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Revision as of 07:58, 18 January 2011 by Rjwilmsi (talk | contribs) (PMID data)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)# Title cite PubMed PMIDDOI Year Volume Issue Pages EYear EVolume EIssue EPages Approved? journal journal 19 ADME {{cite journal | author = S.K. Balani; G.T. Miwa; L.S. Gan; J.T. Wu; F.W. Lee | title = Strategy of utilizing in vitro and in vivo ADME tools for lead optimization and drug candidate selection | journal = ] | year = 2005 | volume = 5 | issue = 11 | pages = 1033?8 | doi = 10.2174/156802605774297038}} 1: Curr Top Med Chem. 2005;5(11):1033-8. Strategy of utilizing in vitro and in vivo ADME tools for lead optimization and drug candidate selection. Balani SK, Miwa GT, Gan LS, Wu JT, Lee FW. Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. The high-throughput screening in drug discovery for absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties has become the norm in the industry. Only a few years ago it was ADME properties that were attributed to more failure of drugs than efficacy or safety in the clinic trials. With the realization of new techniques and refinement of existing techniques better projections for the pharmacokinetic properties of compounds in humans are being made, shifting the drug failure attributes more to the safety and efficacy properties of drug candidates. There are a tremendous number of tools available to discovery scientists to screen compounds for optimization of ADME properties and selection of better candidates. However, the use of these tools has generally been to characterize these compounds rather than to select among them. This report discusses applications of the available ADME tools to better understand the clinical implication of these properties, and to optimize these properties. It also provides tracts for timing of studies with respect to the stage of the compound during discovery, by means of a discovery assay by stage (DABS) paradigm. The DABS provide the team with a rationale for the types of studies to be done during hit-to-lead, early and late lead optimization stages of discovery, as well as outlining the deliverables (objectives) at those stages. DABS has proven to be optimal for efficient utilization of resources and helped the discovery team to track the progress of compounds and projects. Publication Types: Review PMID: 16181128 16181128 2005 5 11 1033-8 2005 5 11 1033-8 5 ] Curr Top Med Chem. 20 ADME {{cite journal | author = Singh S.S. | title = Preclinical pharmacokinetics: an approach towards safer and efficacious drugs | journal = ] | year = 2006 | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 165?82 | doi = 10.2174/138920006775541552}} 1: Curr Drug Metab. 2006 Feb;7(2):165-82. Preclinical pharmacokinetics: an approach towards safer and efficacious drugs. Singh SS. Nektar Therapeutics Private Limited, 1st Floor, 31 A, SD Road, Secunderabad, AP, India. Review PMID: 16472106 16472106 2006 7 2 165-82 2006 7 2 165-82 5 ] Curr Drug Metab. 21 ADP-phosphoglycerate phosphatase {{cite journal | author = Zancan GT, Recondo EF and Leloir LF | date = 1964 | title = Enzymic dephosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate phosphoglyceric acid | journal = Biochim. Biophys. Acta | volume = 92 | pages = 125–131 }} 1: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1964 Oct 23;92:125-31. ENZYMIC DEPHOSPHORYLATION OF ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE PHOSPHOGLYCERIC ACID. ZANCAN GT, RECONDO EF, LELOIR LF. PMID: 14243760 14243760 1964 92 125-131 1964 92 125-31 5 Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biochim Biophys Acta. 22 AIDS origins conspiracy theories {{Cite journal | title = Smallpox Vaccine: Contraindications, Administration, and Adverse Reactions | journal = American Family Physician | date = 1 September 2003 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2003/0901/p889.html | accessdate = 20 June 2010 }} 1: Am Fam Physician. 2003 Sep 1;68(5):889-96. Smallpox vaccine: contraindications, administration, and adverse reactions. Maurer DM, Harrington B, Lane JM. Family Practice Residency Program, Darnall Army Community Hospital, Ft. Hood, Texas 76544, USA. douglasmaurer 13678138 2003 2003 68 5 889-96 5 American Family Physician Am Fam Physician. 23 AIDS pandemic {{Cite journal|last=Gray|first=Peter B. (])|title=HIV and Islam: is HIV prevalence lower among Muslims?|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=58|issue=9|date=May 2004|pages=1751?6|doi=10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00367-8|postscript=<!--None-->}} 1: Soc Sci Med. 2004 May;58(9):1751-6. HIV and Islam: is HIV prevalence lower among Muslims? Gray PB. Department of Anthropology, Peabody Museum, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. gray 14990375 2004 58 9 1751-6 2004 58 9 1751-6 5 Social Science & Medicine Soc Sci Med. 24 AMP nucleosidase {{cite journal | author = Hurwitz J, Heppel LA and Horecker BL | date = 1957 | title = The enzymatic cleavage of adenylic acid to adenine and ribose 5-phosphate | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 226 | pages = 525–540 }} 1: J Biol Chem. 1957 May;226(1):525-40. The enzymatic cleavage of adenylic acid to adenine and ribose 5-phosphate. HURWITZ J, HEPPEL LA, HORECKER BL. PMID: 13428783 13428783 1957 226 525-540 1957 226 1 525-40 5 J. Biol. Chem. J Biol Chem. 25 Aamjiwnaang First Nation {{cite journal | author=C. A. Mackenzie, A. Lockridge, and M. Keith | title=Declining Sex Ratio in a First Nation Community | journal=Environmental Health Perspectives | year=2005 | volume=113 | issue=10 | page=1295?1298 | url=http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2005/8479/abstract.html}} 1: Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Oct;113(10):1295-8. Declining sex ratio in a first nation community. Mackenzie CA, Lockridge A, Keith M. Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. cmack046 16203237 2005 113 10 1295-1298 2005 113 10 1295-8 5 Environmental Health Perspectives Environ Health Perspect. 26 Abdominal exercise {{cite journal | volume=29 | pages=804?810 | year=1997 | author=CT Axler | coauthors=SM McGill | journal=Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise | title=Low back loads over a variety of abdominal exercises: Searching for the safest abdominal challenge}} 1: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997 Jun;29(6):804-11. Low back loads over a variety of abdominal exercises: searching for the safest abdominal challenge. Axler CT, McGill SM. Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Abdominal exercises are prescribed for both the prevention and treatment of low back injury. However, these exercises sometimes appear to have hazardous effects on the lumbar spine. The purpose of this study was to identify quantitatively abdominal exercises that optimize the challenge to the abdominal muscles (rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique) but impose minimal load penalty to the lumbar spine. Nine volunteers performed 12 different abdominal exercises. For a given task the maximum abdominal muscle EMG value was divided by the maximum compression value, resulting in an abdominal challenge versus spinal compression cost index. In general, the partial curl-ups generated the highest muscle challenge-to-spine cost indices. However, those exercises that generated the best challenge-to-cost indices did not necessarily record the lowest compression levels along with the highest EMG activations. No single exercise was found that optimally trained all of the abdominal muscles while at the same time incurring minimal intervertebral joint loads. It was concluded that a variety of selected abdominal exercises are required to sufficiently challenge all of the abdominal muscles and that these exercises will-differ to best meet the different training objectives of individuals. PMID: 9219209 9219209 1997 29 804-810 1997 29 6 804-11 5 Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise Med Sci Sports Exerc. 27 Abiogenesis {{cite journal | author = Muller, A.W.J. | year = 1985 | title = Thermosynthesis by biomembranes: energy gain from cyclic temperature changes | journal = Journal of Theoretical Biology | volume = 115 | pages=319?321 }} 1: J Theor Biol. 1985 Aug 7;115(3):429-53. Thermosynthesis by biomembranes: energy gain from cyclic temperature changes. Muller AW. A theoretical mechanism is described allowing biomembranes to convert heat into electrical energy during temperature cycling (thermosynthesis). Necessary conditions for thermosynthesis are a temperature dependent electrical capacity and a conductivity as low as that of artificial lipid bilayers. Temperature cycling, and consequently thermosynthesis, can take place in leaves during cyclic transpiration and in organisms in natural waters that are carried along by convection currents. Electrogenic ATPases can convert the electrical energy gained by thermosynthesis into ATP if their activity and stoichiometry are properly regulated. The power of thermosynthesis is discussed and its possible value compared with the power of respiration. Environments where thermosynthesis may occur are listed. Thermosynthesis is a plausible energy source for the first living organisms. PMID: 3162066 3162066 1985 115 319-321 1985 115 3 429-53 1 Journal of Theoretical Biology J Theor Biol. 29 Acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase {{cite journal | author = Stern JR, Drummond GI, Coon MJ and del Campillo A | date = 1960 | title = Enzymes of ketone body metabolism. I. Purification of an acetoacetate-synthesizing enzyme from ox liver | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 235 | pages = 313–317 }} 1: J Biol Chem. 1960 Feb;235:313-7. Enzymes of ketone body metabolism. I. Purification of an acetoacetate-synthesizing enzyme from ox liver. STERN JR, DRUMMOND GI, COON MJ, DEL CAMPILLO A. PMID: 13834445 13834445 1960 235 313-317 1960 235 313-7 5 J. Biol. Chem. J Biol Chem. 30 Acetyl-CoA hydrolase {{cite journal | author = Gergely J, Hele P and Ramakrishnan CV | date = 1952 | title = Succinyl and acetyl coenzyme A deacylases | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 198 | pages = 323–334 }} 1: J Biol Chem. 1952 Sep;198(1):324-34. Succinyl and acetyl coenzyme a deacylases. GERGELY J, HELE P, RAMAKRISHNAN CV. PMID: 12999747 12999747 1952 198 323-334 1952 198 1 324-34 5 J. Biol. Chem. J Biol Chem. 31 Acetylcarnosine {{cite journal | author = Babizhayev MA, Yermakova VN, Sakina NL et al. | title = N alpha acetylcarnosine as a pro-drug of L-carnosine in ophthalmic application as antioxidant | journal = Clin Chim Acta | year = 1996 | volume = 254 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 199?121 | doi = 10.1016/0009-8981(96)06356-5}} 1: Clin Chim Acta. 1996 Oct 15;254(1):1-21. N alpha-acetylcarnosine is a prodrug of L-carnosine in ophthalmic application as antioxidant. Babizhayev MA, Yermakova VN, Sakina NL, Evstigneeva RP, Rozhkova EA, Zheltukhina GA. Moscow Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Russian Federation. The naturally occurring compound N alpha-acetylcarnosine (NAC) is proposed as the prodrug of L-carnosine (C) resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis by human serum carnosinase. Rabbit eyes were treated with 1% NAC, C or placebo and extracts of the aqueous humor from the anterior eye chamber were analyzed for imidazole content by reverse phase analytical high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin-layer (TLC) and ion-exchange chromatographic techniques. The topical administration of pure C to the rabbit eye did not lead to accumulation of this compound in the aqueous humor over 30 min in concentration exceeding that in the placebo-treated matched eye. NAC showed dose-dependent hydrolysis in its passage from the cornea to the aqueous humor, releasing C after 15. 30 min of ocular administration of prodrug in a series of therapeutical modalities: instillation < or = subconjunctival injection < or = ultrasound induced phoresis. Different treatment techniques showed excellent toleration of 1% NAC by the eye. Once in the aqueous humor, C might act as an antioxidant and enter the lens tissue when present at effective concentrations (5-15 mmol/l). The advantage of the ophthalmic prodrug NAC and its bioactivated principle C as universal antioxidants relates to their ability to give efficient protection against oxidative stress both in the lipid phase of biological membranes and in an aqueous environment. NAC is proposed to treat ocular disorders which have the component of oxidative stress in their genesis (cataracts, glaucoma, retinal degeneration, corneal disorders, ocular inflammation, complications of diabetes mellitus, systemic diseases). PMID: 8894306 [PubMed - indexed fo 8894306 1996 254 01-Feb 199-121 1996 254 1 1-21 1 Clin Chim Acta Clin Chim Acta. 32 Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor {{cite journal|last=Rhee IK|first=I|coauthors=Appels N, Hofte B, Karabatak B, Erkelens C, Stark LM, Flippin LA, Verpoorte R|date=November 2004|title= Isolation of the Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor Ungeremine from Nerine bowdenii by Preparative HPLC Coupled On-Line to a Flow Assay System|journal=Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin|volume=27|issue=11|pages=1804?1809|url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/27/11/1804/_pdf}} 1: Biol Pharm Bull. 2004 Nov;27(11):1804-9. Isolation of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor ungeremine from Nerine bowdenii by preparative HPLC coupled on-line to a flow assay system. Rhee IK, Appels N, Hofte B, Karabatak B, Erkelens C, Stark LM, Flippin LA, Verpoorte R. Division of Pharmacognosy, Section Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, The Netherlands. In an attempt to isolate the active compound while detecting acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, we applied a fluorometric flow assay system to an on-line coupled preparative HPLC. The MeOH extract of Nerine bowdenii showed a strong inhibitory peak in the on-line assay, and the active compound was isolated by CPC and HPLC. It was identified as ungeremine by analysis of its (1)H-NMR, 2D-NMR, and NOESY spectra. The assignment of the active N. bowdenii constituent was also confirmed by co-TLC, co-HPLC, and co-(1)H-NMR experiments using an authentic sample of synthetic ungeremine. The IC(50) value of ungeremine was 0.35 microM, showing stronger activity than galanthamine (2.2 microM). Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't PMID: 15516727 15516727 2004 27 11 1804-1809 2004 27 11 1804-9 5 Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin Biol Pharm Bull. 33 Acetylcysteine {{cite journal |last1=Tirouvanziam |first1=R. |title=High-dose oral N-acetylcysteine, a glutathione prodrug, modulates inflammation in cystic fibrosis |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=103 |pages=4628?33 |year=2006 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0511304103}} 1: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Mar 21;103(12):4628-33. Epub 2006 Mar 13. High-dose oral N-acetylcysteine, a glutathione prodrug, modulates inflammation in cystic fibrosis. Tirouvanziam R, Conrad CK, Bottiglieri T, Herzenberg LA, Moss RB, Herzenberg LA. Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. tirouvan 16537378 2006 103 4628-33 2006 103 12 4628-33 5 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 34 Acetylenedicarboxylate decarboxylase {{cite journal | author = Yamada EW and Jakoby WB | date = 1958 | title = Enzymatic utilization of acetylenic compounds. I. An enzyme converting acetylenedicarboxylic acid to pyruvate | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 233 | pages = 706–711 }} 1: J Biol Chem. 1958 Sep;233(3):706-11. Enzymatic utilization of acetylenic compounds. I. An enzyme converting acetylenedicarboxylic acid to pyruvate. YAMADA EW, JAKOBY WB. PMID: 13575441 13575441 1958 233 706-711 1958 233 3 706-11 5 J. Biol. Chem. J Biol Chem. 35 Acetylesterase {{cite journal | author = Bergmann F and Rimon S | date = 1960 | title = Fractionation of C-esterase from the hog's kidney extract | journal = Biochem. J. | volume = 77 | pages = 209–214 }} 1: Biochem J. 1960 Nov;77(2):209-14. Fractionation of C-esterase from the hog's kidney extract. Bergmann F, Rimon S. Department of Pharmacology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel. PMID: 16748846 16748846 1960 77 209-214 1960 77 2 209-14 5 Biochem. J. Biochem J. 36 Acetylesterase {{cite journal | author = Jansen EF, Nutting M-DF and Balls AK | date = 1948 | title = The reversible inhibition of acetylesterase by diisopropyl fluorophosphate and tetraethyl pyrophosphate | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 175 | pages = 975–987 }} 1: J Biol Chem. 1948 Sep;175(2):975-87. The reversible inhibition of acetylesterase by diisopropyl fluorophosphate and tetraethyl pyrophosphate. JANSEN EF, NUTTING MD, BALLS AK. PMID: 18880795 18880795 1948 175 975-987 1948 175 2 975-87 5 J. Biol. Chem. J Biol Chem. 37 Acetylxylan esterase {{cite journal | author = Poutanen K, Sundberg M, Korte H, Puls J | date = 1990 | title = Deacetylation of xylans by acetyl esterases of Trichoderma reesei | journal = Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. | volume = 33 | pages = 506–510 }} 1: Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 1998 Feb;27 ( Pt 1):19-24. Action of Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus oryzae esterases in the deacetylation of hemicelluloses. Tenkanen M. VTT Biotechnology and Food Research, Finland. Xylans and mannans contain different esterified substituents such as acetyl, feruloyl and p-coumaroyl side groups. The functions of hemicellulose-deacetylating esterases of Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus oryzae are discussed in this paper. Both fungi produce multiple esterases and two different esterases were isolated from both T. reesei and A. oryzae. The enzymes differed significantly in their substrate specificities. Acetyl xylan esterase of T. reesei was highly active on polymeric xylan but was unable to remove acetyl substituents from glucomannan or phenolic substituents from wheat straw arabinoxylan. Another esterase, acetyl esterase from T. reesei, had activity only towards short oligomeric and monomeric acetates derived both from xylan and glucomannan. The acetyl glucomannan esterase of A. oryzae was most active towards polymeric glucomannan, but was also able to remove acetyl groups from xylan. The only esterase studied which was active against phenolic substituents in arabinoxylans was the feruloyl esterase from A. oryzae. Feruloyl esterase had the widest substrate specificity of the esterases studied. It was also able to act on acetyl groups both in xylan and in glucomannan. The simultaneous enzymic liberation of acetyl groups from xylan and glucomannan clearly enhanced the action of xylan- and mannan-degrading enzymes, thus increasing the hydrolysis yield significantly. However, none of the esterases was able to remove all acetyl substituents when acting alone and simultaneous action of two esterases was needed for complete deacetylation. Publication Types: Comparative Study PMID: 9477552 9477552 1990 33 506-510 0 Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 38 Acid-CoA ligase (GDP-forming) {{cite journal | author = Rossi CR and Gibson DM | date = 1964 | title = Activation of fatty acids by a guanosine triphosphate-specific thiokinase from liver mitochondria | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 239 | pages = 1694–1699 }} 1: J Biol Chem. 1964 Jun;239:1694-9. ACTIVATION OF FATTY ACIDS BY A GUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE-SPECIFIC THIOKINASE FROM LIVER MITOCHONDRIA. ROSSI CR, GIBSON DM. PMID: 14213337 14213337 1964 239 1694-1699 1964 239 1694-9 5 J. Biol. Chem. J Biol Chem. 39 Aconitate Delta-isomerase {{cite journal | author = Klinman JP and Rose IA | date = 1971 | title = Purification and kinetic properties of aconitate isomerase from Pseudomonas putida | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 10 | pages = 2253–2259 | doi = 10.1021/bi00788a011 }} 1: Biochemistry. 1971 Jun 8;10(12):2253-9. Purification and kinetic properties of aconitate isomerase from Pseudomonas putida. Klinman JP, Rose IA. PMID: 5114987 5114987 1971 10 2253-2259 1971 10 12 2253-9 5 Biochemistry Biochemistry. 40 Acoustic dispersion {{Cite journal| last = He| first = Ping| title =Measurement of acoustic dispersion using both transmitted and reflected pulses| journal =] |volume =107| issue =2| pages =801?807| date =2000-02 | url =http://www.engineering.wright.edu/~phe/Research/JASA-00.pdf | doi =10.1121/1.428263| accessdate =2009-02-11}} 1: J Acoust Soc Am. 2000 Feb;107(2):801-7. Measurement of acoustic dispersion using both transmitted and reflected pulses He P. Department of Biomedical, Industrial and Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA. Traditional broadband transmission method for measuring acoustic dispersion requires the measurements of the sound speed in water, the thickness of the specimen, and the phase spectra of two transmitted ultrasound pulses. When the sound speed in the specimen is significantly different from that in water, the overall uncertainty of the dispersion measurement is generally dominated by the uncertainty of the thickness measurement. In this paper, a new water immersion method for measuring dispersion is proposed which eliminates the need for thickness measurement and the associated uncertainty. In addition to recording the two transmitted pulses, the new method requires recording two reflected pulses, one from the front surface and one from the back surface of the specimen. The phase velocity as well as the thickness of the specimen can be determined from the phase spectra of the four pulses. Theoretical analysis and experimental results from three specimens demonstrate the advantages of this new method. PMID: 10687689 10687689 107 2 801-807 2000 107 2 801-7 5 ] J Acoust Soc Am. 41 Actinic cheilitis {{cite journal |last=Larios |first=George |coauthors=Alevizos |year=2007 |title=Recognition and treatment of actinic cheilitis |journal=American Family Physician |url= http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3225/is_/ai_n25331705 |accessdate=2008-10-16}} 1: Am Fam Physician. 