Misplaced Pages

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 64.12.116.6 (talk) at 05:24, 26 August 2006 (rm link in violation of WP:EL). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

The New York City Fire Department or the Fire Department of New York (FDNY) has the responsibility of protecting citizens and property in New York City's five boroughs from fires and fire hazards, as well as first response to biological, chemical and radioactive hazards.

The FDNY is the largest municipal fire Department in the United States with 16,000 personnel and faces an extraordinarily varied challenge. In addition to responding to building types that range from wood frame to high-rise, there are the many bridges and tunnels needed to move a large commuter population into and out of the city as well as the largest subway system in the United States. These challenges add yet another level of firefighting complexity. Old wiring in subway tunnels (as well as in older buildings) is occasionally the cause of fires. A scarcity of water for drinking and fighting fires ultimately resulted in the transition of Brooklyn from separate city into a borough of NYC. The city, by then had developed a vast up-state feeder system to slake the growing city's thirst. The F.D.N.Y. derives its name from the Tweed Charter which created the Fire Department of the City of New York. This is in contrast to most other fire departments in the U.S. where the name of the city precedes the word fire department.

History

1648 - 1865

The New York City Fire Department traces its roots back to 1648 when the first fire ordinance was adopted in what then was the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam. Hooks, ladders and buckets were financed through the collection of fines for dirty chimenies, and a fire watch was established consisting of eight wardens which were drawn from the male population. An organization known as the prowlers but given the nickname the rattle watch patrolled the streeets with buckets, ladders and hooks from nine in the evening until dawn looking for fires. 250 leather shoe buckets were manufactured by local dutch shoemakers in 1658, and these bucket brigades can be regarded as the beginning of the New York Fire Department.

In 1664 New Amsterdam became a British settlement and was renamed New York. The first New York fire brigade entered service in 1731 equipped with two hand-drawn pumpers which had been transported from London, England. These two pumpers formed Engine Company 1 and Engine Company 2. These were the first fire engines to be used in the american colonies, and all able-bodied citizens were required respond to a fire alarm and to participate in the extinguishing under the supervision of the Aldermen.

As the city continued to expand, the General Assembly formed the Volunteer Fire Department of the City of New York in December of 1737. It required the participation of every sober and discreet man to be ready for service day and night, and to be industrious, diligent and vigilant. Following the American Revolution the department was reorganized and incorporated under the name Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY).

1865 - 1898

In 1865 a state act was passed to create the Metropolitan Fire District and the Metropolitan Fire Department (MFD). The MFD lasted until 1870 when the Tweed Charter ended state control in the city. As a result, a new Board of Fire Commissioners was created and the establishment of the Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY)came into existence. The change met with a mixed reaction from the citizens, and some of the eliminated volunteers became bitter and resentful which resulted in both political battles and street fights.

Subsequently, the volunteers declared that they would accept the decision and, despite their diappointment, continue to function until properly relieved by paid units. Volunteer fire fighters were also given preference when the paid department recruited its members. With the introduction of the steam engine the need for volunteers to pump water disappeared, and the introduction of horses to draw the engines eliminated the problem of hauling fire engines by hand.

Initally, the paid fire service only covered New York City (present day Manhattan), until the act of 1865 which united Brooklyn with New York to form the Metropolitan District. The same year the fire department consisted of 13 Chief Officers and 552 Company Officers and firemen. The officers and firemen worked a continuous tour of duty, with 3 hours a day off for meals and one day off a month, and were paid salaries according to their rank or grade. 1865 also saw the first adoption of regulations, although they were fairly strict and straitlaced.

Following several large fires in 1866 which resulted in excessive fire losses and a rise in insurance rates, the fire department was reorganized under the command of General Alexander Schaler, and with military discipline the paid department reached its full potential which resulted in a general reduction in fire losses. In 1870 the merit system of promotion in the Fire Department was established.

Westchester County (which would later become the Bronx) was annexed by New York in 1874 and the volunteers there were phased out and replaced by the paid department. The borough of Queens became a part of New York in 1887, and here also the volunteers began to be replaced by the paid department. (The last volunteer unit in the Bronx disbanded in 1928 and the last volunteer units in Queens disbanded in 1929.)

