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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "List of expeditions of Muhammad" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "List of expeditions of Muhammad" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. Find sources: "List of expeditions of Muhammad" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

The List of expeditions of Muhammad, also includes a list of battles by Muhammad's order and comprises information about casualties, objectives, and nature of the military expeditions ordered by Muhammad, as well as the primary sources which mention the Battles.

List of Battles

Key/Legend

  Sariyyah (expeditions which he ordered but did not take part (73))   Ghazwah (expeditions which he ordered and took part (27))

Notes

• Ibn Hisham edited the biography of Muhammad written by Ibn Ishaq. Ibn Ishaq's work is lost and is now only known in the recensions of Ibn Hisham and al-Tabari. Therefore, when Ibn Hisham is mentioned as a primary source, so is Ibn Ishaq

References

1. ^ Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. 1956. p. 2. ISBN 978-0195773071. In the first two or three expeditions the numbers involved are given as from 20 to 80. In those of the later part of 623 (ii-vi/2), however, when Muhammad himself took part, they are said to have ranged up to 200. {{cite book}}: External link in |title= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help) (free online)
2. ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 127. (online)
3. ^ Hawarey, Dr. Mosab (2010). The Journey of Prophecy; Days of Peace and War (Arabic). Islamic Book Trust. ISBN 9789957051648. {{cite book}}: External link in |first= (help)Note: Book contains a list of battles of Muhammad in Arabic, English translation available here
4. ^ Muḥammad Ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb, Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād, p. 345.
5. Muḥammad Ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb, Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād, p. 346.
6. ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 4. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
7. ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 4. ASIN B0007JAWMK. august 623 Then occurred the sariyyah of Sa'd Ibn Abi Waqqa towards al-Kharar in Dhu al-Qa'dah (May–June 623 AC) Cite error: The named reference "autogeneratedy" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
8. Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 12, ISBN 978-0887063442, In Safar (which began August 4, 623), nearly twelve months after his arrival in Medina on the twelfth of Rabi' al- Awwal, he went out on a raid as far as Waddan
9. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 345. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
10. Muhammad Siddique Qureshi (1989), Foreign policy of Hadrat Muhammad (SAW), Islamic Publications, p. 118.
11. Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 13, ISBN 978-0887063442, Expeditions Led by Muhammad Then the Messenger of God led an expedition in Rabi' al-Akhir (which began October 2, 623) in search of Quraysh. He went as far as Buwat
12. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 285. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
13. ^ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 245, ISBN 978-9960899558
14. ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 128. (online)
15. ^ The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. 1998. pp. 285–286. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
16. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 286. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
17. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.128-131. (online)
18. Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 246, ISBN 978-9960899558
19. Muhammad Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād, p. 347.
20. Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 247, ISBN 978-9960899558 See footnote 1, page 247
21. Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 12, ISBN 978-0887063442, Some say the Battle of Badr took place on 19 Ramadan (March 15, 624).
22. Muḥammad Aḥmad Bāshmīl, The great battle of Badr, p. 122.
23. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 133-138. (online)
24. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 137. (online)
25. ^ The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 210. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
26. ^ The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. 1998. pp. 675–676. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
27. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 35. ASIN B0007JAWMK. SARIYYAH OF `UMAYR IBN `ADI. Then (occurred) the sariyyah of `Umayr ibn `Adi Ibn Kharashah al-Khatmi against `Asma' Bint Marwan, of Banu Umayyah Ibn Zayd, when five nights had remained from the month of Ramadan, in the beginning of the nineteenth month from the hijrah of the apostle of Allah.
28. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 675. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
29. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 31. ASIN B0007JAWMK. "Then occurred the "sariyyah" of Salim Ibn Umayr al-Amri against Abu Afak, the Jew, in Shawwal in the beginning of the twentieth month from the hijrah
30. Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. xiii, ISBN 978-0887063442
31. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.150-151. (online)
32. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 361. Raid called al-Sawiq {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
33. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 33–34. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
34. Muhammad Siddique Qureshi (1989), Foreign policy of Hadrat Muhammad (SAW), Islamic Publications, p. 254.
35. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.149-150. (online)
36. Sāzmān-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī (1987), Al-Tawḥīd, vol. 5, Tehran, Iran: Islamic Propagation Organization, International Relations Dept, p. 86
37. Rodwell, JM, The Koran, Phoenix, p. 342, ISBN 978-1-8421-2609-7, This was the taunt of the jews of the tribe of Kainoka, when Muhammad demanded tribute of them in the name of God.
