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A rump state is the remnant of a once-larger government. Some states labeled as rump states, or that today would be considered rump states, at one point or another are listed below.
The Eastern Roman Empire from the Slavic, Avar, and Bulgar invasions of the Balkan Peninsula and the Persian invasions of eastern Asia Minor of the AD mid-6th century, particularly after its progressive loss of Italy to the Lombards starting in 565 and during the height of the Sassanid Empire in the early 7th century, when it lost most of its Asiatic lands and Egypt.
Tang Dynasty China during the loss of its northern and western lands to Tibet from c. 750 to 763.
The Kingdom of Asturias after the secession of the Kingdom of Navarre in the mid-9th century until its conquest by Navarre in the early 10th century.
Tibet from the mid-9th century, after it lost the majority of its land area (to the north and west as well as Myanmar) in the aftermath of a civil war.
Danube Bulgaria in the 11th and 12th centuries, and in the 14th century until its Ottoman conquest.
Middle Post-classical History
Denmark after the death of King Harthacanute and the resulting dissolution of the union between itself and England in 1042, until the reign of Valdemar the Great in the mid-12th century.
The Zirid and Hammadid Empires of North Africa from the Bedouin invasion c. 1049 to their liquidation by the Almohad Empire in 1152.
The Southern Song Dynasty of China, founded 1126, after progressive loss of its northern lands to the Jurchen Jin dynasty and other tribes until the Mongol conquest of the following century.
Northern Yuan dynasty as the successor to the Yuan dynasty, after the retreat of the Mongols from China to Mongolia homeland due to the independence of China under the Ming dynasty in 1368.
The Mali Empire from the mid-15th century to its liquidation by the Bambara and Fulbe in 1670.
Paraguay, after losing vital territory to Argentina and Brazil, as well as having lost the majority of its population, in the Paraguayan War in 1870 until winning the Chaco War in 1935.
Somalia from the secession and de facto independence of Somaliland in May 1991, with 22% of its area and 43% of its population. The Somali Federal Government (recognized by the UN) now only retains control over a small area at the centre of the country and a section of the capital. See Somali Civil War.
Russia can be seen as a rump state of the former Soviet Union since its dissolution in 1991 on the grounds that it contained 51% of the population of the USSR and 77% of its territory. In consequence, Russia agreed that it would acquire the Soviet Union's seat as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.
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