2008 Apr 15;77(8):1078-9. Recognition and treatment of actinic cheilitis. Larios G, Alevizos A, Rigopoulos D. Publication Types: Comment Letter PMID: 18481555 18481555 2007 2008 77 8 1078-9 5 American Family Physician Am Fam Physician. 42 Action potential {{cite journal | author = ], ] | year = 1946 | title = The electrical constants of a crustacean nerve fibre | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B | volume = 133 | pages = 444?79 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.1946.0024}} 1: Proc R Soc Med. 1946 Dec 3;134(873):444-79. The electrical constants of a crustacean nerve fibre. HODGKIN AL, RUSHTON WA. PMID: 20281590 20281590 1946 133 444-79 1946 134 873 444-79 5 Proceedings of the Royal Society B Proc R Soc Med. 43 Action potential {{cite journal | author = ], ] | year = 1976 | title = Single-channel currents recorded from membrane of denervated frog muscle fibres | journal = Nature | volume = 260 | pages = 779?802}} 1: Nature. 1976 Apr 29;260(5554):799-802. Single-channel currents recorded from membrane of denervated frog muscle fibres. Neher E, Sakmann B. Publication Types: In Vitro Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. PMID: 1083489 1083489 1976 260 779-802 1976 260 5554 799-802 5 Nature Nature. 44 Activated carbon {{cite journal|author=Eddleston M, Juszczak E, Buckley NA, ''et al.''|title=Multiple-dose activated charcoal in acute self-poisoning: a randomised controlled trial|journal=Lancet|year=2008|volume=371|issue=9612|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60270-6|page=579}} 1: Lancet. 2008 Feb 16;371(9612):579-87. Multiple-dose activated charcoal in acute self-poisoning: a randomised controlled trial. Eddleston M, Juszczak E, Buckley NA, Senarathna L, Mohamed F, Dissanayake W, Hittarage A, Azher S, Jeganathan K, Jayamanne S, Sheriff MR, Warrell DA; Ox-Col Poisoning Study collaborators. Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. eddlestonm 18280328 2008 371 9612 579 2008 371 9612 579-87 5 Lancet Lancet. 45 Activity-dependent plasticity {{cite journal | author = Bach-y-Rita P, Collins CC, Sauders F, White B, Scadden L | title = Vision substitution by tactile image projection | journal = Nature | volume = 221 | pages = 963?64 | year = 1969 | doi = 10.1038/221963a0}} 1: Nature. 1969 Mar 8;221(5184):963-4. Vision substitution by tactile image projection. Bach-y-Rita P, Collins CC, Saunders FA, White B, Scadden L. PMID: 5818337 5818337 1969 221 963-64 1969 221 5184 963-4 5 Nature Nature. 46 Adolescent sexuality in the United States {{cite journal | author=Anita Chandra, DrPH, Steven C. Martino, PhD, Rebecca L. Collins, PhD, Marc N. Elliott, PhD, Sandra H. Berry, MA, David E. Kanouse, PhD and Angela Miu, MS| title=Does Watching Sex on Television Predict Teen Pregnancy? Findings From a National Longitudinal Survey of Youth| journal=Pediatrics| month=November | year=2008| volume=122 | issue=5| pages=107?1054| url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/cgi/content/full/122/5/1047}} 1: Pediatrics. 2008 Nov;122(5):1047-54. Does watching sex on television predict teen pregnancy? Findings from a national longitudinal survey of youth. Chandra A, Martino SC, Collins RL, Elliott MN, Berry SH, Kanouse DE, Miu A. Rand Corp, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA. chandra 18977986 2008 122 5 107-1054 2008 122 5 1047-54 5 Pediatrics Pediatrics. 47 Adolescent sexuality in the United States {{cite journal | author=Bogart, Laura M., Collins, Rebecca L., Ellickson, Phyllis L., Klein, David J.,| title=Association of Sexual Abstinence in Adolescence with Mental Health in Adulthood| journal=Journal of Sex Research| year=2007| volume=44| issue=3}} 1: J Sex Res. 2007 Aug;44(3):290-8. Association of sexual abstinence in adolescence with mental health in adulthood. Bogart LM, Collins RL, Ellickson PL, Klein DJ. RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138, USA. lbogart 17879172 2007 44 3 2007 44 3 290-8 5 Journal of Sex Research J Sex Res. 48 Adolescent sexuality in the United States {{cite journal | author=Brian A. Primack, Erika L. Douglas, Michael J. Fine, and Madeline A. Dalton PhD| title=Exposure to Sexual Lyrics and Sexual Experience Among Urban Adolescents | journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine| year=2009| volume=36| issue=4}} 1: Am J Prev Med. 2009 Apr;36(4):317-23. Exposure to sexual lyrics and sexual experience among urban adolescents. Primack BA, Douglas EL, Fine MJ, Dalton MA. Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. BACKGROUND: Two thirds of all sexual references in music are degrading in nature, yet it remains uncertain whether these references promote earlier sexual activity. The purpose of this study was to determine if exposure to lyrics describing degrading sex in popular music is independently associated with sexual behavior in a cohort of urban adolescents. METHODS: All ninth-grade health students at three large urban high schools completed in-school surveys in 2006 and 2007. Participants' exposure to lyrics describing degrading sex was computed with overall music exposure and content analyses of their favorite artists' songs. Outcomes included sexual intercourse and progression along a noncoital sexual continuum. Multivariable regression was used to assess independent associations between exposure to lyrics describing degrading sex and outcomes. RESULTS: The 711 participants were exposed to 14.7 hours each week of songs with lyrics describing degrading sex (SD=17.0). Almost one third of participants (n=216) had previously been sexually active. Compared to those with the least exposure to lyrics describing degrading sex, those with the most exposure were more than twice as likely to have had sexual intercourse (OR=2.07; 95% CI=1.26, 3.41), even after adjusting for all covariates. Similarly, among those who had not had sexual intercourse, those in the highest tertile of exposure to lyrics describing degrading sex were nearly twice as likely to have progressed along a noncoital sexual continuum (OR=1.88; 95% CI=1.23, 2.88) compared to those in the lowest tertile. Finally, the relationships between exposure to lyrics describing nondegrading sex and sexual outcomes were not signifi 19285196 2009 36 4 2009 36 4 317-23 5 American Journal of Preventive Medicine Am J Prev Med. 49 Adolescent sexuality in the United States {{cite journal | author=Christine Elizabeth Kaestle, Carolyn Tucker Halpern, Jane D. Brown| title=Music Videos, Pro Wrestling, and Acceptance of Date Rape among Middle School Males and Females: An Exploratory Analysis| year=2007| volume=40| issue=2| pages=101?198}} 1: J Adolesc Health. 2007 Feb;40(2):185-7. Epub 2006 Oct 27. Music videos, pro wrestling, and acceptance of date rape among middle school males and females: an exploratory analysis. Kaestle CE, Halpern CT, Brown JD. Department of Human Development, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA. Exposure to televised music videos and pro wrestling were associated with rape acceptance (lower levels of agreeing with the statement "forcing a partner to have sex is never OK") among males, but not females, in a sample of 904 middle school students (controlling for overall television exposure, parenting style, and demographics). Publication Types: Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural PMID: 17259064 17259064 2007 40 2 101-198 2007 40 2 185-7 1 J Adolesc Health. 50 Adolescent sexuality in the United States {{cite journal | author=Denise D. Hallfors, Martha W. Waller, Daniel Bauer, Carol A. Ford, Carolyn T. Halpern| title=Which Comes First in Adolescence?Sex and Drugs or Depression?| journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine| year=2005| volume=39| issue=3| pages=163?170}} 1: Am J Prev Med. 2005 Oct;29(3):163-70. Which comes first in adolescence--sex and drugs or depression? Hallfors DD, Waller MW, Bauer D, Ford CA, Halpern CT. Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27514, USA. hallfors 16168864 2005 39 3 163-170 2005 29 3 163-70 5 American Journal of Preventive Medicine Am J Prev Med. 51 Adolescent sexuality in the United States {{cite journal | author=Jay G. Silverman, PhD, Anita Raj, PhD, and Karen Clements, MPH| title=Dating Violence and Associated Sexual Risk and Pregnancy Among Adolescent Girls in the United States | journal=Pediatrics | year=2004| volume=114| issue=2| pages=220?225 | doi=10.1542/peds.114.2.e220}} 1: Pediatrics. 2004 Aug;114(2):e220-5. Dating violence and associated sexual risk and pregnancy among adolescent girls in the United States. Silverman JG, Raj A, Clements K. Division of Public Health Practice, Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. jsilverm 15286260 2004 114 2 220-225 2004 114 2 e220-5 5 Pediatrics Pediatrics. 52 Adolescent sexuality in the United States {{cite journal | author=Johnson, Cheri C., Johnson, Kirk A.| title=High Risk Behavior Among Gay Adolescents| journal=Adolescence| year=2000| volume=35| issue=140}} 1: Am J Public Health. 2001 Jun;91(6):940-6. Preventing sexual risk behaviors among gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents: the benefits of gay-sensitive HIV instruction in schools. Blake SM, Ledsky R, Lehman T, Goodenow C, Sawyer R, Hack T. George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, 2175 K St, NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20037, USA. smblake1 11392938 2000 35 140 2001 91 6 940-6 0 Adolescence Am J Public Health. 53 Adolescent sexuality in the United States {{cite journal | journal = Contraception | title = Reducing ] in the United States | url = http://www.arhp.org/publications-and-resources/contraception-journal/january-2008| author = James Trussell and L.L. Wynn |month=January | year=2008}} 1: Contraception. 2008 Jan;77(1):1-5. Epub 2007 Dec 3. Reducing unintended pregnancy in the United States. Trussell J, Wynn LL. Publication Types: Editorial PMID: 18082659 18082659 2008 2008 77 1 1-5 5 Contraception Contraception. 54 Aerogel {{cite journal | author = Pierre A. C., Pajonk G. M. | title = Chemistry of aerogels and their applications | journal = ] | year = 2002 | volume = 102 | issue = 11 | pages = 4243?4266 | doi = 10.1021/cr0101306 }} 1: Chem Rev. 2002 Nov;102(11):4243-65. Chemistry of aerogels and their applications. Pierre AC, Pajonk GM. Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse, UPR 5401 du CNRS, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon1, 2 avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France. PMID: 12428989 12428989 2002 102 11 4243-4266 2002 102 11 4243-65 5 ] Chem Rev. 55 Afamelanotide {{cite journal |author=Ewan A Langan, Denise Ramlogan, Lynne A Jamieson, Lesley E Rhodes |title=Change in moles linked to use of unlicensed "sun tan jab" |journal=BMJ |volume=388 |pages=b277 |year=2009 |month=January |doi=10.1136/bmj.b277 }} 1: BMJ. 2009 Jan 27;338:b277. Change in moles linked to use of unlicensed "sun tan jab". Langan EA, Ramlogan D, Jamieson LA, Rhodes LE. Publication Types: Case Reports Letter PMID: 19174439 19174439 2009 388 2009 338 b277 5 BMJ BMJ. 56 African American {{Cite journal |first=Brandon S. |last=Centerwall |title=Race, socioeconomic status, and domestic homicide, Atlanta, 1971?72. |journal=] |volume=74 |issue=8 |pages=813?815 |year=1984 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.74.8.813 }} 1: Am J Public Health. 1984 Aug;74(8):813-5. Race, socioeconomic status, and domestic homicide, Atlanta, 1971-72. Centerwall BS. It has been assumed that, under comparable socioeconomic conditions, Blacks are more likely than Whites to commit violent acts. To test this assumption, 222 intra-racial domestic homicides (186 Black and 36 White victims) committed in Atlanta, 1971-1972, were subjected to analysis. A domestic homicide was defined as a criminal homicide committed in a residence by a relative or acquaintance of the victim. When Black and White populations were unmatched, the relative risk of intra-racial domestic homicide in Black populations was 5.8 (95 per cent C.I.: 4.3-8.0). When Black and White populations were matched for rates of household crowding, the relative risk of intra-racial domestic homicide in Black populations was no longer significantly elevated (relative risk = 1.2; 95 per cent C.I.: 0.7-2.0). Using rates of household crowding as an index of socioeconomic status, Atlanta Blacks were no more likely to commit domestic homicide than were Whites in comparable socioeconomic circumstances. Further research is needed to determine whether household crowding per se is a risk factor for domestic homicide, independent of socioeconomic status. Publication Types: Comparative Study PMID: 6742272 6742272 1984 74 8 813-815 1984 74 8 813-5 5 ] Am J Public Health. 57 African American {{Cite journal |first=Darnell F. |last=Hawkins |title=Inequality, Culture, and Interpersonal Violence |journal=] |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=80?95 |year=1993 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.12.4.80 }} 1: Health Aff (Millwood). 1993 Winter;12(4):80-95. Inequality, culture, and interpersonal violence. Hawkins DF. Department of African American Studies and Sociology, University of Illinois, Chicago. Policymakers often are at odds over what strategies will be most effective at reducing the incidence of violent behavior in high-risk populations. Beginning with the position that social theory and public policy are inextricably linked, the author examines the policy implications of the long-standing debate in the social sciences over the relative contributions of socioeconomic inequality versus cultural differences as causes of violence. While the weight of the scholarly evidence favors neither of these explanations, existing and proposed policies often reflect a preference for the importance of culture. This paper discusses the limitations of that choice and advocates alternative policies that consider the importance of both sets of etiological factors. Publication Types: Review PMID: 8125451 8125451 1993 12 4 80-95 1993 12 4 80-95 5 ] Health Aff (Millwood). 58 Agnotology {{cite journal | url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/118/5/2025 | author=Thakkar RR, Garrison MM, Christakis DA | title = A Systematic Review for the Effects of Television Viewing by Infants and Preschoolers | journal=Pediatrics | volume=118 | page=2025?2031 | date=2006-11-05 | doi=10.1542/10.1542/peds.2006-1307 | doi_brokendate=2010-01-05 | issue=5 }} 1: Pediatrics. 2006 Nov;118(5):2025-31. A systematic review for the effects of television viewing by infants and preschoolers. Thakkar RR, Garrison MM, Christakis DA. Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this work was to conduct a systematic review of experimental trials for the effects of television viewing by infants and preschoolers. METHODS: Searches were conducted as of January 2005 on several online bibliographic databases for the disciplines of medicine, psychology, education, and communications. Relevant bibliographies were also reviewed. The article contents were critically evaluated to determine whether they met inclusion criteria. Data were extracted from each included article regarding study methods and results. RESULTS: Twelve controlled trials met all of the criteria for inclusion in this review. All of the studies focused on the effect of television content rather than viewing time. The findings suggest that educational television programs are successful in broadening young children's knowledge, affecting their racial attitudes, and increasing their imaginativeness. There is insufficient experimental evidence for effects of viewing these programs on either children's prosocial behavior or their aggressive behavior. Finally, there is some evidence that viewing cartoons has a negative effect on children's attentional abilities. CONCLUSIONS: A number of gaps remain in the literature. Although the amount of time children spend viewing television raises concern, the studies presented here focus only on content. Despite the fact that infants are the fastest growing television market segment, the controlled trials only include children aged > or = 3 years. Finally, the clinical utility of the findings are questionable given that most studies included small group sizes, all took place in nonnaturalistic settings, and all but 1 study only evaluated short-term effects of television viewing. Publicatio 17079575 2006 118 5 2025-2031 2006 118 5 2025-31 5 Pediatrics Pediatrics. 59 Adolescent sexuality in the United States {{cite journal | title=Sexuality, Contraception, and the Media| journal=Pediatrics| month=January | year=2001| volume=107| issue=1| url=http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;107/1/191| pages=191?1994 | doi=10.1542/peds.107.1.191}} 1: Pediatrics. 2010 Sep;126(3):576-82. Epub 2010 Aug 30. American Academy of Pediatrics. Policy statement--sexuality, contraception, and the media. Council on Communications and Media. From a health viewpoint, early sexual activity among US adolescents is a potential problem because of the risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. New evidence points to the media adolescents use frequently (television, music, movies, magazines, and the Internet) as important factors in the initiation of sexual intercourse. There is a major disconnect between what mainstream media portray-casual sex and sexuality with no consequences-and what children and teenagers need-straightforward information about human sexuality and the need for contraception when having sex. Television, film, music, and the Internet are all becoming increasingly sexually explicit, yet information on abstinence, sexual responsibility, and birth control remains rare. It is unwise to promote "abstinence-only" sex education when it has been shown to be ineffective and when the media have become such an important source of information about "nonabstinence." Recommendations are presented to help pediatricians address this important issue. Publication Types: Practice Guideline PMID: 20805150 20805150 2001 107 1 191-1994 2010 126 3 576-82 0 Pediatrics Pediatrics. 60 Adolph Strecker {{cite journal | author = Sephton, Mark A. | title = Organic Compounds in Carbonaceous Meteorites | journal = Natural Product Reports | year = 2002 | volume = 19 | pages = 292 – 311 |url = http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/NP/article.asp?doi=b103775g | doi = 10.1039/b103775g}} 1: Nat Prod Rep. 2002 Jun;19(3):292-311. Organic compounds in carbonaceous meteorites. Sephton MA. M.A.Sephton 12137279 2002 19 292-311 2002 19 3 292-311 5 Natural Product Reports Nat Prod Rep. 61 Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder {{Cite journal | last = Swensonl| first = Andrine| last2 = Birnbaum| first2 = Howard G. | last3 = Hamadi| first3 = Rym Ben | last4 = Greenberg| first4 = Paul | last5 = Cremieux| first5 = Pierre-Yves | last6 = Secnik| first6 = Kristina |title = Incidence and costs of accidents among attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder patients| journal = Journal of Adolescent Health| volume = 35| issue = 4| pages = 346.e1?346.e9 |date = October 2004| url = http://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(04)00055-2/abstract}} 1: J Adolesc Health. 2004 Oct;35(4):346.e1-9. Incidence and costs of accidents among attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder patients. Swensen A, Birnbaum HG, Ben Hamadi R, Greenberg P, Cremieux PY, Secnik K. Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. PURPOSE: The purpose is to analyze the incidence and costs of accidents among Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) patients. METHODS: The analysis relied on administrative medical, pharmaceutical, and disability claims for a national manufacturer's employees, spouses, dependents, and retirees (n > 100,000). Accidental injuries were identified using ICD-9 codes for injuries or poisoning treatment. ADHD sample consists of individuals with at least one claim for ADHD during 1996-98 (NADHD = 1308), which was compared with a matched control sample. In addition to descriptive statistics, multivariate analysis involving logistic regression was used to model the probability of having an accident claim in 1998. This probability was estimated for the whole population, for adults alone, for children (under age 12 years), and for adolescents (age 12-18 years). We also estimated a generalized estimation equation (GEE) model to account for the possibility of multiple accident claims for a single patient. RESULTS: ADHD patients had a greater probability of having at least one accident claim than their controls for children (28% vs. 18%), adolescents (32% vs. 23%), and adults (38% vs. 18%). Although ADHD patients' costs were greater than their controls for adults ($483 vs. $146), there was no difference for children or adolescents. However, among patients with accident claims, the average number of accident claims was similar for both groups (3.6 vs. 3.5) and costs were not statistically different. The multivariate analysis confirms this utilization pattern: the odds of having an accident for ADHD patients were 1.7 times greater than for controls. CONCLUSIONS: ADHD was a significant predictor of having an accide 15830457 2004 35 4 2004 35 4 346 5 Journal of Adolescent Health J Adolesc Health. 62 Aenictogiton {{cite journal|last=Brady|first=Se?n G.|coauthors=Ted R. Schultz, Brian L. Fisher, Philip S. Ward|date=2006-11-01|title=Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|volume=103|issue=48|pages=18172?18177|doi=10.1073/pnas.0605858103}} 1: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 28;103(48):18172-7. Epub 2006 Nov 1. Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Brady SG, Schultz TR, Fisher BL, Ward PS. Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA. Ants are the world's most diverse and ecologically dominant eusocial organisms. Resolving the phylogeny and timescale for major ant lineages is vital to understanding how they achieved this success. Morphological, molecular, and paleontological studies, however, have presented conflicting views on early ant evolution. To address these issues, we generated the largest ant molecular phylogenetic data set published to date, containing approximately 6 kb of DNA sequence from 162 species representing all 20 ant subfamilies and 10 aculeate outgroup families. When these data were analyzed with and without outgroups, which are all distantly related to ants and hence long-branched, we obtained conflicting ingroup topologies for some early ant lineages. This result casts strong doubt on the existence of a poneroid clade as currently defined. We compare alternate attachments of the outgroups to the ingroup tree by using likelihood tests, and find that several alternative rootings cannot be rejected by the data. These alternatives imply fundamentally different scenarios for the early evolution of ant morphology and behavior. Our data strongly support several notable relationships within the more derived formicoid ants, including placement of the enigmatic subfamily Aenictogitoninae as sister to Dorylus army ants. We use the molecular data to estimate divergence times, employing a strategy distinct from previous work by incorporating the extensive fossil record of other aculeate Hymenoptera as well as that of ants. Our age estimates for the most recent common ancestor of extant ants range from approximately 115 to 135 million years ago, indicating that a Jurassic ori 17079492 2006 103 48 2006 103 48 18172-7 5 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 63 Acupuncture {{cite journal | url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673605671590/fulltext | title = Critics slam draft WHO report on homoeopathy | journal = ] | year = 2005 | volume = 366 | last = McCarthy | first = M | pages = 705?6 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67159-0 | issue = 9487 }} 1: Lancet. 2005 Aug 27-Sep 2;366(9487):705-6. Critics slam draft WHO report on homoeopathy. McCarthy M. Publication Types: News PMID: 16130229 16130229 2005 366 9487 705-6 5 ] Lancet. 64 Acutissimin A {{cite journal |doi=10.1002/ange.200352089 |quote=While it would be quite inappropriate to infer from the presence of acutissimin A in red wine that this beverage possesses antitumor properties, our work shows for the first time that wine contains polyphenolic molecules displaying both ellagitannin and flavanoid structural features. |title=DNA Topoisomerase Inhibitor Acutissimin A and Other Flavano-Ellagitannins in Red Wine |year=2003 |last1=Quideau |first1=St?Phane |last2=Jourdes |first2=Michael |last3=Saucier |first3=C?dric |last4=Glories |first4=Yves |last5=Pardon |first5=Patrick |last6=Baudry |first6=Christian |journal=Angewandte Chemie |volume=115 |pages=6194?6}} 1: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2003 Dec 15;42(48):6012-4. DNA topoisomerase inhibitor acutissimin a and other flavano-ellagitannins in red wine. Quideau S, Jourdes M, Saucier C, Glories Y, Pardon P, Baudry C. Institut Europeen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France. s.quideau 14679557 2003 115 6194-6 2003 42 48 6012-4 0 Angewandte Chemie Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 65 Acyl-phosphate-hexose phosphotransferase {{cite journal | author = Anderson RL and Kamel MY | date = 1966 | title = Acyl phosphate:hexose phosphotransferase (hexose phosphate:hexose phosphotransferase) | journal = Methods Enzymol. | volume = 9 | pages = 392–396 | doi = 10.1016/0076-6879(66)09080-3 }} 1: Arch Biochem Biophys. 1967 May;120(2):322-31. Acyl phosphate: hexose phosphotransferase. Purification and properties of the enzyme from Aerobacter aerogenes and evidence for its common identity with hexose phosphate: hexose phosphotransferase. Kamel MY, Anderson RL. PMID: 6033450 6033450 1966 9 392-396 1967 120 2 322-31 0 Methods Enzymol. Arch Biochem Biophys. 66 Acylagmatine amidase {{cite journal | author = Takita T | date = 1974 | title = Preparation of bleomycinic acid. Hydrolysis of bleomycin B2 by a Fusarium acylagmatine amidohydrolase | journal = J. Antibiot. | volume = 26 | pages = 117–119 }} 1: J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1973 Feb;26(2):117-9. Letter: Preparation of bleomycinic acid: hydrolysis of bleomycin B2 by a Fusarium acylagmatine amidohydrolase. Umezawa H, Takahashi Y, Fujii A, Saino T, Shirai T. PMID: 4131159 4131159 1974 26 117-119 1973 26 2 117-9 5 J. Antibiot. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 67 Acylglycerol kinase {{cite journal | author = Pieringer RA and Kunnes RS | date = 1965 | title = The biosynthesis of phosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidic acid by glyceride phosphokinase pathways in Escherichia coli | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 240 | pages = 2833–2838 }} 1: J Biol Chem. 1965 Jul;240:2833-8. THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHATIDIC ACID AND LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID BY GLYCERIDE PHOSPHOKINASE PATHWAYS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI. PIERINGER RA, KUNNES RS. PMID: 14342303 14342303 1965 240 2833-2838 1965 240 2833-8 5 J. Biol. Chem. J Biol Chem. 68 Adair Crawford {{cite journal | author = Blaxter, K. L. | title = Adair Crawford and Calorimetry | journal = Proceedings of the Nutrition Society | year = 1978 | volume = 37 | pages = 1 – 3 | doi = 10.1079/PNS19780002 }} 1: Proc Nutr Soc. 1978 May;37(1):1-3. Adair Crawford and calorimetry. Blaxter KL. Publication Types: Historical Article PMID: 662837 662837 1978 37 1-3 1978 37 1 1-3 5 Proceedings of the Nutrition Society Proc Nutr Soc. 69 Adamantane {{Cite journal |title= Direct synthesis of fluoro-bicyclic compounds with fluorine |author=Rozen, Shlomo. |journal = Journal of Organic Chemistry |volume = 53 |issue = 12 |year = 1988 |pages = 2803?2807 |doi=10.1021/jo00247a026 |last2= Gal |first2= Chava}} 1: Bioorg Med Chem. 2009 Nov 15;17(22):7630-4. Epub 2009 Oct 4. Efficient microwave-assisted direct radiosynthesis of PR04.MZ and LBT999: selective dopamine transporter ligands for quantitative molecular imaging by means of PET. Riss PJ, Roesch F. Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. pr340 19846314 1988 53 12 2803-2807 2009 17 22 7630-4 0 Journal of Organic Chemistry Bioorg Med Chem. 70 Adamkeiwickz reaction {{cite journal|doi=10.3171/FOC.2009.26.1.E2|last=Manjila|first=Sunil|coauthors=et al.|date=January 2009|title=Albert Wojciech Adamkiewicz (1850?1921): unsung hero behind the eponymic artery|pages=E2|journal=Neurosurg Focus|volume=26|issue=1|url=http://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/FOC.2009.26.1.E2|accessdate=25 November 2009}} 1: Neurosurg Focus. 2009 Jan;26(1):E2. Albert Wojciech Adamkiewicz (1850-1921): unsung hero behind the eponymic artery. Manjila S, Haroon N, Parker B, Xavier AR, Guthikonda M, Rengachary SS. Department of Neurosurgery and Division of Endovascular Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA. The artery of Adamkiewicz is an important radiculomedullary artery supplying the spinal cord, especially the lumbar enlargement. Anatomical knowledge of this artery is important for avoiding serious neurological complications during surgery performed in this region--for neurosurgeons and interventional radiologists treating intramedullary tumors and spinal arteriovenous malformations, traumatologists performing spinal fusions, thoracic surgeons treating aortic aneurysms, and urologists and pediatric surgeons conducting retroperitoneal dissections. However, the biography of the talented Polish pathologist Albert Adamkiewicz, after whom the landmark artery is named, has not been described adequately in the existing neurosurgical literature. The authors bring to light the historical perspective of the eponymic artery and provide a recapitulation of other significant contributions made by Adamkiewicz, mostly involving the nervous system. His research papers on the histology of neuronal tissues and neurodegenerative diseases had high scientific merit, but the discovery of the anticancer antitoxin "cancroin" and his postulation of a cancer-causing parasite he named "Coccidium sarcolytus" met with harsh criticism and eventually led to his ill fame. The biography is supplemented with a brief overview of the important surgical implications of the artery of Adamkiewicz. Publication Types: Biography Historical Article Personal Name as Subject: Adamkiewicz AW PMID: 19119888 19119888 2009 26 1 2009 26 1 E2 5 Neurosurg Focus Neurosurg Focus. 71 Adaptive management {{cite journal | author = Rout, T.M., Hauser, C.E., Possingham, H.P. | year = 2009 | title = Optimal adaptive management for the translocation of a threatened species | journal = Ecological Applications | volume = 19(2) | pages = 515?516}} 1: Ecol Appl. 2009 Mar;19(2):515-26. Optimal adaptive management for the translocation of a threatened species. Rout TM, Hauser CE, Possingham HP. Commonwealth Environment Research Facility (Applied Environmental Decision Analysis), School of Integrative Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. t.rout 19323207 2009 515-516 2009 19 2 515-26 5 Ecological Applications Ecol Appl. 72 Adaptive management {{cite journal | author = Rout, T.M.,Hauser, C.E., Possingham, H.P. | title = Optimal adaptive management for the translocation of threatened species | journal = Ecological Applications | volume = 19(2) | pages = 515?526}} 1: Ecol Appl. 2009 Mar;19(2):515-26. Optimal adaptive management for the translocation of a threatened species. Rout TM, Hauser CE, Possingham HP. Commonwealth Environment Research Facility (Applied Environmental Decision Analysis), School of Integrative Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. t.rout 19323207 19 515-526 2009 19 2 515-26 5 Ecological Applications Ecol Appl. 73 Adenine deaminase {{cite journal | author = Heppel LA, Hurwitz J and Horecker BL | date = 1957 | title = Adenine deaminase of Azotobacter vinelandii | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 79 | pages = 630–633 | doi = 10.1021/ja01560a033 }} 1: J Biol Chem. 1975 Mar 10;250(5):1801-8. The pathway of adenylate catabolism in Azotobacter vinelandii. Evidence for adenosine monophosphate nucleosidase as the regulatory enzyme. Schramm VL, Lazorik FC. Cell-free, dialyzed extracts from Azotobacter vinelandii rapidly dephosphorylate ATP to labeled ADP and AMP, which is then degraded to hypoxanthine, the end product of AMP catabolism under the experimental conditions which were used. The intermediates of the pathway from ATP to hypoxanthine have been identified by thin layer chromatography and quantitated by the 14-C content. The concentrations of intermediates present during the production of hypoxanthine are consistent with AMP nucleosidase being responsible for AMP degradation in these extracts. This result was confirmed in experiments which utilized rabbit antibody prepared against purified AMP nucleosidase. The antibody inhibited AMP nucleosidase activity in cell-free extracts but did not inhibit adenine demanase or adenosine deaminase from the same extracts. In the presence of antibody prepared against purified AMP nucleosidase, the dialyzed extracts showed a marked reduction in the production of hypoxanthine from ATP. Other enzymes which could be responsible theoretically for the conversion of AMP to hypoxanthine were not detected by standard assay procedures. These results are consistent with AMP degradation proceeding by way of AMP nucleosidase to yield adenine and ribose 5-phosphate. The adenine is then converted to hypoxanthine by adenine deaminase. Both of these enzymes were present in sufficient quantities to account for the observed rates of hypoxanthine formation. The rate of hypoxanthine formation decreases during the time course of the ATP degradation experiments, even though the concentration of AMP remains high. This decrease in the rate of hypoxanthine formation as a function of time is attributed to the decreasing ATP and increasing P0-4 concentrations, since ATP is an activator 1167548 1957 79 630-633 1975 250 5 1801-8 0 J. Am. Chem. Soc. J Biol Chem. 74 Adenosine kinase {{cite journal | author = Kornberg A and Pricer WE | date = 1951 | title = Enzymatic phosphorylation of adenosine and 2,6-diaminopurine riboside | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 193 | pages = 481–495 }} 1: J Biol Chem. 1951 Dec;193(2):481-95. Enzymatic phosphorylation of adenosine and 2,6-diaminopurine riboside. KORNBERG A, PRICER WE Jr. PMID: 14907737 14907737 1951 193 481-495 1951 193 2 481-95 5 J. Biol. Chem. J Biol Chem. 75 Adenosylmethionine cyclotransferase {{cite journal | author = Mudd SH | date = 1959 | title = Enzymatic cleavage of S-adenosylmethionine | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 234 | pages = 87–92 }} 1: J Biol Chem. 1959 Jan;234(1):87-92. Enzymatic cleavage of S-adenosylmethionine. MUDD SH. PMID: 13610898 13610898 1959 234 87-92 1959 234 1 87-92 5 J. Biol. Chem. J Biol Chem. 76 Adenosylmethionine cyclotransferase {{cite journal | author = Mudd SH | date = 1959 | title = The mechanism of the enzymatic cleavage of S-adenosylmethionine to alpha-amino-gamma-butyrolactone | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 234 | pages = 1784–1786 }} 1: J Biol Chem. 1959 Jul;234(7):1784-6. The mechanism of the enzymatic cleavage of S-adenosylmethionine to alpha-amino-gamma-butyrolactone. MUDD SH. PMID: 13672964 13672964 1959 234 1784-1786 1959 234 7 1784-6 5 J. Biol. Chem. J Biol Chem. 77 Admittance and conductance in cardiac performance {{Cite journal|title=Conductance, admittance, and hypertonic saline: should we take ventricular volume measurements with a grain of salt? |author=Krenz M |url=http://www.scisense.com/downloads/AJP%20Editorial.pdf |doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.01089.2009 |journal=Journal of Applied Physiology|volume=107|pages=1683 |year=2009 }} 1: J Appl Physiol. 2009 Dec;107(6):1683-4. Epub 2009 Oct 1. Conductance, admittance, and hypertonic saline: should we take ventricular volume measurements with a grain of salt? Krenz M. Publication Types: Editorial PMID: 19797683 19797683 2009 107 1683 2009 107 6 1683-4 5 Journal of Applied Physiology J Appl Physiol. 78 Adolescent psychology {{cite journal|author=Mayer A, Freeman N, Rosenblatt J|title=Ontogeny of Maternal Behavior in the Laboratory Rat: Factors Underlying Changes in Responsiveness from 30 to 90 Days|publisher=Developmental Psychobiology|volume=12|pages=425?39|year=1979}} 1: Dev Psychobiol. 1979 Sep;12(5):425-39. Ontogeny of maternal behavior in the laboratory rat: factors underlying changes in responsiveness from 30 to 90 days. Mayer AD, Freeman NC, Rosenblatt JS. Male and female rats that were nonhandled or that were handled from weaning, and that had intact or impaired olfaction (intranasal zinc sulfate), were sensitized through continuous pup exposure commencing at 30, 45, 60, or 90 days of age. Nonhandled males and females were alike in latencies to become maternal at Day 30 but thereafter latencies of females became shorter and latencies of males lengthened; by 90 days males had markedly longer latencies than females and only 1/3 became maternal. Handling facilitated sensitization at 30 days among males and females but only among males at 45 and 60 days. Intranasal zinc sulfate reduced latencies of both males and females at all ages tested, but appeared most effective after 45 days of age. Gender differences in latencies persisted in adult animals even after combined treatments. Results indicate that both timidity and olfaction inhibit the onset of maternal responses to pups in virgin males and females, but they differ in relative importance by age and gender. Publication Types: Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. PMID: 488528 488528 1979 12 425-39 1979 12 5 425-39 5 Dev Psychobiol. 79 Adolescent sexuality {{cite journal | author=John R. Chapman| title=Adolescent sex and mass media: a developmental approach.| journal=Adolescence| year=2000| volume=Winter| pages=799?811}} 1: Adolescence. 2000 Winter;35(140):799-811. Adolescent sex and mass media: a developmental approach. Chapin JR. Communications, Penn State University, Monaca, Pennsylvania 15061, USA. jrc11 11214217 2000 799-811 2000 35 140 799-811 5 Adolescence Adolescence. 80 Academic authorship {{Cite journal | author = ], Hr?bjartsson, A., Johansen, H.K., Haahr, M.T., Altman, D.G., Chan, A.-W. | year = 2007 | title = Ghost authorship in industry-initiated randomised trials | journal = ] | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 47?52}} 1: PLoS Med. 2007 Jan;4(1):e19. Ghost authorship in industry-initiated randomised trials. Gotzsche PC, Hrobjartsson A, Johansen HK, Haahr MT, Altman DG, Chan AW. Nordic Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark. pcg 17227134 2007 4 1 47-52 2007 4 1 e19 5 ] PLoS Med. 81 Acanthosis nigricans {{cite journal | author = Rigel DS, Jacobs MI | title = Malignant acanthosis nigricans:a review | journal = J Dermatol Surg Oncol | year = 1980 | volume = 6 | page = 923}} 1: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1980 Nov;6(11):923-7. Malignant acanthosis nigricans: a review. Rigel DS, Jacobs MI. Malignant acanthosis nigricans is a dermatosis that appears grossly as a hyperpigmented, velvety, or verrucous hyperplasia of the epidermis, most marked in flexural areas. It is always associated with a malignancy. In 277 cases reviewed, the condition was associated with gastric carcinomas in 55.5%, with other intra-abdominal carcinomas in 17.7%, and with malignancies in other sites in 26.8%. Current theories for the association and pathogenesis of the cutaneous process are discussed. PMID: 6257767 6257767 1980 6 923 1980 6 11 923-7 5 J Dermatol Surg Oncol J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 82 Accelerator mass spectrometry {{cite journal | author = R. d. L. John | title = Mass spectrometry and geochronology | year = 1998 | journal = ] | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 97?125 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2787(1998)17:2<97::AID-MAS2>3.0.CO;2-J}} 1: J Environ Radioact. 2003;69(1-2):3-19. Accelerator mass spectrometry at Arizona: geochronology of the climate record and connections with the ocean. Jull AJ, Burr GS, Beck JW, Donahue DJ, Biddulph D, Hatheway AL, Lange TE, McHargue LR. NSF Arizona AMS Laboratory, University of Arizona, 1118 East Fourth St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. jull 12860086 1998 17 2 97-125 2003 69 1-2 3-19 0 ] J Environ Radioact. 83 Accessory breast {{cite journal | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Supernumerary Breast Tissue | journal = Southern Medical Journal | volume = | issue = | pages = | publisher = | location = | date = | url = http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/410464_3 | doi = | id = | accessdate = Dec. 30, 2008}} 1: Breast. 2006 Feb;15(1):135-6. Epub 2005 Jun 28. Large mammary hamartoma of axillary supernumerary breast tissue. da Silva BB, Rodrigues JS, Borges US, Pires CG, Pereira da Silva RF. Department of Gynecology, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Piaui, Brazil. beneditoborges 15990308 2006 15 1 135-6 0 Southern Medical Journal Breast. 84 Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase {{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03867.x |author=Crabb D, Xiao Q.|title=Studies on the Enzymology of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-2 in Genetically Modified HeLa Cells|journal=Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=780?781 |year=2006 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119117143/abstract}} 1: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998 Jun;22(4):780-1. Studies on the enzymology of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 in genetically modified HeLa cells. Crabb D, Xiao Q. Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202-5124, USA. The Asian flush reaction is known to result from a lysine for glutamine substitution in the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) gene. This mutation was studied in HeLa cells transduced with retroviruses carrying the ALDH2E (wild-type) and ALDH2K (variant) cDNAs. The cells expressed high levels of the enzyme protein that had the same pI and enzymatic characteristics as the corresponding liver enzyme. When cells expressing ALDH2E were transduced with ALDH2K expressing retrovirus, the ALDH2 activity was reduced roughly in proportion to the amount of ALDH2K mRNA expressed, indicating a dominant suppression of activity. The half-life of the wild-type enzyme was 22 hr, while that of variant enzyme was 14 hr. The half-life of the enzyme in cells expressing both cDNAs was 13 hr, indicating that the shorter half-life of the variant was also dominant These data are consistent with a model in which the wild-type homodimers have normal activity and turnover, while the heterodimers have reduced to virtually no activity and increased turnover. The model predicts residual ALDH2 activity in heterozygotes of about 13% of that in individuals homozygous for ALDH2*1, in good agreement with experimentally determined values. PMID: 9660300 9660300 2006 22 4 780-781 1998 22 4 780-1 5 Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 85 Acetoacetyl-CoA reductase {{cite journal | author = Wakil SJ and Bressler R | date = 1962 | title = Studies on the mechanism of fatty acid synthesis. X. Reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide-acetoacetyl coenzyme A reductase | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 237 | pages = 687–693 }} 1: J Biol Chem. 1962 Mar;237:687-93. Studies on the mechanism of fatty acid synthesis. X. Reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide-acetoacetyl coenzyme A reductase. WAKIL S, BRESSLER R. PMID: 14004466 14004466 1962 237 687-693 1962 237 687-93 5 J. Biol. Chem. J Biol Chem. 86 Acetoin racemase {{cite journal | author = Taylor MB and Juni E | date = 1960 | title = Stereoisomeric specificities of 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase | journal = Biochim. Biophys. Acta | volume = 39 | pages = 448–457 | doi = 10.1016/0006-3002(60)90197-9 }} 1: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1960 Apr 22;39:448-57. Stereoisomeric specificities of 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenases. TAYLOR MB, JUNI E. PMID: 13837186 13837186 1960 39 448-457 1960 39 448-57 5 Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biochim Biophys Acta. 87 Acetone peroxide {{cite journal | title = Trace Analysis of Peroxide-Based Explosives | author = Schulte-Ladbeck, R.; Kolla, P.; Karst, U. | journal = ] | year = 2003 | volume = 75 | issue =4 | pages = 731?735 | doi = 10.1021/ac020392n}} 1: Anal Chem. 2003 Feb 15;75(4):731-5. Trace analysis of peroxide-based explosives. Schulte-Ladbeck R, Kolla P, Karst U. Department of Chemical Analysis and MESA+ Research Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands. The first method for quantitative trace analysis of peroxide-based explosives is described. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method with post-column UV irradiation and fluorescence detection for the analysis of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) has been developed. After separation, the analytes are degraded photochemically to hydrogen peroxide, which is subsequently determined on the basis of the peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid to the fluorescent dimer. This two-step reaction scheme in combination with the respective blanks (photochemical reactor switched off) provides for high selectivity. The limits of detection were 2 x 10(-6) mol/L for both TATP and HMTD, respectively. The method has been applied to the analysis of real samples. PMID: 12622359 12622359 2003 75 4 731-735 2003 75 4 731-5 5 [[Analytical Chemistry (journal) Anal Chem. 88 Alanine dehydrogenase {{cite journal | author = Yoshida A and Freese E | date = 1965 | title = Enzymic properties of alanine dehydrogenase of Bacillus subtilis | journal = Biochim. Biophys. Acta | volume = 96 | pages = 248–262 }} 1: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1965 Feb 22;96:248-62. ENZYMATIC PROPERTIES OF ALANINE DEHYDROGENASE OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS. YOSHIDA A, FREESE E. PMID: 14298830 14298830 1965 96 248-262 1965 96 248-62 5 Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biochim Biophys Acta. 89 Alanine racemase {{cite journal | author = Wood WA | year = 1955 | title = Amino acid racemases | journal = Methods Enzymol. | volume = 2 | pages = 212–217 | doi = 10.1016/S0076-6879(55)02189-7 }} 1: Biochemistry. 1995 Apr 11;34(14):4633-42. Gramicidin S synthetase 1 (phenylalanine racemase), a prototype of amino acid racemases containing the cofactor 4'-phosphopantetheine. Stein T, Kluge B, Vater J, Franke P, Otto A, Wittmann-Liebold B. Institut fur Biochemie und Molekulare Biologie, Technische Universitat Berlin, Charlottenburg, Germany. The biosynthesis of the decapeptide antibiotic gramicidin S in Bacillus brevis ATCC 9999 is catalyzed by a multienzyme system consisting of two multifunctional proteins, gramicidin S synthetase 1 and 2, encoded by the grsA and grsB genes, respectively. Gramicidin S synthetase 1 (phenylalanine racemase, EC 5.1.1.11, GS1) racemizes phenylalanine in the thioester-bound stage. The amount of 4'-phosphopantetheine liberated from highly purified GS1 was determined microbiologically using Lacto-bacillus plantarum as the test organism. It matches exactly with the amount of L-phenylalanine covalently incorporated by GS1 as thioester. The reaction center of GS1 for L-phenylalanine thiolation and racemization was labeled with iodoacetic acid. After tryptic fragmentation of the 3H-carboxymethylated enzyme, the active site peptide for thioester binding and racemization of phenylalanine was isolated in pure form by multistep methodology and investigated by sequence, amino acid, and mass spectrometric analysis. A 4'-phosphopantetheine carrier was found to be attached to the active site serine of the consensus motif LGGDSI forming the thiolation site of phenylalanine. These specific properties establish GS1 as a prototype of amino acid racemases using 4'-phosphopantetheine as a cofactor and yield further evidence that multiple Pan carriers are involved in gramicidin S formation. Our results are strong evidence for the "multiple carrier model" as a new concept of nonribosomal peptide biosynthesis at protein templates as recently proposed . Publication Types: Research Support, 7718566 1955 2 212-217 1995 34 14 4633-42 0 Methods Enzymol. Biochemistry. 90 Alanine-oxo-acid transaminase {{cite journal | author = Rowsell EV | date = 1956 | title = Transaminations with pyruvate and other alpha-keto acids | journal = Biochem. J. | volume = 64 | pages = 246–252 }} 1: Biochem J. 1956 Oct;64(2):246-52. Transaminations with pyruvate and other alpha-keto acids. ROWSELL EV. PMID: 13363834 13363834 1956 64 246-252 1956 64 2 246-52 5 Biochem. J. Biochem J. 91 Alanine-oxomalonate transaminase {{cite journal | author = Nagayama H, Muramatsu M and Shimura K | date = 1958 | title = Enzymatic formation of aminomalonic acid from ketomalonic acid | journal = Nature | volume = 181 | pages = 417–418 | doi = 10.1038/181417a0 }} 1: Nature. 1958 Feb 8;181(4606):417-8. Enzymatic formation of aminomalonic acid from ketomalonic acid. NAGAYAMA H, MURAMATSU M, SHIMURA K. PMID: 13504217 13504217 1958 181 417-418 1958 181 4606 417-8 5 Nature Nature. 92 Alanine-tRNA ligase {{cite journal | author = Webster GC | date = 1961 | title = Isolation of an alanine-activating enzyme from pig liver | journal = Biochim. Biophys. Acta | volume = 49 | pages = 141–152 | doi = 10.1016/0006-3002(61)90877-0 }} 1: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1961 Apr 29;49:141-52. Isolation of an alanine-activating enzyme from pig liver. WEBSTER GC. PMID: 13783653 13783653 1961 49 141-152 1961 49 141-52 5 Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biochim Biophys Acta. 93 Albert Mehrabian {{cite journal|doi=10.1037/h0024532|last=Mehrabian|first=Albert|coauthors=Wiener, Morton|year=1967|title=Decoding of Inconsistent Communications|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=6|issue=1|pages=109–114}} 1: J Pers Soc Psychol. 1967 May;6(1):109-14. Decoding of inconsistent communications. Mehrabian A, Wiener M. PMID: 6032751 6032751 1967 6 1 109-114 1967 6 1 109-14 5 Journal of Personality and Social Psychology J Pers Soc Psychol. 94 Alburnia {{cite journal |title=Model-based multi-locus estimation of decapod phylogeny and divergence times |author=Megan L. Porter, Marcos P?rez-Losada & Keith A. Crandall |journal=] |volume=37 |issue=2 |DUPLICATE DATA: issue=2005 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.06.021 |year=2005 |pages=355?369 |url=http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/10268/10268.pdf}} 1: Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2005 Nov;37(2):355-69. Epub 2005 Aug 19. Model-based multi-locus estimation of decapod phylogeny and divergence times. Porter ML, Perez-Losada M, Crandall KA. Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA. Mlp65 16112880 2005 37 2 355-369 2005 37 2 355-69 5 ] Mol Phylogenet Evol. 95 Alcohol and breast cancer {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17870-2 |title=Alcohol and public health |year=2005 |author=Room, R |journal=The Lancet |volume=365 |pages=519 |last2=Babor |first2=T |last3=Rehm |first3=J}} 1: Lancet. 2005 Feb 5-11;365(9458):519-30. Alcohol and public health. Room R, Babor T, Rehm J. Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. Robin.Room 15705462 2005 365 519 2005 365 9458 519-30 5 The Lancet Lancet. 96 Alcohol and cancer {{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17870-2 |title=Alcohol and public health |year=2005 |author=Room, R |journal=The Lancet |volume=365 |pages=519 |last2=Babor |first2=T |last3=Rehm |first3=J}} 1: Lancet. 2005 Feb 5-11;365(9458):519-30. Alcohol and public health. Room R, Babor T, Rehm J. Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. Robin.Room 15705462 2005 365 519 2005 365 9458 519-30 5 The Lancet Lancet. 97 Alcohol and cardiovascular disease {{cite journal |author=Cabot, R.C. |title=The relation of alcohol to arterioscleroisis |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |year=1904 |volume=43 |pages=774?775}} 1: Stroke. 1998 May;29(5):900-7. Alcohol consumption and atherosclerosis: what is the relation? Prospective results from the Bruneck Study. Kiechl S, Willeit J, Rungger G, Egger G, Oberhollenzer F, Bonora E. Department of Neurology, Innsbruck University Clinic, Austria. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Potential effects of regular alcohol consumption on atherogenesis are still controversial mainly due to the lack of prospective population-based studies. METHODS: The Bruneck Study is a prospective population-based survey of atherosclerosis and its risk factors. The study population comprises a sex- and age-stratified random sample of men and women aged 40 to 79 years. Participation and follow-up were more than 90% complete. Changes in carotid atherosclerosis between the 1990 baseline and the first follow-up in 1995 were monitored by high-resolution duplex ultrasonography. Alcohol intake was quantified with a standardized questionnaire and prospective diet records. RESULTS: Alcohol consumption less than once a week (occasional drinking) had no effect on atherogenesis. The association between regular alcohol intake and incident carotid atherosclerosis (early atherogenesis) was J-shaped, with light drinkers facing a lower risk than either heavy drinkers or abstainers. Protection offered by alcohol consumption of <50 g/d appeared to act through inhibition of the injurious action of high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Excess risk of incident atherosclerosis observed among heavy alcohol consumers (> or =100 g/d) clearly surpassed the risk burden afforded by heavy smoking. The association between regular alcohol intake and incident carotid stenosis (advanced atherogenesis) was U-shaped. Odds ratios were generally shifted toward protection and did not rely on LDL cholesterol levels. We failed to find any differential effects of alcohol from various sources. All associations remained independently significant when we adjusted for lifestyle, coincidental smo 9596232 1904 43 774-775 1998 29 5 900-7 0 Journal of the American Medical Association Stroke. 98 Aldol reaction {{cite journal | title = Asymmetric synthesis of bicyclic intermediates of natural product chemistry | first = Zoltan G. | last = Hajos | coauthor = Parrish, David R. | journal = ] | year =1974 | volume =39 | issue = 12 | pages =1615?1621 | doi = 10.1021/jo00925a003 }} 1: Molecules. 2006 Sep 18;11(9):707-13. Asymmetric synthesis of (7aS)-7a-methyl-4,5,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-indene-2,6-dione and useful derivatives thereof. Demin S, Van Haver D, De Clercq PJ. Ghent University, Department of Organic Chemistry, Laboratory for Organic Synthesis, Krijgslaan 281 (S4), B-9000 Gent, Belgium. The enantioselective synthesis of the title compound, using Meyers' bicyclic lactam methodology, is described. This compound and a few of its derivatives are useful intermediates in natural product synthesis. Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't PMID: 17971745 17971745 1974 39 12 1615-1621 2006 11 9 707-13 0 ] Molecules. 99 Aldol reaction {{cite journal | title = The First Direct and Enantioselective Cross-Aldol Reaction of Aldehydes | first = Alan B. | last = Northrup | coauthor = MacMillan David W. C. | journal = ] | year =2002 | volume = 124 | issue = 24 | pages =6798?6799 | doi = 10.1021/ja0262378 }} 1: J Am Chem Soc. 2002 Jun 19;124(24):6798-9. The first direct and enantioselective cross-aldol reaction of aldehydes. Northrup AB, MacMillan DW. Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. The first enantioselective catalytic direct cross-aldol reaction that employs nonequivalent aldehydes has been accomplished using proline as the reaction catalyst. Structural variation in both the aldol donor (R1 = Me, n-Bu, Bn, 91 to >99%) and aldol acceptor (R2 = I-Pr, I-Bu, c-C6H11, Et, Ph, 97-99% ee) are possible while maintaining high reaction efficiency (75-88% yield). Significantly, this new aldol variant allows facile enantioselective access to a broad range of beta-hydroxy aldehydes which are valuable intermediates in polyketide syntheses. PMID: 12059180 12059180 2002 124 24 6798-6799 2002 124 24 6798-9 5 ] J Am Chem Soc. 100 Aldol reaction {{cite journal |title = Highly Stereoselective Kinetic Enolate Formation: Steric vs Electronic Effects | author = Xie L., Isenberger K. M., Held G., Dahl, L. M. | doi = 10.1021/jo971260a | journal =] | year = 1997 | volume =62 | pages = 7516?7519}} 1: J Org Chem. 1997 Oct 17;62(21):7516-7519. Highly Stereoselective Kinetic Enolate Formation: Steric vs Electronic Effects. Xie L, Isenberger KM, Held G, Dahl LM. Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901. PMID: 11671880 11671880 1997 62 7516-7519 1997 62 21 7516-7519 5 ] J Org Chem. 101 Aldose 1-epimerase {{cite journal | author = Bentley R and Bhate DS | date = 1960 | title = Mutarotase from Penicillium notatum. I. Purification, assay, and general properties of the enzyme | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 235 | pages = 1219–1224 }} 1: J Biol Chem. 1960 May;235:1219-24. Mutarotase from Penicillium notatum. I. Purification, assay, and general properties of the enzyme. BENTLEY R, BHATE DS. PMID: 13799037 13799037 1960 235 1219-1224 1960 235 1219-24 5 J. Biol. Chem. J Biol Chem. 102 Aldose 1-epimerase {{cite journal | author = Bentley R and Bhate DS | date = 1960 | title = Mutarotase from Penicillium notatum. II. The mechanism of the mutarotation reaction | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 235 | pages = 1225–1233 }} 1: J Biol Chem. 1960 May;235:1225-33. Mutarotase from Penicillium notatum. II. The mechanism of the mutarotation reaction. BENTLEY R, BHATE DS. PMID: 13799038 13799038 1960 235 1225-1233 1960 235 1225-33 5 J. Biol. Chem. J Biol Chem. 103 Aldose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase {{cite journal | author = Passeron S, Recondo E and Dankert M | date = 1964 | title = Biosynthesis of adenosine diphosphate D-hexoses | journal = Biochim. Biophys. Acta | volume = 89 | pages = 372–374 }} 1: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1964 Aug 26;89:372-4. BIOSYNTHESIS OF ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE D-HEXOSES. PASSERON S, RECONDO E, DANKERT M. PMID: 14205499 14205499 1964 89 372-374 1964 89 372-4 5 Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biochim Biophys Acta. 104 Alec Coppen {{cite journal | first = Alec | last = Coppen | title = The Biochemistry of Affective Disorders | journal = The ] | date = 1967 | volume = 113 | pages = 1237–64 | publisher = Royal College of Psychiatrists | doi = 10.1192/bjp.113.504.1237}} 1: Br J Psychiatry. 1967 Nov;113(504):1237-64. The biochemistry of affective disorders. Coppen A. Publication Types: Review PMID: 4169954 4169954 1967 113 1237-64 1967 113 504 1237-64 5 The ] Br J Psychiatry. 105 Alec Coppen {{cite journal | first = EH. | last = Reynolds | coauthors = et al. | title = Folate deficiency in depressive illness | journal = The ] | date = 1970 | volume = 117 | pages = 287–92}} 1: Br J Psychiatry. 1970 Sep;117(538):287-92. Folate deficiency in depressive illness. Reynolds EH, Preece JM, Bailey J, Coppen A. PMID: 5480687 5480687 1970 117 287-92 1970 117 538 287-92 5 The ] Br J Psychiatry. 106 Alexander technique {{cite journal | last = Dennis | first = J | last2 = Cates | first2 = Christopher J | last3 = Dennis | first3 = Jane A | title = Alexander technique for chronic asthma | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 2| year = 2000 | url=http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab000995.html | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000995}} 1: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000995. Alexander technique for chronic asthma. Dennis J. Cochrane Airways Group, Dept of Public Health Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK, SW17 ORE. j.dennis 10796574 2000 2 2000 2 5 Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 107 Allicin {{cite journal|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0385-114|author=Eric Block|title= The chemistry of garlic and onions|journal=Scientific American|volume=252|issue=March|year=1985|pages=114?9}} 1: Sci Am. 1985 Mar;252(3):114-9. The chemistry of garlic and onions. Block E. PMID: 3975593 3975593 1985 252 114-9 1985 252 3 114-9 5 Scientific American Sci Am. 108 Allosaurus {{cite journal |last=Rogers |first=Scott W. |year=1999 |title=''Allosaurus'', crocodiles, and birds: Evolutionary clues from spiral computed tomography of an endocast |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=257 |issue=5 |pages=163?173 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/68500945/PDFSTART |format=pdf |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(19991015)257:5<162::AID-AR5>3.0.CO;2-W}} 1: Anat Rec. 1999 Oct 15;257(5):162-73. Allosaurus, crocodiles, and birds: evolutionary clues from spiral computed tomography of an endocast. Rogers SW. Salt Lake City VA Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, USA. Scott.Rogers 10597341 1999 257 5 163-173 1999 257 5 162-73 5 The Anatomical Record Anat Rec. 109 Allotropes of boron {{cite journal| title=Superhard Semiconducting Optically Transparent High Pressure Phase of Boron| author= E. Yu. Zarechnaya| journal= Phys. Rev. Lett.| volume=102 |page =185501 |year =2009| doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.185501| last2=Dubrovinsky| first2=L.| last3=Dubrovinskaia| first3=N.| last4=Filinchuk| first4=Y.| last5=Chernyshov| first5=D.| last6=Dmitriev| first6=V.| last7=Miyajima| first7=N.| last8=El Goresy| first8=A.| last9=Braun| first9=H.}} 1: Phys Rev Lett. 2009 May 8;102(18):185501. Epub 2009 May 7. Superhard semiconducting optically transparent high pressure phase of boron. Zarechnaya EY, Dubrovinsky L, Dubrovinskaia N, Filinchuk Y, Chernyshov D, Dmitriev V, Miyajima N, El Goresy A, Braun HF, Van Smaalen S, Kantor I, Kantor A, Prakapenka V, Hanfland M, Mikhaylushkin AS, Abrikosov IA, Simak SI. Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universitat Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany. An orthorhombic (space group Pnnm) boron phase was synthesized at pressures above 9 GPa and high temperature, and it was demonstrated to be stable at least up to 30 GPa. The structure, determined by single-crystal x-ray diffraction, consists of B12 icosahedra and B2 dumbbells. The charge density distribution obtained from experimental data and ab initio calculations suggests covalent chemical bonding in this phase. Strong covalent interatomic interactions explain the low compressibility value (bulk modulus is K300=227 GPa) and high hardness of high-pressure boron (Vickers hardness HV=58 GPa), after diamond the second hardest elemental material. PMID: 19518885 19518885 2009 102 185501 2009 102 18 185501 5 Phys. Rev. Lett. Phys Rev Lett. 110 Allylic strain {{cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.3945819 | title = Theory and Modeling of Stereoselective Organic Reactions | journal = ] | year = 1986 | volume = 231 | pages = 1108 | author1 = Houk K. N. et al.}} 1: Science. 1986 Mar 7;231(4742):1108-17. Theory and modeling of stereoselective organic reactions. Houk KN, Paddon-Row MN, Rondan NG, Wu YD, Brown FK, Spellmeyer DC, Metz JT, Li Y, Loncharich RJ. Theoretical investigations of the transition structures of additions and cycloadditions reveal details about the geometries of bond-forming processes that are not directly accessible by experiment. The conformational analysis of transition states has been developed from theoretical generalizations about the preferred angle of attack by reagents on multiple bonds and predictions of conformations with respect to partially formed bonds. Qualitative rules for the prediction of the stereochemistries of organic reactions have been devised, and semi-empirical computational models have also been developed to predict the stereoselectivities of reactions of large organic molecules, such as nucleophilic additions to carbonyls, electrophilic hydroborations and cycloadditions, and intramolecular radical additions and cycloadditions. Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. PMID: 3945819 3945819 1986 231 1108 1986 231 4742 1108-17 5 [[Science (journal) Science. 111 Alpha effect {{cite journal |doi=10.1021/ja00860a005 |title=The Factors Determining Nucleophilic Reactivities |year=1962 |author=John O. Edwards; Ralph G. Pearson |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=84 |pages=16}} 1: J Org Chem. 2010 May 7;75(9):2971-80. Rate-determining factors in nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Fernandez I, Frenking G, Uggerud E. Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad Complutense, 28040-Madrid, Spain. Quantum chemical calculations (OPBE/6-311++G(d,p)) have been performed to uncover the electronic factors that govern reactivity in the prototypical S(N)Ar reaction. It was found that intrinsic nucleophilicity--expressed as the critical energy (the energy required for forming the Meisenheimer structure Ph(X)(2)(-)) in the identity substitution reaction X(-) + PhX --> X(-) + PhX (Ph = phenyl)--shows the following approximate trend: NH(2)(-) approximately OH(-) approximately F(-) >> PH(2)(-) approximately SH(-) approximately Cl(-) > AsH(2)(-) approximately SeH(-) approximately Br(-). The periodic trends are discussed in terms of molecular properties (proton affinity of X(-) expressing Lewis basicity of the nucleophile and C(1s) orbital energy expressing Lewis acidity of the substrate) based on a dative bonding model. Furthermore, the stepwise progress of the reactions and the critical structures are analyzed applying energy decomposition analysis. Increased stability, and thereby increased intrinsic nucleophilicity, correlates with decreasing aromatic character of the Meisenheimer structure. This apparent contradiction is explained in consistency with the other observations using the same model. Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't PMID: 20353177 20353177 1962 84 16 2010 75 9 2971-80 0 Journal of the American Chemical Society J Org Chem. 112 Amyl nitrite {{cite journal| title = The Effects of Nitroglycerin and Amyl Nitrite on Arteriolar and Venous Tone in the Human Forearm| author = Cheng, L.; Goodwin, C. A.; Schully, M. F.; Kakkar, V. V.; Claeson, G.