38. Abū Khalīl, Shawqī (2003). Atlas of the Quran. Dar-us-Salam. p. 248. ISBN 978-9-9608-9754-7.(online)
39. A Reader on classical Islam. Princeton University Press. 1993. p. 78. ISBN 978-0691000404. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
40. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir. Vol. 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 32. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
41. Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 86, ISBN 978-0887063442
42. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 659. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
43. ^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 100, ISBN 978-0887063442
44. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. 1956. p. 17. ISBN 978-0195773071. {{cite book}}: External link in |title= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help) (free online)
45. ^ Strauch, Sameh (2006), Biography of the Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 472, ISBN 9789960980324
46. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir. Vol. 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 40–41. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
47. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 35. ASIN B0007JAWMK. SARIYYAH FOR SLAYING KA'B IBN AL-ASHRAF Then (occurred) the sariyyah for slaying Ka'b Ibn al-Ashraf, the Jew. It took place on 14 Rabi' al-Awwal (4. September AC 624)
48. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.151-153. (online)
49. ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 153. (online)
50. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 362. Raid of al Furu of Bahran {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
51. Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 290 (footnote 1).
52. Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 99, ISBN 978-0887063442
53. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 204. (online)
54. Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The Sealed Nectar, Darussalam Publications, p. 204
55. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 482. THE KILLING OF SALLAM IBN ABU'L-HUQAYQ {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
56. William Montgomery Watt (1961), Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman, Oxford University Press, p. 135, ISBN 0198810784, The Battle of Uhud (23rd March 625) About...
57. Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 105, ISBN 978-0887063442, Messenger of God to Uhud. This is said to have been on Saturday, 7 Shaw- wal, in Year Three of the Hijrah (March 23, 625).
58. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 181. (online)
59. Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 292.
60. Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , pp. 299-300.
61. Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 296 (footnote 2).
62. ^ Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. 1956. p. 34. ISBN 978-0195773071. The expeditions to Hamra' al-Asad and Qatan (March and June 625) {{cite book}}: External link in |title= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help) (free online)
63. ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 181-183. (online)
64. Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman (2009), Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 4 (Part 4): Al-I-Imran 93 to An-Nisaa 23 2nd Edition, MSA Publication Limited, p. 89, ISBN 9781861796820(online)
65. Ibn Ishaq, A. Guillaume (translator) (2002), The Life of Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah), Oxford University Press, pp. 461–464, ISBN 978-0-19-636033-1 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
66. Peters, Muhammad and the Origins of Islam, p. 222-224.
67. Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 137-141.
68. Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 4 (Part 4): Al-I-Imran 93 to An-Nisaa 23 2nd Edition, p. 89, MSA Publication Limited, 2009, ISBN 186179682X
69. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 390. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
70. ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir. Vol. 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 150. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
71. ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 186-187. (online)
72. Sunnah.org, says Ahmad 3:496, al-Waqidi 2:533, archive
73. Abu Dawud 2:1244, hadithcollection.com (archive)
74. Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator) (25 Sep 1990), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, p. 121, ISBN 978-0887066917 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: year (link) (online)
75. Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr (2000), The life of the prophet Muḥammad: a translation of al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya, Garnet, p. 190, ISBN 978-1859640098
76. ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 187. (online)
77. ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 187-188. (online)
78. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir. Vol. 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 66. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
79. ^ Abū Khalīl, Shawqī (2003). Atlas of the Quran. Dar-us-Salam. p. 242. ISBN 978-9960897547. {{cite book}}: External link in |title= (help)(online)
80. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 211.
81. Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, pp. 149–150, ISBN 978-0-88706-344-2
82. Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 147, ISBN 978-0887063442
83. Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 151, ISBN 978-0887063442, Then in Safar (which began July 13, 625), four months after Uhud, he sent out the men of Bi'r Ma'unah
84. ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 188. (online)
85. Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 352.
86. Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 352 (footnote 1).
87. Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 161, ISBN 978-0887063442, The Messenger of God remained in Medina after the expedition against the Banu al-Nadir for the two months of Rabi' and part of the month of Jumada (from August 1 1 to late October, 625)
88. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 189. (online)
89. World religions and norms of war. United Nations University Press. 2009. p. 296. ISBN 9789280811636. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
90. ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 192. (online)
91. Tabari, Al (25 Sep 1990), The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma’il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press{{citation}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
92. ^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 161, ISBN 978-0887063442
93. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 74. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
94. ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 193. (online)
95. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 193-194. (online)
96. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 657. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
97. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir. Vol. 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 76. ASIN B0007JAWMK. Ghazwah of the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, to Dumat Al-Jandal
98. Muhammad Siddique Qureshi (1989), Foreign policy of Hadrat Muhammad (SAW), Islamic Publications, p. 216.
99. Watt, Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman, p. 167-174.
100. ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 196-198.
101. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir. Vol. 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 82–84. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
102. ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 201-205. (online)
103. ^ Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman (2009), Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21, MSA Publication Limited, p. 213, ISBN 9781861796110(online)
104. Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator) (1997), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, pp. 35–36, ISBN 9780791431504 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
105. Sunan Abu Dawood, 14:2665
106. Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:280
107. Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman (2009), Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21, MSA Publication Limited, p. 213, ISBN 9781861796110(online)
108. Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad, p. 338.
109. Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator) (1997), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, pp. 35–36, ISBN 9780791431504 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
110. Muhammad Yasin Mahzar Siddiqi, Role of Booty in the economy during the prophets time, Vol. 1, King Abdul Aziz University , p.11. (archive), "In the sixth year of the hijrah (June, 627-May, 628A.D.) there were three ghazawa t but no booty was obtained from them. Of the 18 saraya, during this year only seven yielded any monetary or material benefits to the Muslims The very first expedition of the year i.e. Muhammad b. Maslamah's expedition..."
111. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 96. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
112. Al-Waqidi, Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi, p. 534-535.
113. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 96. ASIN B0007JAWMK. SARIYYAH OF MUHAMMAD IBN MASLAMAH AGAINST AL-QURATA
114. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 205. (online)
115. ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 205. (online)
116. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 104. ASIN B0007JAWMK. Then occurred the sariyyah of 'Ukkashah Ibn Mihsan al-Asadl on al-Ghamr.
117. ^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 119, ISBN 978-0887063442
118. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 105. ASIN B0007JAWMK. despatched Muhammad Ibn Maslamah with ten men towards Bana Tha'labah and Bana 'Uwal, a branch of Bana Tia'labah who were...
119. Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator) (25 Sep 1990), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, p. 123, ISBN 978-0887066917 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: year (link) (online)
120. Yahiya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi (2005), Riyad-us Saliheen, Islamic Books See no. 1309
121. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 97. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
122. ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 99. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
123. Tabari, The History of Al-Tabari Vol. 8: The Victory of Islam: Muhammad at Medina A, p. 43, SUNY Press, 1997, ISBN 0791431509
124. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. 1956. p. 42. ISBN 978-0195773071. Then there was the raid on Muhammad's private herd of camels by 'Uyaynah b. Hisn al-Fazari, who was doubtless annoyed because Muhammad had broken off negotiations with him over the withdrawal of Ghatafan. The raid was a small affair. Only 40 enemy horsemen were involved, and the booty was only 20 milking camels; 8 Muslims pursued on horseback, recovered half the camels, and killed 4 of the raiders for the loss of i of their own number. {{cite book}}: External link in |title= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help) (free online)
125. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 100. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
126. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 106. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
127. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. 1956. p. 96. ISBN 978-0195773071. One was a little-known expedition about September 627 {{cite book}}: External link in |title= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help) (free online)
128. ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 107. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
129. ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 206. (online)
130. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 107. ASIN B0007JAWMK. Sariyyah of Zayd ibn Haritha towards al-Taraf
131. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 226. (online)
132. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 108. ASIN B0007JAWMK. Sariyyah of Zayd ibn Haritha against Hisma
133. ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 109. ASIN B0007JAWMK. Sariyyah of Zayd ibn Haritha towards Wadi al-Qura
134. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 207-209. (online)
135. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 490. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
136. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 211. (online)
137. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 672. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
138. ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 110. ASIN B0007JAWMK. SARIYYAH OF 'ALI IBN ABl TALIB AGAINST BANU SA'D IBN BAKR AT FADAK
139. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 211. (online)
140. ^ Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator) (1997), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, pp. 95–97, ISBN 9780791431504 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
141. Sahih al-Bukhari, 1:4:234
142. ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 241. (online)
143. Tirmidhi (Partial translation), see no. 3923, p. 182.
144. Nasiruddin Khattab, English Translation of Musnad Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal, Darussalam, 2012, ISBN 6035001076 (online txt) (onlinde pdf)
145. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 665. Abdullah b. Rawaha's raid to kill al-Yusayr b. Rizam {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
146. Emory C. Bogle (1998), Islam: origin and belief, University of Texas Press, p. 19.
147. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 214-215.
148. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 211. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
149. ^ Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 180. ISBN 978-9960897714.(online)
150. Tafsir ibn Kathir (abridged), Pg 554, By Ibn Kathir, Translation by Saifur Rahman al Mubarakpuri, also see Tafsir ibn Kathir 59:7, Text Version
151. Ibn Kathir, Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri (translator), Tafsir ibn Kathir (abridged), p. 555 (footnote 1 & 2).
152. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. 1956. p. 2. ISBN 978-0195773071. Muhammad had thus a straightforward reason for attacking Khaybar. The moment he chose for the attack May /June 628 (i/y) shortly after his return from the expedition of al-Hudaybiyah was one when it was also convenient for him to have booty to distribute to his followers whose expectations had recently been disappointed. {{cite book}}: External link in |title= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help) (free online)
153. ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 238. (online)
154. Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 432.
155. Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , pp. 433-434.
156. ^ Tabari, Al (25 Sep 1990), The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma’il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press, enumerating with them the expedition of Wadi al-Qura. He stated that he fought there with his slave Mid'am{{citation}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
157. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 146. ASIN B0007JAWMK. The Sariyyah of 'Umar Ibn al-Khattab, may Allah show him mercy, on Turabah
158. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 146. ASIN B0007JAWMK. The Sariyyah of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, may Allah be pleased with him, on Banu Kilab at Najd
159. ^ Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 205. ISBN 978-9960897714.
160. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 148. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
161. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 149. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
162. Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator) (1997), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, p. 132, ISBN 9780791431504 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
163. ^ Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 212. ISBN 978-9960897714.
164. ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 156. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
165. ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 149. ASIN B0007JAWMK. THE SARIYYAH OF BASHIR IBN SA'D AL-ANSARI TOWARDS YAMAN AND JAMAR
166. ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 244. (online)
167. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 153. ASIN B0007JAWMK. THE SARIYYAH OF IBN ABI AL-'AWJA AL-SULAMI AGAINST BAND SULAYM
168. William Muir (2003), The life of Mahomet, Kessinger Publishing, p. 317, ISBN 9780766177413
169. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 157. ASIN B0007JAWMK. THE SARIYYAH OF SHUJA' IBN WAHB AL-ASADl AGAINST BANU AMIR AT AL-SIYYI
170. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 158. ASIN B0007JAWMK. THE SARIYYAH OF KA'B IBN 'UMAYR AL-GHIFARl TOWARDS DHAT ATLAH BEYOND WADI AL-QURA. Then (occurred) the sariyyah of Ka'b Ibn 'Umayr al-Ghifar? towards Dhat Atlah which lies beyond Wadi al-Qura in the month of Rabi' al-Awwal of the eighth...
171. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 246. (online)
172. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 245. (online)
173. Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 218. ISBN 978-9960897714. Note: 6th Month, 8AH = September 629
174. ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 162. ASIN B0007JAWMK. The Sariyyah of 'Amr Ibn al-'As towards DMt al-Salasil which is beyond Wadi al-Qura
175. Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 218. ISBN 978-9960897714. Note: Rajab, 8AH = October 629
176. ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 163. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
177. Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator) (25 Sep 1990), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, p. 123, ISBN 978-0887066917 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: year (link) (online)
178. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 242. (online)