1898 - 2001

On January 1, 1898 the different areas of New York were consolidated, which ushered the Fire Department into a new era. All the fire forces in the various sections were brought under the unified command of the first Commissioner in the history of the Fire Department. This same year Richmond (now Staten Island) became a part of the City of New York, but the volunteers units there remained in place until they were gradually replaced by paid units in 1915, 1928, 1932 and 1937 when only two volunteers units remained.

The unification of the Fire Department, which took place in 1898, would pave the way for many changes. In 1909 the Fire Department received its first piece of motorized fire engine. On March 25, 1911 a fire in the Triangle Shirtwaist Company killed 146 workers, most of whom where young female immigrants. Later the same year the fire college was formed to train new fire fighters, and in 1912 the Bureau of Fire Prevention was created.

In 1919 the Uniformed Firefighters Association was formed. Tower ladders and Superpumpers were introduced in 1965; other technical advances included the introduction of high pressure water systems, the creation of a Marine fleet, adoption of vastly improved working conditions and the utilization of improved radio communications. In 1982 the first female fire fighter joined the ranks of the Fire Department, and in 1997 emergency medical services came under the control of the FDNY.

At the beginning of the 21 the New York City Fire Department had expanded together with the city and now protects more than eight million residents and an area of 320 square miles. The FDNY is administered by the Fire Commissioner, who in turn is appointed by and responsible to the Mayor. The uniformed force consists of more than 11,400 Fire Officers and fire fighters under the command of the Chief of Department. The New York City Fire Department also includes 2,800 Emergency Medical Technicians, Paramedics and Supervisors assigned to the Bureau of Emergency Medical Service (EMS), and 1,200 civilian employees.

September 11, 2001 attacks

Main article: Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11, 2001 attacks

For a list of the FDNY firefighters killed during the September 11, 2001 attacks see In memoriam: FDNY 9/11

On September 11, 2001 terrorists associated with al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial passenger aircraft and used these as weapons in order to attack targets in New York and Washington, DC during the September 11, 2001 attacks. Two aircraft, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 were flown by the terrorists into the twin towers of the World Trade Center, causing massive damage both during impact, when the jet fuel was consumed by fire and finally when the buildings collapsed.

New York City firefighters were deployed to the World Trade Center minutes after the first aircraft struck the north tower. Chief Brass set up a command center in the lobby as firefighters climbed up the stairs. The FDNY deployed 200 units to the site.

Many firefighters arrived at the World Trade Center without meeting at the command centers. Problems with radio communication caused commanders to lose contact with many of the firefighters who went into the buildings; those firefighters were unable to hear evacuation orders. There was practically no communication with the police, who had helicopters at the scene. When the towers collapsed, hundreds were killed or trapped within. 343 of the FDNY firefighters and paramedics who responded to the attacks on September 11, 2001 lost their lives, and others were injured. The casualties included First Deputy Commissioner William Feehan and Chief of Department Peter Ganci.

Meanwhile, average response times to fires elsewhere in the city that day only rose by one minute, to 5.5 minutes. Many of the surviving fire fighters continued to work alternating 24-hour shifts. Firefighters came from hundreds of miles around New York City, including numerous volunteer units in small-town New York.

2002 -

In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks the Fire Department has rebuilt itself and continues to serve the people of New York. During the 2003 North American blackout the FDNY was called on to rescue hundreds of people from stranded elevators in approximately 800 Manhattan high-rise office and apartment buildings. The entire fire department was called in to handle the many fires which resulted, reportedly from people using candles for light.

(Sources: )

Ideology and Core Competencies

• Ideology:
  • The FDNY ideology of aggressive fire attack grew naturally out of the building and population density that characterize the city. It is this time honored tradition that saves countless lives every year.
  • The contribution of Irish Americans to the FDNY dates back to the formation of the paid fire department. During the Civil War New York's Irish firefighters were the backbone of the New York Fire Zouaves (or 11 New York Volunteer Infantry), a highly decorated unit.
  • In addition to firefighting, rescue and HAZMAT, FDNY stations ambulances throughout the city and supplies paramedics and EMTs. Together with ambulances run by certain participating hospitals and private companies, it is known as the FDNY EMS Command, which is the largest prehospital care provider in the world, responding to over 1.3 million calls each year. All of the FDNY EMS Command members are also trained to the HAZMAT Awareness level. Some EMS units are trained to the Haz Mat Technician level allowing them to provide emergency medical care and decontamination in a hazardous environment, in addition to their normal 911 duties.
  • Members of the FDNY have the nickname "New York's Bravest".
  • Members of the FDNY EMS have the nickname "New York's Best".