| journal = ]| year = 1965| volume = 3| issue = 2| pages = 755}} 1: Circulation. 1965 Nov;32(5):755-66. The effects of nitroglycerin and amyl nitrite on arteriolar and venous tone in the human forearm. Mason DT, Braunwald E. PMID: 4954412 4954412 1965 3 2 755 1965 32 5 755-66 5 [[Circulation (journal) Circulation. 113 Alice Stewart {{cite journal|last=Mancuso|first=Thomas|coauthors=Stewart, Alice; Kneale, George|month=November | year=1977|title=Radiation exposures of Hanford workers dying from cancer and other causes|journal=Health Physics|publisher=Health Physics Society|location=MacLean VA|volume=33|pages=pp 369?385|issn=1538-5159|accessdate=3 October 2008}} 1: Health Phys. 1977 Nov;33:369-85. Radiation exposures of Hanford workers dying from cancer and other causes. Mancuso TF, Stewart A, Kneale G. Publication Types: Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. PMID: 591314 591314 1977 33 1977 33 369-85 5 Health Physics Health Phys. 114 Alkali metal {{Cite journal | author=Erermis, Serpil, Muge Tamar, Hatice Karasoy, Tezan Bildik, Eyup S. Ercan, and Ahmet Gockay | year=1997 | title=Double-Blind Randomised Trial of Modest Salt Restriction in Older People | journal=] | volume=350 | pages= 850?854 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(97)02264-2 }} 1: Lancet. 1997 Sep 20;350(9081):850-4. Double-blind randomised trial of modest salt restriction in older people. Cappuccio FP, Markandu ND, Carney C, Sagnella GA, MacGregor GA. Department of Medicine, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK. BACKGROUND: Stroke is directly related to blood pressure and treatment trials in older hypertensive individuals show a reduction in strokes. However, the majority of strokes occur in normotensive individuals in whom no attempt is made to lower blood pressure. We compared the effects of modest salt restriction on blood pressure in older hypertensive and normotensive people. METHODS: 47 untreated elderly people (24 men, age range 60-78 years; blood-pressure range 123-205 mm Hg systolic and 64-112 mm Hg diastolic) completed a 2-month double-blind randomised placebo-controlled crossover study of modest salt restriction with slow sodium and placebo to give a salt intake of either 10 g (equivalent to the normal amount for the UK population) or 5 g. FINDINGS: On the normal salt intake for the UK population, supine blood pressure was 163/90 (SD 21/10) mm Hg with urinary sodium excretion of 177 (49) mmol/day. With modest sodium restriction, blood pressure fell to 156/87 (22/9) mm Hg (p < 0.001/0.004) with a urinary sodium excretion of 94 (50) mmol/day. A reduction in sodium intake of 83 mmol/day was associated with a reduction of 7.2/3.2 mm Hg. There was no significant difference in the blood-pressure fall between 18 normotensive and 29 hypertensive participants (8.2/3.9 vs 6.6/2.7 mm Hg). INTERPRETATION: A modest reduction in salt intake leads to a fall in blood pressure in both normotensive and hypertensive older people similar to that in outcome trials of thiazide-based treatment. Since the majority of strokes in older people occur below the current definition of hypertension, our results have important implications for the prevention of stroke. Publication Types: Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support 9310603 1997 350 850-854 1997 350 9081 850-4 5 [[The Lancet Lancet. 115 Alkenylglycerophosphocholine hydrolase {{cite journal | author = Warner HR and Lands WEM | date = 1961 | title = The metabolism of plasmalogen: enzymatic hydrolysis of the vinyl ether | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 236 | pages = 2404–2409 }} 1: J Biol Chem. 1961 Sep;236:2404-9. The metabolism of plasmalogen: enzymatic hydrolysis of the vinyl ether. WARNER HR, LANDS WE. PMID: 13783189 13783189 1961 236 2404-2409 1961 236 2404-9 5 J. Biol. Chem. J Biol Chem. 116 Alkylating antineoplastic agent {{cite journal|title=Nitrogen mustard therapy.|author=Goodman LS, Wintrobe MM, Dameshek W, Goodman MJ, Gilman AZ, McLennan MT|journal=JAMA|volume=132|pages=126?132|year=1946}} 1: JAMA. 1984 May 4;251(17):2255-61. Landmark article Sept. 21, 1946: Nitrogen mustard therapy. Use of methyl-bis(beta-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride and tris(beta-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride for Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma, leukemia and certain allied and miscellaneous disorders. By Louis S. Goodman, Maxwell M. Wintrobe, William Dameshek, Morton J. Goodman, Alfred Gilman and Margaret T. McLennan. Goodman LS, Wintrobe MM, Dameshek W, Goodman MJ, Gilman A, McLennan MT. Publication Types: Biography Historical Article Personal Name as Subject: Goodman LS Wintrobe MM Dameshek W Goodman MJ PMID: 6368885 6368885 1946 132 126-132 1984 251 17 2255-61 0 JAMA JAMA. 117 Alkylhalidase {{cite journal | author = Heppel LA and Porterfield VT | date = 1948 | title = Enzymatic dehalogenation of certain brominated and chlorinated compounds | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 176 | pages = 763–769 }} 1: J Biol Chem. 1948 Nov;176(2):763-9. Enzymatic dehalogenation of certain brominated and chlorinated compounds. HEPPEL LA, PORTERFIELD VT. PMID: 18889931 18889931 1948 176 763-769 1948 176 2 763-9 5 J. Biol. Chem. J Biol Chem. 118 Allan Hills 84001 {{cite journal |last=Borg |first=Lars |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=1999 |month= |title=The Age of the Carbonates in Martian Meteorite ALH84001 |journal=] |volume=286 |issue=5437 |pages=90?94 |doi=10.1126/science.286.5437.90 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }} 1: Science. 1999 Oct 1;286(5437):90-4. The age of the carbonates in martian meteorite ALH84001. Borg LE, Connelly JN, Nyquist LE, Shih CY, Wiesmann H, Reese Y. SN2/NASA Johnson Space Center Houston, TX 77058, USA. lborg 10506566 1999 286 5437 90-94 1999 286 5437 90-4 5 [[Science (magazine) Science. 119 Allan Hills 84001 {{cite journal |last=Lapen |first=T. J. |coauthors=et al. |year=2010 |title=A Younger Age for ALH84001 and Its Geochemical Link to Shergottite Sources in Mars |journal=] |volume=328 |issue=5976 |pages=347?351 |doi=10.1126/science.1185395 }} 1: Science. 2010 Apr 16;328(5976):347-51. A younger age for ALH84001 and its geochemical link to shergottite sources in Mars. Lapen TJ, Righter M, Brandon AD, Debaille V, Beard BL, Shafer JT, Peslier AH. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA. tjlapen 20395507 2010 328 5976 347-351 2010 328 5976 347-51 5 [[Science (magazine) Science. 120 Allantoicase {{cite journal | author = s'Gravenmade EJ, van der Drift C and Vogels GD | date = 1971 | title = Hydrolysis, racemization and absolute configuration of ureidoglycolate, a substrate of allantoicase | journal = Biochim. Biophys. Acta | volume = 198 | pages = 569–582 }} 1: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1970 Mar 18;198(3):569-82. Hydrolysis, racemization and absolute configuration of ureidoglycolate, a substrate of allantoicase. Gravenmade EJ, Vogels GD, Van der Drift C. PMID: 4314237 4314237 1971 198 569-582 1970 198 3 569-82 5 Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biochim Biophys Acta. 121 Allicin {{cite journal |last= Vaidya|first= Vipraja|coauthors= Keith U. Ingold, Derek A. Pratt|year= 2009|title= Garlic: Source of the Ultimate Antioxidants - Sulfenic Acids|journal= Angewandte Chemie|volume= 121|issue= 1|pages= 163?6|doi=10.1002/ange.200804560}} 1: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2009;48(1):157-60. Garlic: source of the ultimate antioxidants--sulfenic acids. Vaidya V, Ingold KU, Pratt DA. Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada. Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't PMID: 19040240 19040240 2009 121 1 163-6 2009 48 1 157-60 5 Angewandte Chemie Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 122 Alcohol dehydrogenase (acceptor) {{cite journal | author = Ameyama M and Adachi O | date = 1982 | title = Alcohol dehydrogenase from acetic acid bacteria, membrane-bound | journal = Methods Enzymol. | volume = 89 | pages = 450–457 | doi = 10.1016/S0076-6879(82)89078-2 }} 1: Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2001 Jan;65(1):115-25. Membrane-bound sugar alcohol dehydrogenase in acetic acid bacteria catalyzes L-ribulose formation and NAD-dependent ribitol dehydrogenase is independent of the oxidative fermentation. Adachi O, Fujii Y, Ano Y, Moonmangmee D, Toyama H, Shinagawa E, Theeragool G, Lotong N, Matsushita K. Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Japan. osao 11272814 1982 89 450-457 2001 65 1 115-25 0 Methods Enzymol. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 123 Alcohol withdrawal syndrome {{cite journal |author=Peppers MP |journal=Pharmacotherapy |title=Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal in the elderly and in patients with liver disease |year=1996 |month=January-February |pages=49?57}} 1: Pharmacotherapy. 1996 Jan-Feb;16(1):49-57. Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal in the elderly and in patients with liver disease. Peppers MP. Department of Pharmacy, Mineral Area Regional Medical Center, Farmington, MO 63640, USA. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) may result in nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, sweating, tremors, tachycardia, hypertension, agitation, delirium, hallucinations, seizures, and death beginning 6 hours after alcohol cessation in alcoholics. Benzodiazepines are cross-tolerant with ethanol and are considered first-line therapy for treating AWS. Chlordiazepoxide and diazepam are first metabolized by hepatic oxidation, then glucuronidation. Lorazepam and oxazepam undergo only hepatic glucuronidation. Benzodiazepine oxidation is decreased in persons with liver disease and the elderly. Accumulation with resultant excessive sedation and respiratory depression may be significant when administering chlordiazepoxide or diazepam to patients with impaired oxidative metabolism. Lorazepam and oxazepam metabolism is minimally affected by age and liver disease. Chlordiazepoxide and diazepam are erratically absorbed by the intramuscular route. Lorazepam is predictably absorbed by the intramuscular route. Oxazepam is not available in parenteral form. Lorazepam appears to be the safest empiric choice among the various benzodiazepines for treating AWS in the elderly and in patients with liver disease, or those who require therapy by the intramuscular route. Publication Types: Review PMID: 8700792 8700792 1996 49-57 1996 16 1 49-57 5 Pharmacotherapy Pharmacotherapy. 124 Alcoholics Anonymous {{cite journal |last=Cain |first=Arthur H. |url=http://www.legacyaa.com/articles/cult_or-cure.htm |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20030901062932/http://www.legacyaa.com/articles/cult_or-cure.htm |archivedate=2003-09-01 |title=Alcoholics Anonymous: Cult or Cure? |publisher=Harper's Magazine |month=February |year=1963 |issn=0017-789X}} 1: Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;39(6):431-6. Alcoholics Anonymous: cult or cure? Vaillant GE. Harvard Medical School and Division of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 1249 Boylston Street 3rd Floor, Boston, MA 02215, USA. gvaillant 15943643 1963 2005 39 6 431-6 0 Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 125 Alcoholics Anonymous {{cite journal |title=Can encouraging substance abuse patients to participate in self-help groups reduce the demand for continuing outpatient care? A quasiexperimental study |doi=10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02271.x |year=2001 |last1=Humphreys |first1=Keith |last2=Moos |first2=Rudolf |journal=Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research |volume=25 |page=711}} 1: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001 May;25(5):711-6. Can encouraging substance abuse patients to participate in self-help groups reduce demand for health care? A quasi-experimental study. Humphreys K, Moos R. Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94025, USA. knh 11371720 2001 25 711 2001 25 5 711-6 5 Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 126 Alcoholism in family systems {{cite journal | first =Robert A. |last =Zucker |coauthors= Kincaid, Stephen B.; Fitzgerald, Hiram E.; Bingham, Raymond | month = August | year = 1995 |title=Alcohol Schema Acquisition in Preschoolers: Differences Between Children of Alcoholics and Children of Nonalcoholics | journal = Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=1011?1017 | doi=10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb00982.x |issn=1530-0277}} 1: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1995 Aug;19(4):1011-7. Alcohol schema acquisition in preschoolers: differences between children of alcoholics and children of nonalcoholics. Zucker RA, Kincaid SB, Fitzgerald HE, Bingham CR. Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. Cognitive schemas provide the structure within which children organize their knowledge and beliefs about the use of alcohol. The development of schemas about alcohol should be affected both by age and parental patterns of alcohol use. We examined differences in alcohol schema development among 139 male children of alcoholics (COAs) and 82 controls utilizing the Appropriate Beverage Task as an indicator of these processes. Overall, the vast majority of the sample identified at least one alcoholic beverage from photographs, even at age 3. COAs were more likely to identify at least one alcoholic beverage. With age controlled, COAs were better able to identify specific alcoholic beverages and correctly identified a larger number of alcoholic beverages. There was a trend for these children of alcoholic men to attribute more alcoholic beverage use to male adults than NCOAs. Moreover, differences in these children's attributions of alcoholic consummatory behavior were predicted by their parents' current consumption levels. Results provide evidence that alcohol schemas are detectable in early childhood and are more common in children from alcoholic homes. Discussion focuses on the potential relevance of these risk attributes to the development of more fully formed alcohol expectancies and to the later emergence of alcohol-related difficulty. Publication Types: Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. PMID: 7485810 7485810 1995 19 4 1011-1017 1995 19 4 1011-7 5 Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 127 Alcoholism in family systems {{cite journal | last = Moos | first = R.H. | coauthors = Billinop, A.B. | title = Children of alcoholics during the recovery process: Alcoholic and matched control families | journal = Addictive Behaviors | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 115?164 | year=1982 |url=http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?collection=ENV&recid=611776&q=&uid=790919025 | doi = 10.1016/0306-4603(82)90040-5}} 1: Addict Behav. 1982;7(2):155-63. Children of alcoholics during the recovery process: alcoholic and matched control families. Moos RH, Billings AG. Children of relapsed and recovered alcoholic patients were compared with children from sociodemographically matched control families on a set of indices of emotional and physical status. The children of relapsed alcoholics evidenced more symptoms of emotional disturbance than did the control children. In contrast, the children of recovered alcoholics were functioning as well as the control children. Additional analyses showed that the emotional status of children was related to the emotional, physical, and occupational functioning shown by their alcoholic and their nonalcoholic parent, as well as to family life stressors. Publication Types: Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. PMID: 7102446 7102446 1982 7 2 115-164 1982 7 2 155-63 5 Addictive Behaviors Addict Behav. 128 Alcoholism in family systems {{cite journal |last=Drejer |first=Kirsten |coauthors=Theikjaard, Alice; Teasedale, Thomas W.; Schulsinger, Fini; Goodwin, Donald W. |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=498?502 |month=November |year=1985 |title=A Prospective Study of Young Men at High Risk for Alcoholism: Neuropsychological Assessment |journal=Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research |doi=10.1111/j.1530-0277.1985.tb05590.x | issn=1530-0277}} 1: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1985 Dec;9(6):498-502. A prospective study of young men at high risk for alcoholism: neuropsychological assessment. Drejer K, Theilgaard A, Teasdale TW, Schulsinger F, Goodwin DW. As part of the first phase of a prospective longitudinal study on alcoholism, a battery of neuropsychological tests covering general intelligence, memory, attention, field-dependence, categorizing ability, and organizing and planning, was administered to 204 18-19-year-old males. Of these, 134 subjects are the sons of alcoholic fathers and are thereby themselves at high risk for becoming alcoholic. The remaining 70 subjects comprise a control group matched for several social and familial variables. The high risk group was found to have a relatively poorer vocabulary and to perform worse on tests of categorizing ability and organization and planning. All of these findings concur with other results from this study. The anticipated future alcoholics from among the high risk subjects may prove to be those who differed most on these tests. Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. PMID: 3911808 3911808 1985 9 6 498-502 1985 9 6 498-502 5 Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 129 Aldabra banded snail {{cite journal|last=Gerlach|first=J.|year=2007|title=Short-term climate change and the extinction of the snail ''Rhachistia aldabrae'' (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)|journal=]|volume=3|pages=581?584|url=http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/3/5/581.full.pdf|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2007.0316}} 1: Biol Lett. 2007 Oct 22;3(5):581-4. Short-term climate change and the extinction of the snail Rhachistia aldabrae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Gerlach J. Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles, 133 Cherry Hinton Road, Cambridge CB1 7BX, UK. jstgerlach 17666376 2007 3 581-584 2007 3 5 581-4 5 ] Biol Lett. 130 Aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) {{cite journal | author = Tanenbaum SW | date = 1956 | title = The metabolism of Acetobacter peroxidans. I. Oxidative enzymes | journal = Biochim. Biophys. Acta | volume = 21 | pages = 335–342 | doi = 10.1016/0006-3002(56)90017-8 }} 1: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1956 Aug;21(2):335-42. The metabolism of Acetobacter peroxidans. I. Oxidative enzymes. TANENBAUM SW. PMID: 13363916 13363916 1956 21 335-342 1956 21 2 335-42 5 Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biochim Biophys Acta. 131 Aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) {{cite journal | author = Racker E | date = 1949 | title = Aldehyde dehydrogenase, a diphosphopyridine nucleotide-linked enzyme | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 177 | pages = 883–892 }} 1: J Biol Chem. 1949 Feb;177(2):883-92. Aldehyde dehydrogenase, a diphosphopyridine nucleotide-linked enzyme. RACKER E. PMID: 18110463 18110463 1949 177 883-892 1949 177 2 883-92 5 J. Biol. Chem. J Biol Chem. 132 Aldol reaction {{cite journal | last = Evans | first = D. A. | coauthor = Tedrow, J. S.; Shaw, J. T.; Downey, C. W. | title = Diastereoselective Magnesium Halide-Catalyzed anti-Aldol Reactions of Chiral N-Acyloxazolidinones | journal = ] | volume = 124 | issue = 3 | pages = 392?393 | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1021/ja0119548}} 1: J Am Chem Soc. 2002 Jan 23;124(3):392-3. Diastereoselective magnesium halide-catalyzed anti-aldol reactions of chiral N-acyloxazolidinones. Evans DA, Tedrow JS, Shaw JT, Downey CW. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. A chiral auxilliary-based direct aldol reaction is reported. The reactions are catalytic in magnesium salts and are facilitated by silylation with chlorotrimethylsilane. The adducts isolated are in high diastereoselectivity (up to 32:1 dr) and favor the anti-aldol diastereomer B. Reactions are operationally simple and can be run under ambient atmosphere without rigorous exclusion of water. Many of the adducts are highly crystalline and a single diastereomer can be isolated without chromatography. Publication Types: Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. PMID: 11792206 11792206 2002 124 3 392-393 2002 124 3 392-3 5 ] J Am Chem Soc. 133 Aldol reaction {{cite journal | last = Evans | first = David A. | coauthor = Downey, C. Wade; Shaw, Jared T.; Tedrow, Jason S. | title = Magnesium Halide-Catalyzed Anti-Aldol Reactions of Chiral N-Acylthiazolidinethiones | journal = ] | volume = 4 | issue = 7 | pages = 1127?1130 | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1021/ol025553o}} 1: Org Lett. 2002 Apr 4;4(7):1127-30. Magnesium halide-catalyzed anti-aldol reactions of chiral N-acylthiazolidinethiones. Evans DA, Downey CW, Shaw JT, Tedrow JS. Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. evans 11922799 2002 4 7 1127-1130 2002 4 7 1127-30 5 ] Org Lett. 134 Agrammatism {{cite journal | doi=10.1016/0093-934X(91)90152-Q | last=Tzeng | first=Ovid J.L. | last2=Chen | first2=Sylvia | last3=Hung | first3=Daisy L. | year=1991 | journal=Brain and Language | volume=41 | title=The classifier problem in Chinese aphasia | pages=184–202}} 1: Brain Lang. 1991 Aug;41(2):184-202. The classifier problem in Chinese aphasia. Tzeng OJ, Chen S, Hung DL. Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside 92521. In recent years, research on the relationship between brain organization and language processing has benefited tremendously from cross-linguistic comparisons of language disorders among different types of aphasic patients. Results from these cross-linguistic studies have shown that the same aphasic syndromes often look very different from one language to another, suggesting that language-specific knowledge is largely preserved in Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics. In this paper, Chinese aphasic patients were examined with respect to their (in)ability to use classifiers in a noun phrase. The Chinese language, in addition to its lack of verb conjugation and an absence of noun declension, is exceptional in yet another respect: articles, numerals, and other such modifiers cannot directly precede their associated nouns, there has to be an intervening morpheme called a classifier. The appropriate usage of nominal classifiers is considered to be one of the most difficult aspects of Chinese grammar. Our examination of Chinese aphasic patients revealed two essential points. First, Chinese aphasic patients experience difficulty in the production of nominal classifiers, committing a significant number of errors of omission and/or substitution. Second, two different kinds of substitution errors are observed in Broca's and Wernicke's patients, and the detailed analysis of the difference demands a rethinking of the distinction between agrammatism and paragrammatism. The result adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting that grammar is impaired in fluent as well as nonfluent aphasia. Publication Types: Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. PMID: 1933258 1933258 1991 41 184-202 1991 41 2 184-202 5 Brain and Language Brain Lang. 135 Agriotherium {{Cite journal | last = Krause | first = J. | authorlink = | coauthors = Unger, T.; No?on, A.; Malaspinas, A.; Kolokotronis, S.; Stiller, M.; Soibelzon, L.; Spriggs, H.; Dear, P. H.; Briggs, A. W.; Bray, S. C. E.; O'Brien, S. J.; Rabeder, G.; Matheus, P.; Cooper, A.; Slatkin, M.; P??bo, S.; Hofreiter, M. | title = Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 8 | issue = 220 | pages = 220 | publisher = | date = 2008-07-28 | issn = | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-8-220 | id = }} 1: BMC Evol Biol. 2008 Jul 28;8:220. Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary. Krause J, Unger T, Nocon A, Malaspinas AS, Kolokotronis SO, Stiller M, Soibelzon L, Spriggs H, Dear PH, Briggs AW, Bray SC, O'Brien SJ, Rabeder G, Matheus P, Cooper A, Slatkin M, Paabo S, Hofreiter M. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. hofreite 18662376 2008 8 220 220 2008 8 220 5 BMC Evolutionary Biology BMC Evol Biol. 136 Aharonov?Bohm effect {{cite journal |author=Chernyak, VY; Sinitsyn, NA |year=2009 |title=Robust quantization of a molecular motor motion in a stochastic environment |journal=] |volume=131 |page=181101 |doi=10.1063/1.3263821 |bibcode=2009JChPh.131r1101C |id={{arxiv|0906.3032}} }} 1: J Chem Phys. 2009 Nov 14;131(18):181101. Robust quantization of a molecular motor motion in a stochastic environment. Chernyak VY, Sinitsyn NA. Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA. We explore quantization of the response of a molecular motor to periodic modulation of control parameters. We formulate the pumping-quantization theorem (PQT) that identifies the conditions for robust integer quantized behavior of a periodically driven molecular machine. Implication of PQT on experiments with catenane molecules are discussed. PMID: 19916586 19916586 2009 131 181101 2009 131 18 181101 5 ] J Chem Phys. 137 Aharonov?Bohm effect {{cite journal |author=Osakabe, N; ''et al''. |year=1986 |title=Experimental confirmation of Aharonov-Bohm effect using a toroidal magnetic field confined by a superconductor |journal=] |volume=34 |issue= |pages=815 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.34.815 }} 1: Phys Rev A. 1986 Aug;34(2):815-822. Experimental confirmation of Aharonov-Bohm effect using a toroidal magnetic field confined by a superconductor. Osakabe N, Matsuda T, Kawasaki T, Endo J, Tonomura A, Yano S, Yamada H. PMID: 9897338 9897338 1986 34 815 1986 34 2 815-822 5 ] Phys Rev A. 138 Aharonov?Bohm effect {{cite journal |author=Sj?qvist, E |year=2002 |title=Locality and topology in the molecular Aharonov-Bohm effect |journal=] |volume=89 |issue=21 |pages=210401 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.210401 |id={{arxiv|quant-ph/0112136}} }} 1: Phys Rev Lett. 2002 Nov 18;89(21):210401. Epub 2002 Oct 31. Locality and topology in the molecular Aharonov-Bohm effect. Sjoqvist E. Department of Quantum Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 518, Se-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden. It is shown that the molecular Aharonov-Bohm effect is neither nonlocal nor topological in the sense of the standard magnetic Aharonov-Bohm effect. It is further argued that there is a close relationship between the molecular Aharonov-Bohm effect and the Aharonov-Casher effect for an electrically neutral spin -1 / 2 particle encircling a line of charge. PMID: 12443394 12443394 2002 89 21 210401 2002 89 21 210401 5 ] Phys Rev Lett. 139 Aharonov?Bohm effect {{cite journal |author=Webb, RA; Washburn, S; Umbach, CP; Laibowitz, RB |year=1985 |title=Observation of h/e Aharonov-Bohm Oscillations in Normal-Metal Rings |journal=] |volume=54 |issue= |pages=2696 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.54.2696 }} 1: Phys Rev Lett. 1985 Jun 24;54(25):2696-2699. Observation of h/e Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in normal-metal rings. Webb RA, Washburn S, Umbach CP, Laibowitz RB. PMID: 10031414 10031414 1985 54 2696 1985 54 25 2696-2699 5 ] Phys Rev Lett. 140 Ajoene {{cite journal | author=Eric Block | title= The chemistry of garlic and onions | journal=Scientific American | volume=252 | issue=March | year=1985 | pages=114?119 | doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0385-114}} 1: Sci Am. 1985 Mar;252(3):114-9. The chemistry of garlic and onions. Block E. PMID: 3975593 3975593 1985 252 114-119 1985 252 3 114-9 5 Scientific American Sci Am. 141 Alanine dehydrogenase {{cite journal | author = O'Connor RJ and Halvorson H | date = 1961 | title = The substrate specificity of L-alanine dehydrogenase | journal = Biochim. Biophys. Acta | volume = 48 | pages = 47–55 | doi = 10.1016/0006-3002(61)90513-3 }} 1: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1961 Mar 18;48:47-55. The substrate specificity of L-alanine dehydrogenase. O'CONNOR RJ, HALVORSON H. PMID: 13730044 13730044 1961 48 47-55 1961 48 47-55 5 Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biochim Biophys Acta. 142 Anaeromyces {{cite journal |author=Breton A, Bernalier A, Dusser M, Fonty G, Gaillard-Martinie B, Guillot J. |year=1990 |title=''Anaeromyces mucronatus'' nov. gen., nov. sp. A new strictly anaerobic rumen fungus with polycentric thallus |journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=177?82 |url= |doi= |pmid= |pmc= }} 1: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1990 Jul;58(2):177-82. Anaeromyces mucronatus nov. gen., nov. sp. A new strictly anaerobic rumen fungus with polycentric thallus. Breton A, Bernalier A, Dusser M, Fonty G, Gaillard-Martinie B, Guillot J. Groupe de Microbiologie, Universite Blaise-Pascal, Aubiere, France. A new species of strictly anaerobic fungus was isolated from the cow rumen. It is characterized by a polycentric thallus, a polynuclear rhizomycelium, mucronate zoosporangia and uniflagellated zoospores. It is also singular in that the sporocysts do not react to the specific lectins of L-fucose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and diacetyl chitobiose. These characteristics justify the creation of a new genus. PMID: 2227353 2227353 1990 70 2 177-82 1990 58 2 177-82 5 FEMS Microbiology Letters FEMS Microbiol Lett. 143 Anal fissure {{cite journal|last=Lund |first=J. N. |coauthors=Scholefield, J.H. |title=A Randomised, Prospective, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Glyceryl Trinitrate Ointment in Treatment of Anal Fissure |journal=]|year=1997|month=4 January|volume=349|issue=9044|pages=11–14|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(96)06090-4}} 1: Lancet. 1997 Jan 4;349(9044):11-4. A randomised, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of glyceryl trinitrate ointment in treatment of anal fissure. Lund JN, Scholefield JH. Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Nottingham, UK. BACKGROUND: Anal fissure is most commonly treated surgically by internal anal sphincterotomy. However, there is some concern over the effects of this procedure on continence. Nitric oxide donors such as glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) have been shown to cause a reversible chemical sphincterotomy capable of healing fissures in a small series of cases. This study reports a prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to test the hypothesis that topical GTN is the best first-line treatment for chronic anal fissure. METHODS: 80 consecutive patients were randomised to receive treatments with topical 0.2% GTN ointment or placebo. Maximum anal resting pressure (MARP) was measured with a constantly perfused side-hole catheter before and after the first application of trial ointment. Anodermal blood flow was measured during manometry by laser Doppler flowmetry. After initial treatments, patients were given a supply of ointment (either GTN or placebo) to be applied to the lower anal canal twice daily. Patients were reviewed 2-weekly. At the initial and follow up visits patients were asked to record pain experienced on defaecation on a linear analogue pain score. Endpoints were healing of the fissure or condition after 8 weeks of treatment. FINDINGS: After 8 weeks, healing was observed in 26/38 (68%) patients treated with GTN and in 3/39 (8%) patients treated with placebo (p < 0.0001, chi 2 test). Linear analogue pain score fell significantly in both groups after 2 weeks of treatment. This fall was maintained in those treated with GTN but pain scores returned to pre-treatment values by 4 weeks on treatment with placebo. MARP fell significantly from a mean of 115.9 (SD 31.6) to 75.9 (30.1) cm H2O (p < 0.001, Stud 8988115 1997 349 9044 11-14 1997 349 9044 11-4 5 ] Lancet. 144 Anal fissure {{cite journal|unused_data=18 October|last=Nelson|first=R.|title=Non-surgical Therapy for Anal Fissure|journal=] |year=2006|issue=4|id=CD003431}} 1: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD003431. Non surgical therapy for anal fissure. Nelson R. Northern General Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Herries Road, Sheffield, UK. rick.nelson 17054170 2006 4 5 ] Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 145 Anal sampling mechanism {{cite journal |last=Rao |first=Satish |year=2003 |month=December |title=Pathophysiology of adult fecal incontinence |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=126 |issue=1 |accessdate=2007-03-20 }} 1: Gastroenterology. 2004 Jan;126(1 Suppl 1):S14-22. Pathophysiology of adult fecal incontinence. Rao SS. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver Colege of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA. satish-rao 14978634 2003 126 1 5 Gastroenterology Gastroenterology. 146 Anal sex {{Cite journal|author=Uecker, Jeremy E. et al. |title=Going Most of the Way: "Technical Virginity" among Young Americans |url=http://paa2007.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=70881 |accessdate=April 30, 2007}} 1: Soc Sci Res. 2008 Dec;37(4):1200-15. Going most of the way: "technical virginity" among American adolescents. Uecker JE, Angotti N, Regnerus MD. Department of Sociology and Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1700, Austin, TX 78712-0118, USA. juecker 19227698 2008 37 4 1200-15 5 Soc Sci Res. 147 Anal sex {{Cite journal|last1= Carballo-Di?guez|first1= Alex|last2= Stein|first2= Z.|year= 2000 |title=Frequent use of lubricants for anal sex among men who have sex with men|journal= ]|volume= 90|issue= 7|pages= 1117?1121|url=http://www.ajph.org/cgi/reprint/90/7/1117.pdf |doi=10.2105/AJPH.90.7.1117 |last3= Saez |first3= H. |last4= Dolezal |first4= C. |last5= Nieves-Rosa |first5= L. |last6= Diaz |first6= F. }} 1: Am J Public Health. 2000 Jul;90(7):1117-21. Frequent use of lubricants for anal sex among men who have sex with men: the HIV prevention potential of a microbicidal gel. Carballo-Dieguez A, Stein Z, Saez H, Dolezal C, Nieves-Rosa L, Diaz F. HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY, USA. ac72 10897191 2000 90 7 1117-1121 2000 90 7 1117-21 5 ] Am J Public Health. 148 Anal sex {{Cite journal|url=http://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/Fulltext/2006/02000/High_Prevalence_of_Sexually_Transmitted_Diseases.10.aspx |title=High Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Jiangsu Province, China |date=February 2006|volume=33|issue=2|pages=118?123|work=Jornal of American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association|doi=10.1097/01}} 1: Sex Transm Dis. 2006 Feb;33(2):118-23. High prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among men who have sex with men in Jiangsu Province, China. Jiang J, Cao N, Zhang J, Xia Q, Gong X, Xue H, Yang H, Zhang G, Shao C. Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. drjjiang 16432484 2006 33 2 118-123 2006 33 2 118-23 5 Sex Transm Dis. 149 Anatoly Koryagin {{cite journal |author= |title=Scientific Freedom and Responsibility and Science Journalism Awards |journal=Science, New Series |volume=220 |issue=No. 4601 |pages=1037 |year=1983 |month=June 3 |pmid= |doi= |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1690812}} 1: Science. 1983 Jun 3;220(4601):1037. Scientific freedom and responsibility and science journalism awards. PMID: 17754544 17754544 1983 220 1037 1983 220 4601 1037 5 Science, New Series Science. 150 Anatoly Koryagin {{cite journal |author=Appleby L. |title=Anatoly Koryagin: what next on Soviet psychiatric abuse? |journal=] |volume=295 |issue=6607 |pages=1164 |year=1987 |month=November 7 |pmid= |doi= 10.1136/bmj.295.6607.1164|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1248242/pdf/bmjcred00045-0010.pdf}} 1: Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987 Nov 7;295(6607):1164. Anatoly Koryagin: what next on Soviet psychiatric abuse? Appleby L. Publication Types: Biography Editorial Historical Article Personal Name as Subject: Koryagin A PMID: 3120927 3120927 1987 295 6607 1164 1987 295 6607 1164 5 ] Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 151 Anatoly Koryagin {{cite journal |author=Wynn A. |title=Imprisonment of Dr. Anatoly Koryagin |journal=] |volume=286 |issue=6361 |pages=309 |year=1983 |month=January 22 |pmid= |doi= 10.1136/bmj.286.6361.309-a|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1546518/pdf/bmjcred00537-0065b.pdf}} 1: Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983 Jan 22;286(6361):309. Imprisonment of Dr. Anatoly Koryagin. Wynn A. Publication Types: Letter PMID: 6402080 6402080 1983 286 6361 309 1983 286 6361 309 5 ] Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 152 Anderson localization {{ cite journal | last = St?rzer | first = Martin | authorlink = | coauthors = ''et al.'' | year = 2006 | month = | title = Observation of the critical regime near Anderson localization of light | journal = ] | volume = 96 | issue = | pages = 063904 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.063904 | url = | accessdate = | quote = }} 1: Phys Rev Lett. 2006 Feb 17;96(6):063904. Epub 2006 Feb 15. Observation of the critical regime near Anderson localization of light. Storzer M, Gross P, Aegerter CM, Maret G. Fachbereich Physik, University of Konstanz, Germany. The transition from diffusive transport to localization of waves should occur for any type of classical or quantum wave in any media as long as the wavelength becomes comparable to the transport mean free path l*. The signatures of localization and those of absorption, or bound states, can, however, be similar, such that an unequivocal proof of the existence of wave localization in disordered bulk materials is still lacking. Here we present time resolved measurements of light transport through strongly scattering samples with kl* values as low as 2.5. In transmission, we observe deviations from diffusion which cannot be explained by absorption, sample geometry, or reduction in transport velocity. Furthermore, the deviations from classical diffusion increase strongly with decreasing l* as expected for a phase transition. This constitutes an experimental realization of the critical regime in the approach to Anderson localization. PMID: 16605998 16605998 2006 96 063904 2006 96 6 063904 5 [[Physical Review Letters Phys Rev Lett. 153 Andrea Yates {{Cite journal| last =McLellan | first =Faith | title =Mental health and justice: the case of Andrea Yates | journal =]| volume =368 | issue =9551 | pages =1951?1954 | publisher =]| location =] | date =2 December 2006|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673606697894/fulltext | doi =10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69789-4 | accessdate=2008-04-10}} 1: Lancet. 2006 Dec 2;368(9551):1951-4. Mental health and justice: the case of Andrea Yates. McLellan F. Publication Types: News PMID: 17146865 17146865 2006 368 9551 1951-1954 2006 368 9551 1951-4 5 ] Lancet. 154 Andrew Norman Meldrum {{cite journal | author = McNab, Hamish | title = Meldrum's Acid | journal = Chemical Society Reviews | year = 1978 | volume = 7| pages =345?358 | doi = 10.1039/CS9780700345}} 1: J Am Chem Soc. 2001 May 2;123(17):3974-9. New insight on the origin of the unusual acidity of Meldrum's acid from ab initio and combined QM/MM simulation study. Byun K, Mo Y, Gao J. Department of Chemistry and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. Ab initio molecular orbital and combined QM/MM Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out to investigate the origin of the unusually high acidity of Meldrum's acid. Traditionally, the high acidity of Meldrum's acid relative to that of methyl malonate has been attributed to an additive effect due to the presence of two E esters in the dilactone system. However, the present study reveals that there is significant nonadditive effect that also makes major contributions. This results from preferential stabilization of the enolate anion over that of Meldrum's acid due to anomeric stereoelectronic interactions. To investigate solvent effects on the acidity in aqueous solution, the relative acidities of Z and E conformers of methyl acetate have been determined in combined ab initio QM/MM simulations. There is significant solvent effect on the conformational equilibria for both the neutral ester and its enolate anion in water, leading to stabilization of the E stereoisomer. However, the computed solvent effect of 4.4 kcal/mol in favor of the E isomer of methyl acetate is largely offset by the favorable solvation of 3.4 kcal/mol for the E conformer of the enolate anion. This leads to an enhanced acidity of 3.4 kcal/mol for the (E)-methyl acetate in water over the Z conformer. In Meldrum's acid, it is the preferential stabilization of the enolate anion due to anomeric effects coupled with the intrinsically higher acidity of the E conformation of ester that is responsible for its high acidity. Publication Types: Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. PMID: 11457147 11457147 1978 7 345-358 2001 123 17 3974-9 0 Chemical Society Reviews J Am Chem Soc. 155 Androst-4-ene-3,17-dione monooxygenase {{cite journal | author = Prairie RL and Talalay P | date = 1963 | title = Enzymatic formation of testololactone | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 2 | pages = 203–208 | doi = 10.1021/bi00901a039 }} 1: Biochemistry. 1963 Jan-Feb;2:203-8. Enzymatic formation of testololactone. PRAIRIE RL, TALALAY P. PMID: 13985909 13985909 1963 2 203-208 1963 2 203-8 5 Biochemistry Biochemistry. 156 Alpha-GPC {{cite journal | last =Parnetti | first = Lucilla | coauthors = et al. | year = 2007 | title = Cholinergic precursors in the treatment of cognitive impairment of vascular origin: Ineffective approaches or need for re-evaluation? | journal = Journal of the Neurological Sciences | volume = 257 | pages = 266 }} 1: J Neurol Sci. 2007 Jun 15;257(1-2):264-9. Epub 2007 Feb 28. Cholinergic precursors in the treatment of cognitive impairment of vascular origin: ineffective approaches or need for re-evaluation? Parnetti L, Mignini F, Tomassoni D, Traini E, Amenta F. Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Specialita Medico Chirurgiche e Sanita Pubblica, Universita di Perugia, Perugia, Italy. Inhibition of endogenous acetylcholine degradation through cholinesterase inhibitors represents a milestone in symptomatic treatment of cognitive symptoms in mild to moderate stages of Alzheimer's disease. Cholinesterase inhibitors are also under investigation for treating cognitive dysfunction of cerebrovascular origin, but to date they do not have specific indication for vascular dementia or vascular cognitive impairment. This paper reviews the main clinical studies assessing the activity of cholinergic precursors in the treatment of adult-onset dementia disorders of vascular origin. The first cholinergic precursor used phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) did not show any clear clinical benefit on symptoms of dementia disorders. The same is not true for other phospholipids involved in choline biosynthetic pathways such as cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) and choline alphoscerate for which a modest improvement of cognitive dysfunction in dementia of neurodegenerative and vascular origin is documented. Positive results obtained with selected cholinergic precursors cannot be generalized due to the small numbers of patients studied in appropriate clinical trials. However, they probably would justify reconsideration of the most promising molecules in larger carefully controlled studies. Publication Types: Review PMID: 17331541 17331541 2007 257 266 2007 257 1-2 264-9 5 Journal of the Neurological Sciences J Neurol Sci. 157 Alpha-L-fucosidase {{cite journal | author = Levvy GA and McAllan A | date = 1961 | title = Mammalian fucosidases. 2. alpha-L-Fucosidase | journal = Biochem. J. | volume = 80 | pages = 435–439 }} 1: Biochem J. 1961 Aug;80:435-9. Mammalian fucosidases. 2. alpha-L-Fucosidase. LEVVY GA, MCALLAN A. PMID: 13761578 13761578 1961 80 435-439 1961 80 435-9 5 Biochem. J. Biochem J. 158 Alpheidae {{cite journal |author=A. Anker, S. T. Ahyong, P. Y. Noel, and A. R. Palmer |title=Morphological phylogeny of alpheid shrimps: parallel preadaptation and the origin of a key morphological innovation, the snapping claw |journal=] |volume=60 |issue=12 |year=2006 |pages=2507?2528 |doi=10.1554/05-486.1}} 1: Evolution. 