179. ^ The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. 1998. pp. 671–672. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
180. ^ Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator) (1997), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, p. 151, ISBN 9780791431504 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
181. ^ Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 218. ISBN 978-9960897714.
182. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 247. (online)
183. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 164. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
184. Sahih Muslim, 43:7176
185. Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 5 (Part 5): An-Nisaa 24 to An-Nisaa 147 2nd Edition. p. 94. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
186. Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 5 (Part 5): An-Nisaa 24 to An-Nisaa 147 2nd Edition. p. 94. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
187. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 164. ASIN B0007JAWMK. THE SARIYYAH OF ABO QATADAH IBN RIB'I AL- ANSARl TOWORDS BATN IDAM.
188. ^ Wahid Khan, Maulana (2002), Muhammad: a prophet for all humanity, Goodword, pp. 327–333
189. Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:582
190. Sunan Abu Dawood, 14:2678
191. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 251-253.
192. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 165–174. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
193. ^ Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 226. ISBN 978-9960897714.
194. ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 256. (online)
195. Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Volume 9), Volume 9. p. 320. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help) (online)
196. Ibn al Kalbi, Hisham (1952). The book of idols: being a translation from the Arabic of the Kitāb al-asnām. Princeton University Press. p. 25. ASIN B002G9N1NQ. (online)
197. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 181. ASIN B0007JAWMK. THE SARIYYAH OF 'AMR IBN AL-'AS AGAINST SUWA'
198. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 181. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
199. Ibn al Kalbi, Hisham (1952). The book of idols: being a translation from the Arabic of the Kitāb al-asnām. Princeton University Press. pp. 13–14. ASIN B002G9N1NQ. (online)
200. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 561. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
201. Muhsin Khan, The translation of the meanings of Ṣahih AL-Bukhari, Arabic-English, Volume 5, p. 440.
202. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 561. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
203. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 183. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
204. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 261. (online)
205. ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 261-262. (online)
206. ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 194. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
207. Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors, State University of New York (SUNY) Press, 1998, p. 101, ISBN 0791428192, Part of the events of Hunayn in the year 8/630 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
208. Ashraf, Shahid (15 Jun 2005), Encyclopaedia Of Holy Prophet And Companion (Set Of 15 Vols.), Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd, p. 31, ISBN 978-8126119400{{citation}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
209. Chapters on marriage and divorce: responses of Ibn Ḥanbal and Ibn Rāhwayh. University of Texas Press. 1993. p. 38. ISBN 9780292776722. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
210. Saed Abdul-Rahman, Muhammad (11 November 2009), Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 5 (Part 5): An-Nisaa 24 to An-Nisaa 147, MSA Publication Ltd, p. 24, ISBN 9781861795632 (online) Quote: ""We captured some women from the area of Awtas who were already married, and we disliked having sexual relations with them because they already had husbands. So, we asked the Prophet about this matter, and this Ayah was revealed"
211. Tabari, Al (25 Sep 1990), The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma'il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press, p. 17, ISBN 978-0887066917{{citation}}: CS1 maint: year (link). See footnote 128
212. ^ Tabari, Al (25 Sep 1990), The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma’il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press, p. 17{{citation}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
213. Sameh, Strauch (2003), Miracles of the messenger, Darussalam Research Division, p. 177, ISBN 978-9960897561
214. Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 481, ISBN 978-9960899558 Note: Shawwal 8AH is January 630AD
215. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 591. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
216. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 591. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
217. Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 228. ISBN 978-9960897714.
218. ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 269. (online)
219. Saed Abdul-Rahman, Muhammad (11 November 2009), Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 26 (Part 26), MSA Publication Ltd, p. 110, ISBN 978-1861797469
220. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 198. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
221. Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 229. ISBN 978-9960897714.
222. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 200–201. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
223. Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 230. ISBN 978-9960897714.
224. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 201. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
225. Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 231. ISBN 978-9960897714.
226. ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 202. ASIN B0007JAWMK. THE SARIYYAH OF 'ALQAMAH IBN MUJAZZIZ AL-MUDLIJI AGAINST AL-HABASHAH
227. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 202. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
228. Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 233. ISBN 978-9960897714.
229. ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 269-270. (online)
230. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 202. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
231. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 202. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
232. ^ Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 239. ISBN 978-9960897714.
233. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 203. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
234. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 272.
235. Saed Abdul-Rahman, Muhammad (29 October 2009). The Meaning And Explanation Of The Glorious Qur'an (Vol 4), Tafsir ibn Kathir. MSA Publication Ltd. p. 107. ISBN 978-1861796509.
236. Saed Abdul-Rahman, Muhammad (29 October 2009). The Meaning And Explanation Of The Glorious Qur'an (Vol 4), Tafsir ibn Kathir. MSA Publication Ltd. p. 137. ISBN 978-1861796509.
237. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 205. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
238. Tabari, Al (25 Sep 1990), The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma'il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press, p. 46, ISBN 978-0887066917{{citation}}: CS1 maint: year (link) Note: Source says this happened in the same year as the Battle of Tabuk which occurred in October 630
239. Tabari, Al (25 Sep 1990), The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma’il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press, pp. 45–46{{citation}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
240. The Meaning and Explanation of the Glorious Qur'an (Vol 4) 2nd Edition. MSA Publication Limited. 2009. p. 176. ISBN 1861796501. Retrieved 29 June 2011. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help) Note: source says it was destroyed when Muhammad returned from the Battle of Tabuk (which occurred in October 630)
241. Rahman al Mubarakpuri, Saifur. Tafsir ibn Kathir(abridged). p. 515. (Online)
242. Tabari, Al (25 Sep 1990), The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma’il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press, p. 60{{citation}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
243. ^ William Pickthall, Marmaduke (1967). Islamic culture, Volume 9. Islamic Culture Board. p. 191. ISBN 978-1142491741. Original is from the University of Virginia
244. ^ ibn al Kalbi, Hisham (1952). The book of idols: being a translation from the Arabic of the Kitāb al-asnām. Princeton University Press. p. 48. ASIN B002G9N1NQ.
245. Ibn al Kalbi, Hisham (1952). The book of idols: being a translation from the Arabic of the Kitāb al-asnām. Princeton University Press. pp. 48–49. ASIN B002G9N1NQ. (online)
246. Jandora, John Walter (1990), The march from Medina: a revisionist study of the Arab conquests, Kingston Press, Original from: University of Michigan, p. 42, ISBN 9780940670334
247. ^ Tabari, Al (25 Sep 1990), The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma’il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press, pp. 88–89{{citation}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
248. Saed Abdul Rahman, Muhammad (11 Nov 2009), Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 3 (Part 3): Al-Baqarah 253 to Al-I-'Imran 92 2nd Edition, MSA Publication Ltd, p. 125, ISBN 978-1861796776{{citation}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
249. Tabari, The last years of the Prophet, pp. 82-84.
250. Tabari, The last years of the Prophet, pp. 83 & 84. See footnotes
251. Tabari, The last years of the Prophet, p. 89.
252. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 290.
253. Tabari, The last years of the Prophet, p. 90.
254. Glasse, Cyril (28 Jan 2003). The new encyclopedia of Islam. US: AltaMira Press. p. 251. ISBN 978-0759101906.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
255. Ibn al Kalbi, Hisham (1952). The book of idols: being a translation from the Arabic of the Kitāb al-asnām. Princeton University Press. pp. 31–2. ASIN B002G9N1NQ.
256. Ibn al Kalbi, Hisham (1952). The book of idols: being a translation from the Arabic of the Kitāb al-asnām. Princeton University Press. pp. 31–32. ASIN B002G9N1NQ. (online)
257. Gil, Moshe (1997), A history of Palestine, 634-1099, Cambridge University Press, p. 31, ISBN 978-0521599849
258. Gil, Moshe (1997), A history of Palestine, 634-1099, Cambridge University Press, pp. 31–32, ISBN 978-0521599849
259. Tabari, Al (25 Sep 1990), The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma'il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press, pp. 163–164, ISBN 978-0887066917{{citation}}: CS1 maint: year (link) online
260. Tabari, Al (1993), The conquest of Arabia, State University of New York Press, p. 16, ISBN 978-0791410714
261. Kathryn Kueny, The Rhetoric of Sobriety: Wine in Early Islam, pg. 59. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001. ISBN 9780791490181
262. Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddimah, vol. 2, pg. 298. Trns. Franz Rosenthal. Issue 43 of Bollingen Series (General) Series. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967. ISBN 9780691097978

Main sources

• Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2002), When the Moon Split, DarusSalam, ISBN 978-9960-897-28-8
• Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The Sealed Nectar, Darussalam Publications. Note: This is the free version available on Google Books
• Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, Darussalam Publications, ISBN 978-9960-899-55-8
• Muḥammad Ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb, Imam (1998). Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād. Oxford University Press.
• Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. ISBN 978-9960-897-71-4.
• Haykal, Hussain (1 Jun 2010), The Life of Mohammed, Islamic Book Trust, p. 477, ISBN 978-8187746461{{citation}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
• Muḥammad Ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb, Imam (2003). Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād. Darussalam publishers Ltd. ISBN 978-9960-897-18-9.

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