• Core Competencies:
  • Fire Suppression
  • Search and Rescue
  • Structural Evacuation
  • CBRN / Haz-Mat Life Safety and Mass Decontamination
  • Arson Investigation (Cause and Origin)
  • Pre-hospital Emergency Medical Care

Statistics

Fire calls for 2005

For the period 1 January 2005, to 31 December 2005 the FDNY dealt with the following number of calls:

• Structural fires: 28,455
• Non-structural fires: 22,940
• Non-fire emergencies: 199,643
• Medical emergencies: 202,526
• Malicious false alarms: 32,138

There were 3,362 serious fires in 2005, defined as those declared 'all hands' or above in severity, response times to incidents were roughly between four and a half, and five and a half minutes from the time of call.

Department demographics

White male firefighters dominate the FDNY, accounting for about 90% of the department. Department officials have recently begun efforts to increase the department's diversity. In August 2006 it announced changes in eligibility for application to the department and an aggressive recruiting drive intended to boost diversity.

Of the FDNY's 11,600 uniformed members, there are about 620 Hispanics, or 5.4%, and about 330 blacks -- fewer than 3%. The department has just 30 women members and about 70 Asians. The federal government is investigating the FDNY for possible discrimination in its hiring practices.

How incidents are transmitted and received

There are three main ways to notify the central offices (dispatch) of an incident within the city:

• The most common is a telephone alarm, or report via telephone.
• Second most common, but most often malicious false alarms, the ERS (Emergency Reporting System) alarm. This type is sent via a pull box on the street, and replaced the earlier BARS system.
• The third way is to report a verbal alarm via a walk in to the communications office, or by reporting it to a unit in the field.

When a member of the public dials 911 they speak with an NYPD call taker who assigns the call to where it needs to go based on the information provided.

• If it is police related, it is transferred to another NYPD dispatcher.
• If it is on a bridge or in a port or other body of water, the Port Authority of NY and NJ is notified.
• If it is a fire, hazmat, or rescue incident, the FDNY gets it. The FDNY also answers a few EMS calls, all others go to the FDNY EMS central office.

FDNY Communications office

The initial call to the FDNY communications office is usually taken by the Alarm Receipt Dispatcher (ARD) who speaks with the caller in order to determine the nature of the emergency. The ARD enters the information into the Starfire computer system, which gives a recommended response based on the information provided. This information is then transferred to the Decision Dispatcher (DD) who decides what units will be assigned to the incident.

When the Decision Dispatcher has made a decision the information is transferred to the supervisor who checks the information to make any changes. The information is also passed to the voice alarm dispatcher who announces the call over the voice alarm to the units in the station and to the radio in/radio out dispatchers who transmit the call via radio to the units (the radio in dispatcher inputs information into the CAD while the radio out dispatcher talks to the unit).

The entire process from initial notification until a unit is dispatched takes approximately 25-30 seconds.

Box number

Each address in the city is assigned a box number, based on the closest ERS or "dummy" box. This just gives the company’s en route the information on where to go. Rather than say "Respond to a telephone alarm at 123 Fake St.", the units get assigned to a box # - "Respond to telephone alarm, box: 1234." The companies responding get the address and box number over the air, and via their Mobile Data Terminals (MDTs) in the cab of their unit. With all the radio traffic clogging the NYC fire frequencies, the box system saves time, and shortens the duration of radio transitions.

Critical Information Dispatch System

CIDS stands for Critical Information Dispatch System, and is pronounced by the dispatcher as "Sids". CIDS information which is transmitted to units enroute is information that is collected on a building during inspections which might have an impact on fire-fighting operations. Such things as:

• warehoused apartments,
• type and length of line stretch (or hose),
• number of apartments per floor,
• unsafe conditions, standpipe conditions, and
• anything else the company deems important.