2006 Dec;60(12):2507-28. Morphological phylogeny of alpheid shrimps: parallel preadaptation and the origin of a key morphological innovation, the snapping claw. Anker A, Ahyong ST, Noel PY, Palmer AR. Systematics and Evolution Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada. ankera 17263113 2006 60 12 2507-2528 2006 60 12 2507-28 5 [[Evolution (journal) Evolution. 159 Alpheidae {{cite journal |author=B. G. Ferguson & J. L. Cleary |title=In situ source level and source position estimates of biological transient signals produced by snapping shrimp in an underwater environment |journal=] |volume=109 |pages=3031?3037 |year=2001 |doi=10.1121/1.1339823}} 1: J Acoust Soc Am. 2001 Jun;109(6):3031-7. In situ source level and source position estimates of biological transient signals produced by snapping shrimp in an underwater environment. Ferguson BG, Cleary JL. Maritime Operations Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Pyrmont NSW, Australia. brian.ferguson 11425145 2001 109 3031-3037 2001 109 6 3031-7 5 ] J Acoust Soc Am. 160 Alpine Chough {{cite journal|last= Blanco |first= Guillermo |coauthors= Tella, Jos? Luis |month= August |year= 1997 |title= Protective association and breeding advantages of choughs nesting in lesser kestrel colonies |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume= 54|issue=2 |pages=335–342 | doi=10.1006/anbe.1996.0465}} 1: Anim Behav. 1997 Aug;54(2):335-42. Protective association and breeding advantages of choughs nesting in lesser kestrel colonies Blanco G, Tella JL. Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidad de Alcala de Henares Some bird species may breed close to aggressive predators to reduce predation risk by more dangerous, generalist predators. We tested this protective nesting association hypothesis by studying solitary choughs, Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocoraxbreeding within or outside lesser kestrel, Falco naumannicolonies in northern Spain (1993-1994). We found 27 potential predators of choughs and kestrels and confirmed predation on adults and nests of both species by at least eight common predators. We experimentally assessed the defence investment of choughs and kestrels towards a stuffed eagle owl, Bubo buboin 19 buildings shared by both species. Lesser kestrels were more efficient at detecting the predator, and defended more vigorously than choughs. Choughs clearly selected for breeding buildings where lesser kestrel colonies were installed. Breeding success of these choughs was much higher than that of choughs breeding alone, because of a lower percentage of nest failure. Benefits to choughs probably accrued from both the 'parasitism' of the kestrels' nest defence and the dilution of predation risk in the colonies. Since lesser kestrels do not prey on choughs, this could be a good example of protective nesting association in birds. PMID: 9268465 9268465 1997 54 2 335-342 1997 54 2 335-42 5 Animal Behaviour Anim Behav. 161 Altanserin {{Cite journal | author = D. F. Wong, H. N. Wagner Jr, R. F. Dannals, J. M. Links, J. J. Frost, H. T. Ravert, A. A. Wilson, A. E. Rosenbaum, ], K. H. Douglass, ''et al.'' | title = Effects of age on dopamine and serotonin receptors measured by positron tomography in the living human brain | journal = ] | month = December | year = 1984 | volume = 226 | issue = 4681 | pages = 1393–1396 | doi = 10.1126/science.6334363 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/226/4681/1393 }} 1: Science. 1984 Dec 21;226(4681):1393-6. Effects of age on dopamine and serotonin receptors measured by positron tomography in the living human brain. Wong DF, Wagner HN Jr, Dannals RF, Links JM, Frost JJ, Ravert HT, Wilson AA, Rosenbaum AE, Gjedde A, Douglass KH, et al. D2 dopamine and S2 serotonin receptors were imaged and measured in healthy human subjects by positron emission tomography after intravenous injection of 11C-labeled 3-N-methylspiperone. Levels of receptor in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and frontal cerebral cortex declined over the age span studied (19 to 73 years). The decline in D2 receptor in males was different from that in females. Publication Types: Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. PMID: 6334363 6334363 1984 226 4681 1393-1396 1984 226 4681 1393-6 5 [[Science (journall) Science. 162 Altanserin {{Cite journal | author = Kurt Audenaert, Koen Van Laere, Filip Dumont, Miriam Vervaet, Ingeborg Goethals, Guido Slegers, John Mertens, Cees van Heeringen, Rudi A. Dierckx | title = Decreased 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> Receptor Binding in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa | journal = ] | volume = 44 | pages = 163–169 }} 1: J Nucl Med. 2003 Feb;44(2):163-9. Decreased 5-HT2a receptor binding in patients with anorexia nervosa. Audenaert K, Van Laere K, Dumont F, Vervaet M, Goethals I, Slegers G, Mertens J, van Heeringen C, Dierckx RA. Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium. kurt.audenaert 12571204 44 163-169 2003 44 2 163-9 5 ] J Nucl Med. 163 Altanserin {{Cite journal | author = Masahiro Fujita, Dennis S. Charneya, c and Robert B. Innis | title = Imaging serotonergic neurotransmission in depression: hippocampal pathophysiology may mirror global brain alterations | journal = ] | volume = 48 | issue = 8 | month = October | year = 2000 | pages = 801–812 | doi = 10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00960-4 }} 1: Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Oct 15;48(8):801-12. Imaging serotonergic neurotransmission in depression: hippocampal pathophysiology may mirror global brain alterations. Fujita M, Charney DS, Innis RB. Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine and VA Connecticut, West Haven, Connecticut, USA. The recent development of WAY-100635 for serotonin (5-HT)(1A) and setoperone and altanserin for 5-HT(2A) positron emission tomography receptor imaging has allowed studies of 5-HT neurotransmission in depressive disorders. The hippocampus is likely to be an important brain structure in the pathophysiology of depression because it may mediate both cognitive deficits and hypercortisolemia found in this disorder. Decreased 5-HT(1A) binding was reported in the medial temporal cortex, which receives dense 5-HT innervation, and also throughout neocortical regions. Because the 5-HT(1A) antagonist pindolol may hasten antidepressant effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medications, its receptor occupancy has been measured in both presynaptic and postsynaptic sites. The results are controversial but suggest that pindolol has preferential occupancy of somatodendritic autoreceptors in the raphe. The results of 5-HT(2A) receptors are mixed, with one showing a significant decrease in the right orbitoinsular cortex and three not detecting a significant change. The disparate findings in patients with depression almost certainly reflect the heterogeneity of the disorder, and we highlight the utility of the hippocampus as a useful target region not only to compare depressed subjects with healthy subjects but also to correlate findings with cognitive function and activity of the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary axis system. Publication Types: Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. PMID: 11063976 11063976 2000 48 8 801-812 2000 48 8 801-12 5 ] Biol Psychiatry. 164 Alternative medicine {{cite journal |author=Joyce CR |title=Placebo and complementary medicine |journal=] |year=1994 |volume=344|issue=8932 |pages=1279?1281 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90757-9}} 1: Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2007 Aug;19(8):630-7. A meta-analysis of the placebo response in complementary and alternative medicine trials of irritable bowel syndrome. Dorn SD, Kaptchuk TJ, Park JB, Nguyen LT, Canenguez K, Nam BH, Woods KB, Conboy LA, Stason WB, Lembo AJ. Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Among patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) enrolled in clinical trials of conventional medical therapy, the placebo response rate is high. IBS patients also frequently use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), which may act through an 'enhanced placebo effect'. The purpose of this study was to estimate the magnitude of the placebo response rate in CAM trials for IBS and to identify factors that influence this response. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials of CAM therapies for IBS identified from MEDLINE/EMBASE/PsychLIT databases from 1970 to 2006. Placebo and active treatment response rates for global symptom improvement were assessed. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled estimate of the placebo response rate was 42.6% (95% confidence interval, 38.0-46.5%). Significant heterogeneity existed across trials (range 15.0-72.2%, P < 0.00001). Higher placebo response rates correlated with a longer duration of treatment (r = 0.455, P = 0.05) and a greater number of office visits (r = 0.633, P = 0.03). Among IBS patients in CAM trials, the placebo response rate is high. That this rate is similar in magnitude to that seen in conventional medicine trials suggests that the placebo response is independent of the type of therapy used and that it is not particularly 'enhanced' in CAM trials. Publication Types: Meta-Analysis Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural PMID: 17640177 17640177 1994 344 8932 1279-1281 2007 19 8 630-7 0 ] Neurogastroenterol Motil. 165 Alternative medicine {{cite journal|author=] |title=Complementary medicine: Common misconceptions |journal=] |year=1995 |volume=88 |issue=5 |pages=244?247}} 1: J R Soc Med. 1995 May;88(5):244-7. Complementary medicine: common misconceptions. Ernst E. Complementary medicine (CM), defined as health care which lies for the most part outside the mainstream of conventional medicine, is gaining popularity in Britain and elsewhere. In the UK the most prevalent therapies are manipulation (used by 36% of the population), herbalism (24%) homoeopathy (16%) and acupuncture (16%). Due to the heterogeneity of CM, it is often problematic to generalize. The debate about the usefulness of CM is often regrettably emotional, and thus unproductive. In the pursuit of a more fruitful way ahead, the following highlights some of the main arguments from both 'sides' and tries to disguise them as misconceptions. Publication Types: Editorial Review PMID: 7636814 7636814 1995 88 5 244-247 1995 88 5 244-7 5 ] J R Soc Med. 166 Altruism {{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.7466396 |author=R Axelrod and WD Hamilton |title=The evolution of cooperation |journal = ] |volume = 211 |issue = 4489 |month = March |year=1981 |pages=1390?1396 }} 1: Science. 1981 Mar 27;211(4489):1390-6. The evolution of cooperation. Axelrod R, Hamilton WD. Cooperation in organisms, whether bacteria or primates, has been a difficulty for evolutionary theory since Darwin. On the assumption that interactions between pairs of individuals occur on a probabilistic basis, a model is developed based on the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy in the context of the Prisoner's Dilemma game. Deductions from the model, and the results of a computer tournament show how cooperation based on reciprocity can get started in an asocial world, can thrive while interacting with a wide range of other strategies, and can resist invasion once fully established. Potential applications include specific aspects of territoriality, mating, and disease. PMID: 7466396 7466396 1981 211 4489 1390-1396 1981 211 4489 1390-6 5 [[Science (journal) Science. 167 Aluminium carbide {{cite journal|author = Urena, S. Gomez De, Gil, Escalera and Baldonedo|title = Scanning and transmission electron microscopy study of the microstructural changes occurring in aluminium matrix composites reinforced with SiC particles during casting and welding: interface reactions|year = 1999|journal = ]|volume = 196|issue = 2|pages = 124?136|doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2818.1999.00610.x}} 1: J Microsc. 1999 Nov;196(# (Pt 2)):124-36. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy study of the microstructural changes occurring in aluminium matrix composites reinforced with SiC particles during casting and welding: interface reactions Urena A, Gomez De Salazar JM, Gil L, Escalera MD, Baldonedo JL. Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingenieria Metalurgica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Processing of aluminium matrix composites (AMCs), especially those constituted by a reactive system such as Al-SiC, presents great difficulties which limit their potential applications. The interface reactivity between SiC and molten Al generates an aluminium carbide which degrades the composite properties. Scanning and transmission electron microscopes equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopes are essential tools for determining the structure and chemistry of the Al-SiC interfaces in AMCs and changes occurring during casting and arc welding. In the present work, an aluminium-copper alloy (AA2014) reinforced with three different percentages of SiC particles was subjected to controlled remelting tests, at temperatures in the range 750-900 degrees C for 10 and 30 min. Arc welding tests using a tungsten intert gas with power inputs in the range 850-2000 W were also carried out. The results of these studies showed that during remelting there is preferential SiC particle consumption with formation of Al4C3 by interface reaction between the solid SiC particle and the molten aluminium matrix. The formation of Al4C3 by the same mechanism has also been detected in molten pools of arc welded composites. However, in this case there was formation of an almost continuous layer of Al4C3, which protects the particle against further consumption, and formation of aciculate aluminium carbide on the top weld. Both are formed by fusion and dissolution of the SiC in molten aluminium followed by reaction and precipitatio 10540265 1999 196 2 124-136 1999 5 ] J Microsc. 168 Aluminium hydroxide {{cite journal | author=Petrik MS, Wong MC, Tabata RC, Garry RF, Shaw CA. | title=Aluminum adjuvant linked to Gulf War illness induces motor neuron death in mice. | journal=Neuromolecular Med. | year=2007 | issue=9 | pages=83?100 |pmid= |doi= 10.1385/NMM:9:1:83|url= | volume=9 }} 1: Neuromolecular Med. 2007;9(1):83-100. Aluminum adjuvant linked to Gulf War illness induces motor neuron death in mice. Petrik MS, Wong MC, Tabata RC, Garry RF, Shaw CA. Department of Ophthalmology and Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. mspetrik 17114826 2007 9 9 83-100 2007 9 1 83-100 5 Neuromolecular Med. Neuromolecular Med. 169 Aluminium nitride {{cite journal|author=Y. Taniyasu ''et al.''|title=An aluminium nitride light-emitting diode with a wavelength of 210 nanometres|journal=Nature|volume=441|year=2006|page=325|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/24926|doi=10.1038/nature04760}} 1: Nature. 2006 May 18;441(7091):325-8. An aluminium nitride light-emitting diode with a wavelength of 210 nanometres. Taniyasu Y, Kasu M, Makimoto T. NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya, Atsugi, 243-0198, Japan. taniyasu 16710416 2006 441 325 2006 441 7091 325-8 5 Nature Nature. 170 Alvinella pompejana {{Cite journal |first=J. J. |last=Grzymski |last2=''et al.'' |year=2008 |title=Metagenome analysis of an extreme microbial symbiosis reveals eurythermal adaptation and metabolic flexibility |journal=] |volume=105 |issue=45 |pages=17516?17521 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0802782105 }} 1: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Nov 11;105(45):17516-21. Epub 2008 Nov 5. Metagenome analysis of an extreme microbial symbiosis reveals eurythermal adaptation and metabolic flexibility. Grzymski JJ, Murray AE, Campbell BJ, Kaplarevic M, Gao GR, Lee C, Daniel R, Ghadiri A, Feldman RA, Cary SC. Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA. Hydrothermal vent ecosystems support diverse life forms, many of which rely on symbiotic associations to perform functions integral to survival in these extreme physicochemical environments. Epsilonproteobacteria, found free-living and in intimate associations with vent invertebrates, are the predominant vent-associated microorganisms. The vent-associated polychaete worm, Alvinella pompejana, is host to a visibly dense fleece of episymbionts on its dorsal surface. The episymbionts are a multispecies consortium of Epsilonproteobacteria present as a biofilm. We unraveled details of these enigmatic, uncultivated episymbionts using environmental genome sequencing. They harbor wide-ranging adaptive traits that include high levels of strain variability analogous to Epsilonproteobacteria pathogens such as Helicobacter pylori, metabolic diversity of free-living bacteria, and numerous orthologs of proteins that we hypothesize are each optimally adapted to specific temperature ranges within the 10-65 degrees C fluctuations characteristic of the A. pompejana habitat. This strategic combination enables the consortium to thrive under diverse thermal and chemical regimes. The episymbionts are metabolically tuned for growth in hydrothermal vent ecosystems with genes encoding the complete rTCA cycle, sulfur oxidation, and denitrification; in addition, the episymbiont metagenome also encodes capacity for heterotrophic and aerobic metabolisms. Analysis of the environmental genome suggests that A. pompejana may benefit from the episymbionts serving as a stable source of food and vitami 18987310 2008 105 45 2008 105 45 17516-21 5 [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 171 Amanita bisporigera {{cite journal |doi=10.1002/jps.2600550612 |author=Tyler VE, Benedict RG, Brady LR, Robbers JE. |year=1966 |title=Occurrence of amanita toxins in American collections of deadly amanitas |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=590?93}} 1: J Pharm Sci. 1966 Jun;55(6):590-3. Occurrence of Amanita toxins in American collections of deadly amanitas. Tyler VE Jr, Benedict RG, Brady LR, Robbers JE. PMID: 5951044 5951044 1966 55 6 590-93 1966 55 6 590-3 5 Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences J Pharm Sci. 172 Amanita brunnescens {{cite journal |author=Litten W. |year=1975 |title=The most poisonous mushrooms |journal=] |volume=232 |issue=3 |pages=90?101 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0375-90}} 1: Sci Am. 1975 Mar;232(3):90-101. The most poisonous mushrooms. Litten W. PMID: 1114308 1114308 1975 232 3 90-101 1975 232 3 90-101 5 ] Sci Am. 173 Amaurosis fugax {{cite journal |author=Fisher M |title=Transient monocular blindness associated with hemiplegia |journal=Arch Ophthalmol. |volume=47 |pages=167?203 |year=1952 }} 1: AMA Arch Ophthalmol. 1952 Feb;47(2):167-203. Transient monocular blindness associated with hemiplegia. FISHER M. PMID: 14894017 14894017 1952 47 167-203 1952 47 2 167-203 5 Arch Ophthalmol. AMA Arch Ophthalmol. 174 Amaurosis fugax {{cite journal |author=Mattsson, Lundberg |title=Characteristics and prevalence of transient visual disturbances indicative of migraine visual aura |journal=Cephalalgia |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=447 |year=1999 |month=June }} 1: Cephalalgia. 1999 Jun;19(5):479-84. Characteristics and prevalence of transient visual disturbances indicative of migraine visual aura. Mattsson P, Lundberg PO. Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. Peter.Mattsson 10403062 1999 19 5 447 1999 19 5 479-84 5 Cephalalgia Cephalalgia. 175 Amblyopia {{Cite journal|author=Zhou, Y,et. al.|title=Perceptual Learning Improves Contrast Sensitivity and Visual Acuity in Adults with Anisometropic Amblyopia|journal=Vision Research|year=2005}} 1: Vision Res. 2006 Mar;46(5):739-50. Epub 2005 Sep 8. Perceptual learning improves contrast sensitivity and visual acuity in adults with anisometropic amblyopia. Zhou Y, Huang C, Xu P, Tao L, Qiu Z, Li X, Lu ZL. Vision Research Lab, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui. zhouy 16153674 2005 2006 46 5 739-50 5 Vision Research Vision Res. 176 Amenorrhoea {{cite journal | last = Master-Hunter | first = Tarannum | title = Amenorrhea: Evaluation and Treatment | journal = American Family Physician | date = 2006-04-15 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/20060415/1374.html | accessdate=2009-04-27}} 1: Am Fam Physician. 2006 Apr 15;73(8):1374-82. Amenorrhea: evaluation and treatment. Master-Hunter T, Heiman DL. Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA. tarannum 16669559 2006 2006 73 8 1374-82 5 American Family Physician Am Fam Physician. 177 American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine {{Cite journal | issn = 00368075 | volume = 296 | issue = 5568 | pages = 656 | last = Grey | first = Aubrey D. N. J. de | coauthors = Leonid Gavrilov, S. Jay Olshansky, L. Stephen Coles, Richard G. Cutler, Michael Fossel, S. Mitchell Harman | title = Antiaging Technology and Pseudoscience | journal = Science | series = New Series | accessdate = 2009-09-03 | date = 2002-04-26 | url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/3076556 | doi = 10.1126/science.296.5568.656a }} 1: Science. 2002 Apr 26;296(5568):656. Antiaging technology and pseudoscience. de Grey AD, Gavrilov L, Olshansky SJ, Coles LS, Cutler RG, Fossel M, Harman SM. Publication Types: Comment Letter PMID: 11985356 11985356 2002 296 5568 656 2002 296 5568 656 5 Science Science. 178 American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine {{Cite journal | issn = 0891-1150 | volume = 73 | issue = 12 | pages = 1039?1040, 1044 | last = Perls | first = Thomas T | title = Hope drives antiaging hype | journal = Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine | accessdate = 2009-09-06 | date = 2006-12 | url = http://www.ccjm.org/content/73/12/1039.long | doi = 10.3949/ccjm.73.12.1039 }} 1: Cleve Clin J Med. 2006 Dec;73(12):1039-40, 1044. Hope drives antiaging hype. Perls TT. Publication Types: Comment Editorial Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Review PMID: 17190307 17190307 73 12 2006 73 12 1039-40 5 Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Cleve Clin J Med. 179 American ethnicity {{Cite journal |author=Reynolds Farley |title=The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us? |journal=Demography |volume=28 |issue=3 |month=August |year=1991 |pages=414, 421 |ref=harv |url=http://www.popline.org/docs/0926/061272.html |postscript=. |format={{dead link|date=April 2010}} }} 1: Demography. 