	github.com/ethereum
Written in	C++, Go, JavaScript, Python, Java, node.js, Haskell
Operating system	Linux, Windows, OS X, POSIX compliant
Type	Decentralized computing
License	GPL3, MIT, LGPL, et al
Website	www.ethereum.org

Ethereum is a cryptocurrency which includes a programmable smart contract platform. The unit of currency is called the ether.

Ethereum was initially described by Vitalik Buterin in late 2013, formally described by Gavin Wood in early 2014 in the so-called "yellow paper" and launched 30 July 2015. It is among a group of "next generation" (or "Bitcoin 2.0") platforms. The goal of Ethereum is a decentralised and pseudonymous replacement for the World Wide Web: incentivized static content publication (Swarm), pseudonymous low-level messaging system (Whisper), trustless transactions (Ethereum) and an integrated user-interface (Mist).

Timeline

Important events in Ethereum Development include

• December 2013: Vitalik Buterin released a white paper.
• February 2014: The first ] project. Go and C++ proof of concept builds (PoC1) being released
• March 2014-2015: Further PoC builds have been released.
• April 2014: "Yellow Paper" by Gavin Wood
• July 30, 2015: Launch of the beta (Frontier) Ethereum Blockchain.
• Spring 2016: Launch of public (Homestead) release. This includes changes in the economics (gas) structure of contract execution.
• Early 2017: Launch of graphical user interface (Metropolis).
• Late 2017: Launch of Serenity release, including proof-of-stake, state channels, and other ambitious changes.

Ether

The currency unit of Ethereum is the ether, used to pay for computational services on the network.

To finance development, Ethereum distributed the initial allocation of ether via a 42-day public crowdsale, netting 31,591 bitcoins, worth $18,439,086 at that time, in exchange for about 60,102,216 ether.

Contracts

Smart contracts are programs and protocols to facilitate the automated performance of a contract. Ethereum contracts can be implemented in various languages, compiled into bytecode for the Ethereum Virtual Machine before being deployed to the blockchain.

Every contract is run on every full Ethereum node simultaneously and the result is the consensus of the output. The documentation notes that computation on the EVM is "very expensive" and that "you will not be able to do anything on the EVM that you cannot do on a smartphone from 1999."

Implementations

The following full-node implementations of Ethereum are available:

• Geth, written in Go
• Parity, written in Rust
• Eth, written in C++
• Ethereum J, written in Java
• pyethapp, written in Python
• ethereumjs, written in JavaScript
• ethereumH, written in Haskell

Media

The platform has been covered in The Wall Street Journal, Wired, The Globe and Mail, SiliconANGLE, Al Jazeera, The Telegraph and the Keiser Report.

References

1. What is ether?
2. "The symbol for Ether is..." 7 June 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
3. Genesis block
4. The Issuance Model in Ethereum
5. Buterin, Vitalik. "The Problem of Censorship". Ethereum Blog. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
6. Buterin, Vitalik (2014-01-23). "Ethereum: A Next-Generation Cryptocurrency and Decentralized Application Platform". Bitcoin Magazine. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
7. Wood, Gavin (2014-04-06). "Ethereum: A Secure Decentralised Generalised Transaction Ledger" (PDF). Self published. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
8. Tual, Stephan. "Ethereum Launches". blog.ethereum.org. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
9. Kharif, Olga (2014-03-28). "Bitcoin 2.0 Shows Technology Evolving Beyond Use as Money". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
10. Gerring, Taylor (2014-08-18). "building the decentralized web 3.0". Retrieved 20 April 2015.
11. Buterin, Vitalik (2013-12-01). "A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform". Retrieved 16 Feb 2016.
12. Tual, Stephan. "C++ Code+Build FAQ". Ethereum. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
13. Wood, Gavin (2014-04-06). "Ethereum: A Secure Decentralised Generalised Transaction Ledger" (PDF). Self published. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
14. "Crypto 2.0 Roundup: Block Chain Bloat, Ethereum Completes Presale and a Crypto Football Team". CoinDesk. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
15. https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/Ethereum-Development-Tutorial
16. go-ethereum homepage
17. Parity press release
18. Ethereum C++ Client GitHub repository
19. Ethereum J homepage
20. pyethapp GitHub repository
21. ethereumjs homepage
22. ethereum-client-haskell GitHub repository
23. Paul Vigna (28th October 2015). Microsoft to Offer Ethereum Based Services. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
24. Finley, Kurt (2014-01-27). "Out in the Open: Teenage Hacker Transforms Web Into One Giant Bitcoin Network". Wired. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
25. Gray, Jeff (2014-04-07). "Bitcoin believers: Why digital currency backers are keeping the faith". The Globe and Mail. Phillip Crawley. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
26. Cox, Ryan. "Can Ethereum kill Bitcoin with self-executing contracts?". SiliconANGLE. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
27. Nathan Schneider (7 April 2014). Code your own utopia: Meet Ethereum, bitcoin's most ambitious successor. Al Jazeera America. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
28. Soon, the internet will be impossible to control. Jamie Bartlett. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
29. Keiser Report: New Crypto Phenomenon Ethereum. Max Keiser. Retrieved 10 June 2014.

External links

• Official website

• Cross-platform software
• Cryptocurrencies