This information is printed on the run ticket and can be read by the dispatcher if requested. This information is also read automatically when a signal 10-75 (working fire) is given or when, due to the number and quality of calls, the dispatcher believes a 10-75 will be given on arrival.

Ranks of the FDNY

Company assignments

The term "company assignments" refers to the number of personnel - firefighters and officers assigned to every company. Each has slots for 1 Captain, 3 Lieutenants, and 25 firefighters, although each company may not carry a full roster.

Organization

FDNY Organizational Chart

Executive Staff

• Office of the Fire Commissioner -Nicholas Scoppetta
  • First Deputy Commissioner - Frank P. Cruthers
  • Deputy Commissioner, Intergovernmental Affairs & Management Initiatives - Daniel Shacknai
  • Deputy Commissioner, Public Information - Francis X. Gribbon
  • Deputy Commissioner, Administration - Douglas White
  • Deputy Commissioner, Legal Affairs - Mylan Denerstein
  • Deputy Commissioner, Technology & Support - Milton Fischberger
  • Assistant Commissioner, Budget & Finance - Stephen G. Rush
  • Assistant Commissioner, EEO - Paulette Lundy
  • Chief Fire Marshal/Fire Investigations - Louis F. Garcia
• Chief of Department - Salvatore J. Cassano
  • Chief of Fire Operations - Patrick M. McNally
    • Chief of EMS - John J. Peruggia
    • Assistant Chief of Operations - AC Robert F. Sweeney
    • Deputy Assistant Chief for Counterrorism/Emergency Preparedness - DAC Joseph W. Pfeifer
    • Deputy Assistant Chief for Operations Staffing - DAC Joseph J. Ramos
    • Deputy Assistant Chief for the Special Operations Command - DAC John Norman
    • Deputy Assistant Chief - DAC Ronald R. Spadafora
    • Deputy Assistant Chief for Planning & Strategy - DAC James Manahan, Jr.
  • Chief of Fire Prevention - AC Howard J. Hill
  • Chief of Training, Education & Curriculum Development - AC Thomas R. Galvin
  • Chief of Communications - DAC John A. Coloe

Bureau of Operations

Unit Breakdown by Borough

Emergency Medical Service

The provision of emergency medical services in New York City is the largest public, non-profit ambulance partnership in the world. Every day the members of FDNY EMS answer about 3500 calls for help. That is about 1.3 million a year. Although EMS is controlled and dispatched by the Fire Department, approximately half of the emergency 911 ambulances in the system are provided by the dozens of private ambulance companies, for profit and non-profit hospitals in New York City. Although some hospitals have provided emergency ambulances for over 125 years, since the 1990s, dozens of hospitals have joined the 911 system, with many subcontracting actual ambulance operations to private ambulance providers.

Care is provided at three distinct levels: Certified First Responder engine companies, staffed by firefighters providing first aid, CPR, and defibrillation; Emergency Medical Technicians-level (EMT) ambulances, whose 2 EMTs provide first aid, defibrillation, and limited medication administration; and Paramedic ambulances, whose 2 paramedics provide critical care. Each level of response is divided into overlapping grids, with the closest FDNY first responder engine company responding to life-threatening emergencies, and the appropriate level of ambulance responding.

FDNY's EMS workers are not firefighters, but civilian employees with "uniformed status" (which is currently the subject of litigation.) They do not have the same salary, benefits, or pension as firefighters and belong to a separate union. In addition, EMS crews do not spend down time in firehouses or their base stations, rather, ambulances sit at their predesignated cross street location - known as a CSL, for the duration of their tour.

While EMT's and paramedics work well professionally with the firefighters of New York City, there have been occasional "culture clashes" between EMS and Fire, for instance, a plan in 2006 to move ambulances into a firehouse in Queens drew an outcry from both the unions of the firefighters and EMS workers and was ultimately scrapped by the city. This is due to several factors, the relative little attention paid to the sacrifices and achievements of EMS workers by the public in relation to that paid to firefighters, the increased danger of a firefighter's duties versus that of an EMS worker's, as well as the separate mindset that each respective job entails; firefighters must operate as a team and strictly and swiftly execute the orders they are given by their officers to achieve their goals, while EMT's and paramedics are expected to act overall independently without a great deal, if any, direct supervision or direction.