1991 Aug;28(3):411-29. The new census question about ancestry: what did it tell us? Farley R. Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48104-2590. In addition to specific inquiries about race and Spanish origin, the censuses of 1980 and 1990 included an open-ended question about ancestry, which replaced the question about parents' place of birth that had been used since 1870. This paper examines findings from the new ancestry question from the perspective of measuring ethnicity. The question adds little information about Hispanics, racial minorities, or recent immigrants, who can be identified readily on the basis of other census inquiries. The ancestry question allows us to characterize the descendants of European immigrants, but because of ethnic intermarriage, the numerous generations that separate present respondents from their forebears, and the apparent unimportance of ancestry to many whites of European origin, responses appear quite inconsistent. In regard to these groups, we may now be in an era of optional ethnicity, in which no simple census question will distinguish those who identify strongly with a specific European group from those who report symbolic or imagined ethnicity. PMID: 1936376 1936376 1991 28 3 414-421 1991 28 3 411-29 5 Demography Demography. 180 Aminoacylase {{cite journal | author = Park RW and Fox, SW | date = 1960 | title = An acylase system related to the utilization of benzoylamino acids by Lactobacillus arabinosus | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 235 | pages = 3193–3197 }} 1: J Biol Chem. 1960 Nov;235:3193-7. An acylase system related to the utilization of benzoylamino acids by Lactobacillus arabinosus. PARK RW, FOX SW. PMID: 13732833 13732833 1960 235 3193-3197 1960 235 3193-7 5 J. Biol. Chem. J Biol Chem. 181 Aminoglycoside {{cite journal |author=Dietz, HC |title=New therapeutic approaches to Mendelian disorders |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=363 |issue=9 |pages=852863 |year=2010 |month=August |pmid= |doi= |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra0907180}} 1: N Engl J Med. 2010 Aug 26;363(9):852-63. New therapeutic approaches to mendelian disorders. Dietz HC. McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. hdietz 20818846 2010 363 9 852863 2010 363 9 852-63 5 N. Engl. J. Med. N Engl J Med. 182 Aminoimidazolase {{cite journal | author = Rabinowitz JC and Pricer WE | date = 1956 | title = Purine fermentation by Clostridium cylindrosporum. V Formiminoglycine | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 222 | pages = 537–554 }} 1: J Biol Chem. 1956 Oct;222(2):537-54. Purine fermentation by Clostridium cylindrosporum. V. Formiminoglycine. PRICER WE Jr, RABINOWITZ JC. PMID: 13367024 13367024 1956 222 537-554 1956 222 2 537-54 5 J. Biol. Chem. J Biol Chem. 183 Aminolevulinate transaminase {{cite journal | author = Gibson KD, Matthew M and Neuberger A | date = 1961 | title = Biosynthesis of porphyrins and chlorophylls | journal = Nature | volume = 192 | pages = 204–208 | doi = 10.1038/192204a0 }} 1: Nature. 1961 Oct 21;192:204-8. Biosynthesis of porphyrins and chlorophylls. GIBSON KD, MATTHEW M, NEUBERGER A, TAIT GH. PMID: 13898421 13898421 1961 192 204-208 1961 192 204-8 5 Nature Nature. 184 Amir H. Hoveyda {{cite journal | last = Hoveyda | first = Amir H. | coauthors = ] | title = Catalytic Asymmetric Olefin Metathesis | journal = ] | volume = 7 | issue = 5 | pages = 945?950 | date = 2001-02-23}} 1: Chemistry. 2001 Mar 2;7(5):945-50. Catalytic asymmetric olefin metathesis. Hoveyda AH, Schrock RR. Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA. amir.hoveyda 11303874 2001 7 5 945-950 2001 7 5 945-50 5 ] Chemistry. 185 Amiskwia {{cite journal | author = Budd, G.E. | coauthors = Jensen, S. | year = 2000 | title = A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla | journal = Biological Reviews | volume = 75 | issue = 02 | pages = 253?295 | doi = 10.1017/S000632310000548X}} 1: Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2000 May;75(2):253-95. A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla. Budd GE, Jensen S. Department of Earth Sciences (Historical Geology & Palaeontology), University of Uppsala, Sweden. Graham.Budd 10881389 2000 75 2 253-295 2000 75 2 253-95 5 Biological Reviews Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 186 Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate {{cite journal | author = Nickel, W | title = The Mystery of nonclassical protein secretion, a current view on cargo proteins and potential export routes | journal = ] | year = 2003 | volume = 270 | pages = 2109?2119 | doi = 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03577.x}} 1: Eur J Biochem. 2003 May;270(10):2109-19. The mystery of nonclassical protein secretion. A current view on cargo proteins and potential export routes. Nickel W. Biochemie-Zentrum Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Germany. walter.nickel 12752430 2003 270 2109-2119 2003 270 10 2109-19 5 ] Eur J Biochem. 187 Amnesic shellfish poisoning {{cite journal |author=Quilliam M.A., Wright J.L.C. |title=The amnesic shellfish poisoning mystery |journal=Anal. Chem. |volume=61 |issue=18 |pages=1053A?60A |year=1989 |doi=10.1021/ac00193a002 |url=http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac00193a002}} 1: Anal Chem. 1989 Sep 15;61(18):1053A-106A. The amnesic shellfish poisoning mystery. Quilliam MA, Wright JL. PMID: 2802153 2802153 1989 61 18 1989 61 18 1053 5 Anal. Chem. Anal Chem. 188 Amobarbital {{cite journal | author=Miller LG, Deutsch SI, Greenblatt DJ, Paul SM, Shader RI | title=Acute barbiturate administration increases benzodiazepine receptor binding in vivo | journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl) | volume=96 | issue=3 | year=1988 | pages=385?90 | doi=10.1007/BF00216067}} 1: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1988;96(3):385-90. Acute barbiturate administration increases benzodiazepine receptor binding in vivo. Miller LG, Deutsch SI, Greenblatt DJ, Paul SM, Shader RI. Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111. Barbiturates have been reported to augment benzodiazepine receptor affinity in vitro, but their effects in vivo are uncertain. We determined benzodiazepine receptor binding in vivo by specific uptake of Ro15-1788 after barbiturate administration. Pentobarbital (30 mg/kg) increased receptor binding in cerebral cortex and cerebellum at 30 min after injection, with a peak effect occurring at 1 h after dosage, and a return to control levels at 2 h. Specific binding was increased at 1 h after pentobarbital administration in a dose-dependent fashion (7.5-90 mg/kg). Pentobarbital at doses up to 30 mg/kg failed to alter nonspecific binding, but at doses of 60 mg/kg increases in nonspecific binding were observed. The increases in specific binding observed after barbiturate administration were most likely due to a change in apparent receptor affinity, as determined by administration of varying doses of clonazepam to pentobarbital-treated (30 mg/kg) animals. The order of potency of a series of barbiturates in augmenting benzodiazepine receptor binding in cerebral cortex and cerebellum in vivo was: secobarbital greater than pentobarbital greater than amobarbital greater than phenobarbital greater than barbital. The same relative rank order of potency exists for the anesthetic/hypnotic activity of these barbiturates. These data suggest that barbiturates increase the apparent affinity of benzodiazepine receptors in vivo; unlike their in vitro actions, these alterations can be detected with a receptor antagonist. Publication Types: Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. PMID: 2906155 2906155 1988 96 3 385-90 1988 96 3 385-90 5 Psychopharmacology (Berl) Psychopharmacology (Berl). 189 Amoebozoa {{cite journal | author = David J. Patterson | title = The Diversity of Eukaryotes | journal = American Naturalist | year = 1999 | volume = 145 | pages = S96?S124}} 1: Am Nat. 1999 Oct;154(S4):S96-S124. The Diversity of Eukaryotes. Patterson DJ. The discipline of evolutionary protistology has emerged in the past 30 yr. There is as yet no agreed view of how protists are interrelated or how they should be classified. The foundations of a stable taxonomic superstructure for the protists and other eukaryotes lie in cataloging the diversity of the major monophyletic lineages of these organisms. The use of common patterns of cell organization (ultrastructural identity) seems to provide us with the most robust hypotheses of such lineages. These lineages are placed in 71 groups without identifiable sister taxa. These groups are here referred to as "major building blocks." For the first time, the compositions, ultrastructural identities, synapomorphies (where available), and subgroups of the major building blocks are summarized. More than 200 further lineages without clear identities are listed. This catalog includes all known major elements of the comprehensive evolutionary tree of protists and eukaryotes. Different approaches among protistologists to issues of nomenclature, ranking, and definitions of these groups are discussed, with particular reference to two groups-the stramenopiles and the Archezoa. The concept of "extended in-group" is introduced to refer to in-groups and the most proximate sister group and to assist in identifying the hierarchical location of taxa. PMID: 10527921 10527921 1999 145 5 American Naturalist Am Nat. 190 Amorphous ice {{cite journal|author=O.Mishima|journal= Nature|volume=384|pages=546?549|year=1996|doi=10.1038/384546a0|title=Relationship between melting and amorphization of ice}} 1: J Chem Phys. 2004 Aug 15;121(7):3161-4. The glass-to-liquid transition of the emulsified high-density amorphous ice made by pressure-induced amorphization. Mishima O. Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan. Emulsified high-density amorphous ice, made by pressure-induced amorphization of emulsified ice Ih, was decompressed at about 160 K. The onset of an endothermic event was observed around 0.4 GPa during the decompression. This is consistent with existence of the glass transition to a liquid state, implying the close relationship between melting and amorphization. (c) 2004 American Institute of Physics. PMID: 15291626 15291626 1996 384 546-549 2004 121 7 3161-4 0 Nature J Chem Phys. 191 Amorphous ice {{cite journal|doi= 10.1086/178220|title= Crystallization of amorphous water ice in the solar system|author=Jenniskens P., Blake D. F. |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=473|page=1104|year= 1996}} 1: Astrophys J. 1996 Dec 20;473(2 Pt 1):1104-13. Crystallization of amorphous water ice in the solar system. Jenniskens P, Blake DF. NASA/Ames Research Center, Space Science Microscopy Laboratory, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. Electron diffraction studies of vapor-deposited water ice have characterized the dynamical structural changes during crystallization that affect volatile retention in cometary materials. Crystallization is found to occur by nucleation of small domains, while leaving a significant part of the amorphous material in a slightly more relaxed amorphous state that coexists metastably with cubic crystalline ice. The onset of the amorphous relaxation is prior to crystallization and coincides with the glass transition. Above the glass transition temperature, the crystallization kinetics are consistent with the amorphous solid becoming a "strong" viscous liquid. The amorphous component can effectively retain volatiles during crystallization if the volatile concentration is approximately 10% or less. For higher initial impurity concentrations, a significant amount of impurities is released during crystallization, probably because the impurities are trapped on the surfaces of micropores. A model for crystallization over long timescales is described that can be applied to a wide range of impure water ices under typical astrophysical conditions if the fragility factor D, which describes the viscosity behavior, can be estimated. Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. PMID: 11539415 11539415 1996 473 1104 5 Astrophysical Journal Astrophys J. 192 Amorphous ice {{cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.11539186|title= Structural transitions in amorphous water ice and astrophysical implications|author=Jenniskens P., Blake D. F. |journal=Science |volume=265|page=753|year=1994}} 1: Science. 1994 Aug 5;265:753-6. Structural transitions in amorphous water ice and astrophysical implications. Jenniskens P, Blake DF. NASA/Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. Selected area electron diffraction is used to monitor structural changes of vapor-deposited water ice in vacuum during warm-up from 15 to 188 K. A progression of three amorphous forms of water ice is found with well-defined transitions. The formation of a high-density amorphous form (Iah) at 15 K is confirmed, and the transition to the more familiar low-density form (Ial) occurs gradually over the range 38 to 68 K. At 131 K, the ice transforms into a third amorphous form (Iar), which precedes the crystallization of cubic ice (Ic) and coexists metastably with Ic from 148 K until at least 188 K. These structural transformations of amorphous water ice can be used to explain hitherto anomalous properties of astrophysical ices. The structural transition from Iah to Ial is responsible for the diffusion and recombination of radicals in ultraviolet-photolyzed interstellar ices at low temperatures. The occurrence and persistence of Iar explains anomalous gas retention and gas release from water-rich ices at temperatures above 150 K. Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. PMID: 11539186 11539186 1994 265 753 1994 265 753-6 5 Science Science. 193 Ampelocissus abyssinica {{ cite journal |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=4 |issue=10 |year=2008 |title=An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Mana Angetu District, southeastern Ethiopia |author=Lulekal, E.; E. Kelbessa; T. Bekele; H. Yineger |url=http://www.metafro.be/prelude/view_reference?ri=VL%2015 |work=Prelude Medicinal Plants Database |publisher=Metafro-Infosys}} 1: J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2008 Apr 28;4:10. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Mana Angetu district, southeastern Ethiopia. Lulekal E, Kelbessa E, Bekele T, Yineger H. Department of Biology, Debre Berhan University, P,O, Box 445, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. ermias_lulekal 18442379 2008 4 10 2008 4 10 5 Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 194 Amphetamine {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF00697020 | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 281?287 | last = Margaria | first = R | title = The effect of some drugs on the maximal capacity of athletic performance in man | journal = European Journal of Applied Physiology | date= 1964-07-01 | last2 = Aghemo | first2 = P. | last3 = Rovelli | first3 = E. }} 1: Int Z Angew Physiol. 1964 Jun 5;20:281-7. THE EFFECT OF SOME DRUGS ON THE MAXIMAL CAPACITY OF ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE IN MAN. MARGARIA R, AGHEMO P, ROVELLI E. PMID: 14252788 14252788 1964 20 4 281-287 1964 20 281-7 5 European Journal of Applied Physiology Int Z Angew Physiol. 195 Amphibolurus muricatus {{cite journal |author=Richard Shine & Daniel A. Warner |title=The adaptive significance of temperature-dependent sex determination in a reptile |journal=] |volume=451 |year=2008 |pages=566?568 |doi=10.1038/nature06519}} 1: Nature. 2008 Jan 31;451(7178):566-8. Epub 2008 Jan 20. The adaptive significance of temperature-dependent sex determination in a reptile. Warner DA, Shine R. School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia. dwarner 18204437 2008 451 566-568 2008 451 7178 566-8 5 [[Nature (journal) Nature. 196 Amphibolurus muricatus {{cite journal |author=Richard Shine, Daniel A. Warner & Rajkumar Radder |title=Windows of embryonic sexual lability in two lizard species with environmental sex determination |journal=] |volume=88 |issue=7 |year=2007 |pages=1781?1788 |doi=10.1890/06-2024.1 }} 1: Ecology. 2007 Jul;88(7):1781-8. Windows of embryonic sexual lability in two lizard species with environmental sex determination. Shine R, Warner DA, Radder R. School of Biological Sciences A08, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. rics 17645024 2007 88 7 1781-1788 2007 88 7 1781-8 5 [[Ecology (journal) Ecology. 197 Amygdala {{cite journal| author =Bucher, K., Myersn, R., Southwick, C.| year =1970| title = Anterior temporal cortex and maternal behaviour in monkey.| journal =Neurology | volume =20 | pages =415}} 1: Neurology. 1970 Apr;20(4):415. Anterior temporal cortex and maternal behavior in monkey. Bucher K, Myers RE, Southwick C. PMID: 4998075 4998075 1970 20 415 1970 20 4 415 5 Neurology Neurology. 198 Amygdala {{cite journal| author =Kluver, H. & Bucy, P.| year =1939| title = Preliminary analysis of function of the temporal lobe in monkeys.| journal =Archives of Neurology | volume =42 | pages =979?1000}} 1: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997 Fall;9(4):606-20. Preliminary analysis of functions of the temporal lobes in monkeys. 1939. Kluver H, Bucy PC. Publication Types: Biography Classical Article Historical Article Personal Name as Subject: Kluver H Bucy PC PMID: 9447506 9447506 1939 42 979-1000 1997 9 4 606-20 0 Archives of Neurology J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 199 Animal language {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0149-7634(85)90013-2 | last1 = Herman | first1 = L. M. | last2 = Forestell | first2 = P. H. | year = 1985 | title = Reporting presence or absence of named objects by a language-trained dolphin | url = | journal = Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 667?691 }} 1: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1985 Winter;9(4):667-81. Reporting presence or absence of named objects by a language-trained dolphin. Herman LM, Forestell PH. Referential "reporting" was defined as the transmission of information about the presence or absence of symbolically-referenced real-world objects. In Experiment 1 two bottlenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), trained in earlier studies to carry out instructions conveyed by imperative sentences expressed in artificial gestural or acoustic languages, each gave spontaneous indications that an object referenced in an imperative was absent from their tank. In Experiment 2 the dolphin tutored in the gestural language was taught to make explicit reports of object absence by pressing a "No" paddle in response to imperatives referencing an absent object. Absence was reported correctly on 84% of 97 missing-object probes inserted at random intervals among 598 sentences referring to objects that were present. Reports were typically made after active search of the tank for an average of 15.0 sec. False reports, that objects present were absent, were few (7.5%). In Experiment 3, the dolphin was taught an interrogative sentence form that enabled us to ask direct questions about the presence or absence of specific objects. Responses by the dolphin on the No paddle indicated absence, while responses on a "Yes" paddle indicated presence. From one to three objects were shown the dolphin and then placed in the tank in a discrete-trial procedure. In response to the interrogative, reports or object presence or absence were better than 91% correct with a single object in the tank and either that object or some other object referenced; accuracy declined to 72-78% correct with three objects present, but was still well above chance. Several lines of evidence suggested that the dolphin was attempting to remember which objects it had been shown, rather than conducting an active environmental search as in Experi 4080284 1985 9 667-691 1985 9 4 667-81 5 Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 200 Animal sexual behaviour {{cite journal |title= Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Affects Precopulatory Behavior in Testosterone-Treated Geldings |journal= Physiology & Behavior |volume = 45 |year= 1989 |url= http://research.vet.upenn.edu/Portals/49/89gonadU.pdf |first1= S. M. |last1= McDonnell |first2= N. K. |last2= Diehl |first3= M. C. |last3= Garcia |first4= R. M. |last4= Kenney |pages=145?148 |doi= 10.1016/0031-9384(89)90177-7 }} 1: Physiol Behav. 1989 Jan;45(1):145-9. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) affects precopulatory behavior in testosterone-treated geldings. McDonnell SM, Diehl NK, Garcia MC, Kenney RM. Hofmann Research Center for Reproductive Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA 19348. Twelve pony geldings with (n = 6) and without (n = 6) testosterone replacement (200 micrograms/kg testosterone propionate in oil, SC every 48 hours) received either gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH; 25 micrograms SC every 3 hours) or control treatment. Sexual behavior was recorded during 4-minute exposure to an estrous mare, 3 times weekly for 2 weeks before treatment, 3 weeks during treatment, and 3 weeks after treatment had been discontinued. The group receiving testosterone and GnRH (n = 3) exhibited significantly greater flehmen response frequency and attention duration and significantly lower vocalization frequency and erection duration than the group receiving only testosterone (n = 3). GnRH had no apparent effect on sexual behavior in geldings without testosterone replacement (n = 3). These results support an hypothesis of testosterone-dependent, CNS-mediated effects of GnRH on precopulatory behavior in the stallion. Publication Types: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't PMID: 2657816 2657816 1989 45 145-148 1989 45 1 145-9 5 Physiology & Behavior Physiol Behav.