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News |date=April 21, 2010 |accessdate=October 16, 2010}}</ref> The episode, originally broadcast December 12, 1954, drew international attention and highlights were featured on numerous national media outlets including: CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, and Good Morning America. It was later revealed that some footage from the episode was first featured in the 2005 documentary, James Dean: Forever Young.

Youth culture and music

Numerous commentators have asserted that Dean had a singular influence on the development of rock and roll music. According to David R. Shumway, a researcher in American culture and cultural theory at Carnegie Mellon University, Dean was the first iconic figure of youthful rebellion and "a harbinger of youth-identity politics". The persona Dean projected in his movies, especially Rebel Without a Cause, influenced Elvis Presley and many other musicians who followed, including the American rockers Eddie Cochran and Gene Vincent.

In their book, Live Fast, Die Young: The Wild Ride of Making Rebel Without a Cause, Lawrence Frascella and Al Weisel wrote, "Ironically, though Rebel had no rock music on its soundtrack, the film's sensibility—and especially the defiant attitude and effortless cool of James Dean—would have a great impact on rock. The music media would often see Dean and rock as inextricably linked The industry trade magazine Music Connection even went so far as to call Dean 'the first rock star'."

As rock and roll became a revolutionary force that affected the culture of countries around the world, Dean acquired a mythic status that cemented his place as a rock and roll icon. Dean himself listened to music ranging from African tribal music to the modern classical music of Stravinsky and Bartók, to contemporary singers such as Frank Sinatra. While the magnetism and charisma manifested by Dean onscreen appealed to people of all ages and sexuality, his persona of youthful rebellion provided a template for succeeding generations of youth to model themselves on.

In his book, The Origins of Cool in Postwar America, Joel Dinerstein describes how Dean and Marlon Brando eroticized the rebel archetype in film, and how Elvis Presley, following their lead, did the same in music. Dinerstein details the dynamics of this eroticization and its effect on teenage girls with few sexual outlets. Presley said in a 1956 interview with Lloyd Shearer for Parade Magazine, "I've made a study of Marlon Brando. And I've made a study of poor Jimmy Dean. I've made a study of myself, and I know why girls, at least the young 'uns, go for us. We're sullen, we're broodin', we're something of a menace. I don't understand it exactly, but that's what the girls like in men. I don't know anything about Hollywood, but I know you can't be sexy if you smile. You can't be a rebel if you grin."

Dean and Presley have often been represented in academic literature and journalism as embodying the frustration felt by young white Americans with the values of their parents, and depicted as avatars of the youthful unrest endemic to rock and roll style and attitude. The rock historian Greil Marcus characterized them as symbols of tribal teenage identity which provided an image that young people in the 1950s could relate to and imitate. In the book Lonely Places, Dangerous Ground: Nicholas Ray in American Cinema, Paul Anthony Johnson wrote that Dean's acting in Rebel Without a Cause provided a "performance model for Presley, Buddy Holly, and Bob Dylan, all of whom borrowed elements of Dean's performance in their own carefully constructed star personas". Frascella and Weisel wrote, "As rock music became the defining expression of youth in the 1960s, the influence of Rebel was conveyed to a new generation."

Rock musicians as diverse as Buddy Holly, Bob Dylan, and David Bowie regarded Dean as a formative influence. The playwright and actor Sam Shepard interviewed Dylan in 1986 and wrote a play based on their conversation, in which Dylan discusses the early influence of Dean on him personally. A young Bob Dylan, still in his folk music period, consciously evoked Dean visually on the cover of his 1963 album, The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan, and later on Highway 61 Revisited (1965), cultivating an image that his biographer Bob Spitz called "James Dean with a guitar". Dean has long been invoked in the lyrics of rock songs, famously in songs such as "A Young Man Is Gone" by the Beach Boys (1963), "James Dean" by the Eagles (1974), and "James Dean" by the Goo Goo Dolls (1989).

