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Muon-catalyzed fusion is a process that allows fusion at room temperature. Although it can be produced reliably with the right equipment and has been much studied, it does not currently provide anywhere close to breakeven energy. It is sometimes known as cold fusion; this term, however, is no longer often used, as it can create confusion with other scientifically unestablished forms of room-temperature fusion.

In muon-catalyzed fusion, deuterium and tritium nuclei form atoms with muons, which are essentially heavy electrons. The muons orbit very close to the nuclei, shielding the positive charge of the nuclei so the nuclei can move close enough to fuse.

Andrei Sakharov and F. C. Frank predicted the effect on theoretical grounds before 1950.

The practical problem with muon-catalyzed fusion is that muons are unstable (decaying in two microseconds); hence, there needs to be some cheap means of producing muons, and the muons so produced must be arranged to catalyze as many reactions as possible before decaying. As J.D. Jackson recognized in his seminal 1957 paper, "Catalysis of Nuclear Reactions between Hydrogen Isotopes by ${\displaystyle mu-}$ Mesons," Physical Review, Vol. 106, No. 2, April 15, 1957, the real problem with muon-catalyzed fusion is that there is a non-vanishing probability (about 1%, actually) that the muon would "stick" to the ${\displaystyle alpha}$ particle (a Helium-4 nucleus) that results from the deuterium and tritium fusion, removing the muon from the catalysis process. Even if the muon were absolutely stable, it could only catalyze, on average about 100 fusions before sticking, about one fifth the number needed to produce breakeven energy.

References

• Rafelski, Johann and Steven E. Jones (1987). "Cold Nuclear Fusion". Scientific American, v. 257 #1, pp. 84–89.

See also

nuclear fusion, Antimatter catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion