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Bioindicators are used to monitor the health of an environment or ecosystem. They are any biological species or group of species whose function, population, or status can be used to determine ecosystem level or environmental integrity. An example of such a group of organisms is copepods and other small water crustaceans present in many water bodies. Such organisms are monitored for changes (chemical, physiological, or behavioural) that may indicate a problem within their ecosystem.

Depending on organism selected and their use, there are three types of bioindicators:

• Plant Indicators - The presence or absence of certain plant or other vegetative life in an ecosystem can provide important clues about the health of the environment.

Lichens, often found on rocks and tree trunks, are organisms consisting of both fungi and algae. They respond to environmental changes in forests, including changes in forest structure, air quality, and climate. The disappearance of lichens in a forest may indicate environmental stresses, such as high levels of sulfur dioxide, sulfur-based pollutants, and nitrogen.

• Animal Indicators - An increase or decrease in an animal population may indicate damage to the ecosystem caused by pollution. For example, if pollution causes the depletion of important food sources, animal species dependent upon these food sources will also be reduced in number. In addition to monitoring the size and number of certain species, other mechanisms of animal indication include monitoring the concentration of toxins in animal tissues, or monitoring the rate at which deformities arise in animal populations.

• Microbial Indicators - Microorganisms can be used as indicators of aquatic or terrestrial ecosystem health. Found in large quantities, microorganisms are easier to sample than other organisms. Some microorganisms will produce new proteins, called stress proteins, when exposed to contaminants like cadmium and benzene. These stress proteins can be used as an early warning system to detect low levels of pollution.

References

1. ""Biobasics website, Govt. of Canada"". Retrieved 18 April. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)

Related Journal

Environmental Bioindicators

See also

Biomarkers

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