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Chronology of India

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Chronology of India
James Mill (1773–1836), in his The History of British India (1817), distinguished three phases in the history of India, namely Hindu, Muslim and British civilisations. This periodisation has been influential, but has also been criticised, for the misconceptions it has given rise to. Another influential periodisation is the division into "ancient, classical, mediaeval and modern periods".
World History James Mill ACMM Chronology
Early Complex Societes
(3500-2000 BCE) 		? Ancient India Prevedic religions
Indus Valley Civilization
Ancient Civilisations
(2000-500 BCE) 		Hindu civilisations Early Vedic Period
(c. 1750–1200 BCE)
Middle Vedic Period
(from 1200 BCE)
Late Vedic period
(from 850 BCE)
Classical Civilisations
(500 BCE-500 CE) 		Second urbanisation
Early empires
(c. 600–200 BCE)
Desintegration and regional states
(c. 200 BCE – 300 CE)
Classical India "Golden Age" (Gupta Empire)
(c. 320–650 CE)
Post-classical age
(500-1000 CE) 		Medieval India Regional kingdoms
Beginning of Islamic raids
(c. 650–1100 CE)
Transregional nomadic empires
(1000-1500 CE) 		Muslim civilisations Delhi Sultanate (north India)
(1206–1526 CE)
[[Vijayanagara Empire (south India)
(1336–1646 CE)
Modern age
(1500-present) 		Modern India Mughal empire
(1500–1750)
British civilisations British rule
(c. 1750 CE – 1947)
Maratha Empire
- Independent India
Notes and references for table
Notes

Different periods are designated as "classical Hinduism":

  • Smart calls the period between 1000 BCE and 100 CE "pre-classical". It's the formative period for the Upanishads and Brahmanism (Smart distinguishes "Brahmanism" from the Vedic religion, connecting "Brahmanism" with the Upanishads.), Jainism and Buddhism. For Smart, the "classical period" lasts from 100 to 1000 CE, and coincides with the flowering of "classical Hinduism" and the flowering and deterioration of Mahayana-buddhism in India.
  • For Michaels, the period between 500 BCE and 200 BCE is a time of "Ascetic reformism", whereas the period between 200 BCE and 1100 CE is the time of "classical Hinduism", since there is "a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions".
  • Muesse discerns a longer period of change, namely between 800 BCE and 200 BCE, which he calls the "Classical Period". According to Muesse, some of the fundamental concepts of Hinduism, namely karma, reincarnation and "personal enlightenment and transformation", which did not exist in the Vedic religion, developed in this time.
References
  1. Khanna 2007, p.xvii
  2. Khanna 2007, p.xvii
  3. Misra 2004, p.194
  4. Kulke 2004, p.7
  5. Flood 1996, p.21
  6. Bentley
  7. Khanna 2007, p.xvii
  8. Flood 1996, p.21
  9. Stein
  10. Smart 2003, p.52-53
  11. Michaels 2004
  12. Muesse 2011
  13. Flood 1996, p.21-22
  14. Thapar
  15. Thapar
  16. Thapar
  17. Michaels 2004, p.39
  18. Michaels 2004, p.40
  19. Michaels 2004, p.41
  20. Smart 2003, p. 52, 83-86
  21. Smart 2003, p.52
  22. Michaels 2004, p.36
  23. Michaels 2004, p.38
  24. Muesse 2003, p.14
Sources
  • Bentley, Jerry H. (1996), "Cross-Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World History", The American Historical Review. Vol. 101, No. 3 (Jun., 1996), pp. 749-770
  • Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press
  • Khanna, Meenakshi (2007), Cultural History Of Medieval India, Berghahn Books
  • Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004), A History of India, Routledge
  • Michaels, Axel (2004), Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
  • Misra, Amalendu (2004), Identity and Religion: Foundations of Anti-Islamism in India, SAGE
  • Muesse, Mark William (2003), Great World Religions: Hinduism
  • Muesse, Mark W. (2011), The Hindu Traditions: A Concise Introduction, Fortress Press
  • Smart, Ninian (2003), Godsdiensten van de wereld (The World's religions), Kampen: Uitgeverij Kok
  • Thapar, Romila (1977), A History of India. Volume One, Penguin Books
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