In addition, the 1996 merger of NYC EMS and the FDNY, forced the firefighters to accept the introduction of people they did not and do not consider to be their firefighting "brothers" working within the ranks of the department.

NYC EMS was originally operated by the city's Health & Hospitals Corporation and was not a part of the Fire Department. The NYC EMS was administratively taken over by FDNY on March 17, 1996. NYC EMS falls under the Chief of EMS who reports to the Chief of Fire Operations.

FDNY EMS Organization

• Chief of EMS - John J. Peruggia
• Assistant Chiefs:
  • EMS Administration - Jerry Z. Gombo
  • EMS Field Services - John S. McFarland

FDNY EMS Unit breakdown by boroughs

Equipment

Pumper/Rescue/Engine

American LaFrance/Saulsbury Rescue 1000/500 Hose Wagon E-One Heavy Rescue 1000/500 pumper E-One/Saulsbury Rescue Unit Ferrara 1000/500 High pressure pumper HME/Saulsbury Rescue Freightliner LLC Freightliner LLC FL80/E-One Freightliner LLC/ALF Rescue Reserve Rescue Unit

Mack Truck CF pumper CF 1000/500 CF/Ward 79 1000/500 CF/Ward 79 2000/500 MR/Saulsbury Mack Truck/General Safety Rescue Mack Truck MR/Saulsbury Satellite Hose Wagon Seagrave Commander II pumper/rescue High Pressure Pumper E10 (SP02014) Engine Saulsbury Heavy Rescue J-Cab Pumper 1000/500 HP 2000/500 1000/750 Engine 1000/500 High pressure pumper

Command Unit

Ambulance/EMS

Ladders

Fire Boats

• Marine 1 – John McKean
• Marine 6 – Kevin C. Kane
• Marine 9 – Fire Fighter
• Reserve – Governor Alfred E. Smith
• Former FDNY Marine Unit – John J. Harvey

Special Units

The Bronx is Burning

The FDNY was the subject of a 1972 documentary Man Alive: The Bronx is Burning, for BBC Television - it was screened in the UK on 27 September 1972 and followed firefighters from a fire house in the South Bronx: Battalion 27, Ladder 31 and Engine 82. It chronicled the appalling conditions the firefighters worked in with roughly one emergency call per hour, and the high rates of arson and malicious calls.

The documentary focused heavily on firefighter Dennis Smith who served in the South Bronx area - he went on to write Report from Engine Co 82 and a number of other books. The documentary reported that he sold the film rights to the book. He has become a prominent speaker on firefighting policy.

FDNY in popular culture

• The 2002 documentary film 9/11 features the September 11, 2001 attacks from the perspective of the FDNY.
• The 2004 TV series Rescue Me depicts the fictional life for firefighters in a FDNY fire house.

References

1. http://nyfd.com/history/fdny.html - 1870
2. FDNY, http://nyc.gov/html/fdny/html/history/fire_service.shtml Template:En icon
3. CBS News, http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/48hours/bravest/timeline.html, Template:En icon
4. NYC Fire Museum - History of the FDNY
5. http://www.nyfirestore.com/irishemerald.html
6. http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ny/state/fire/41-50/ch42pt4.html
7. http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/html/history/ems.shtml
8. http://www.fire-police-ems.com/books/bn2020.shtml
9. Mayor of New York Press Release PR- 291-04 November 3, 2004
10. http://nyc.gov/html/fdny/pdf/stats/fire_cwsum_cy05.pdf
11. "FDNY, overwhelming white and male, makes pro-diversity changes.", August 7, 2006, Associated Press.
12. http://www.ufalocal94.org/news_stories/nydailynews/nydn_02_01_06.html

See also

• Fire engine
• Fire station
• Fireboat
• Firefighter
• Firefighting worldwide

External links

Official websites

• FDNY official website
• McKinsey and Co. Report on 9/11 Response

Other websites

• Listen to live FDNY dispatch
• FDNY, How it got its name
• New FDNY Apparatus
• Death, destruction, charity... September 11 statistics: New York Magazine

• Government of New York City
• Fire departments of the United States