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Ukrainian Insurgent Army (Ukrainian Ukrainska Povstanska Armiya, UPA) was a guerilla army formed on October 14, 1942, in Volhynia. The UPA was the military branch of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. The main goal of the UPA was an independent Ukraine.

The UPA strove to remove Poles from the areas it regarded as indigenously Ukrainian. In the opinion of many historians, the goal pursued by the Ukrainian guerrillas was to destroy the Polish ethnic group in these areas, which would be categorized legally as genocide. Some estimates of the death toll have been as high as 100,000.

The UPA fought against all military forces present in the area: Polish Armia Krajowa, German Wehrmacht and Soviet Red Army alike, however at times it signed local alliances with the Germans. After the World War II ended, the partisan units of UPA continued the fight against the Soviet Union until early 1950's, especially in the mountainous regions of the Carpathians.

See also:

• Massacre of Poles in Volhynia
• Wisła Action

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