Sexuality

Today, Dean is often considered an icon because of his perceived experimental take on life, which included his ambivalent sexuality. The Gay Times Readers' Awards cited him as the greatest male gay icon of all time. When questioned about his sexual orientation, Dean is reported to have said, "No, I am not a homosexual. But I'm also not going to go through life with one hand tied behind my back." Bast, Dean's first biographer, once said he and Dean "experimented" sexually, but without explaining, and in a later book describes the difficult circumstances of their involvement.

Journalist Joe Hyams suggests that any gay activity Dean might have been involved in appears to have been strictly "for trade", as a means of advancing his career. However, the "trade only" notion is contradicted by Bast and other Dean biographers. Aside from Bast's account of his own relationship with Dean, Dean's fellow motorcyclist and "Night Watch" member, John Gilmore, claimed that he and Dean "experimented" with gay sex on multiple occasions in New York, describing their sexual encounters as "Bad boys playing bad boys while opening up the bisexual sides of ourselves." James Bellah, the son of James Warner Bellah who was a friend of Dean's at UCLA, said "Dean was a user. I don't think he was homosexual. But if he could get something by performing an act...."

Rebel director Nicholas Ray is on record as saying that Dean was gay, while author John Howlett believes that Dean was "certainly bisexual". George Perry's biography attributes these reported aspects of Dean's sexuality to "experimentation". Martin Landau stated, "A lot of gay guys make him out to be gay. Not true." Mark Rydell stated, "I don't think he was essentially homosexual. I think that he had very big appetites, and I think he exercised them." Elizabeth Taylor, with whom Dean had become friends after they first met on the set of Giant, referred to Dean as gay during a speech at the GLAAD Media Awards in 2001. Biographer Darwin Porter believes that Dean was more likely omnisexual, and that his trysts were often opportunistic and designed to further his career.

Stage

Broadway

• See the Jaguar (1952)
• The Immoralist (1954) – based on the book by André Gide

Off-Broadway

• The Metamorphosis (1952) – based on the short story by Franz Kafka
• The Scarecrow (1954)
• Women of Trachis (1954) – translation by Ezra Pound

Filmography

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "James Dean" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Film

Television

Biographical films

• James Dean also known as James Dean: Portrait of a Friend (1976) with Stephen McHattie as James Dean
• James Dean: The First American Teenager (1976), a television biography that includes interviews with Sal Mineo, Natalie Wood and Nicholas Ray.
• Forever James Dean (1988), Warner Home Video (1995)
• James Dean: The Final Day features interviews with William Bast, Liz Sheridan and Maila Nurmi. Dean's bisexuality is openly discussed. Episode of Naked Hollywood television miniseries produced by The Oxford Film Company in association the BBC, aired in the US on the A&E Network, 1991.
• James Dean: Race with Destiny (1997) directed by Mardi Rustam, starring Casper Van Dien as James Dean.
• James Dean (fictionalized TV biographical film) (2001) with James Franco as James Dean
• James Dean – Outside the Lines (2002), episode of Biography, US television documentary includes interviews with Rod Steiger, William Bast, and Martin Landau (2002).
• Living Famously: James Dean, Australian television biography includes interviews with Martin Landau, Betsy Palmer, William Bast, and Bob Hinkle (2003, 2006).
• James Dean – Kleiner Prinz, Little Bastard aka James Dean – Little Prince, Little Bastard, German television biography, includes interviews with William Bast, Marcus Winslow Jr, Robert Heller (2005)
• Sense Memories (PBS American Masters television biography) (2005)
• James Dean – Mit Vollgas durchs Leben, Austrian television biography includes interviews with Rolf Weutherich and William Bast (2005).
• Two Friendly Ghosts (2012)
• Joshua Tree, 1951: A Portrait of James Dean (2013), with James Preston as James Dean.
• Life (2015). Directed by Anton Corbijn, starring Dane DeHaan as Dean.

References

1. Robert Paul Metzger (January 1, 1989). Reagan: American Icon. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 106. ISBN 0-916279-05-7.
2. Brian Williams (April 22, 2010). "A confession and a plea". Dailynightly.msnbc.msn.com. Archived from the original on November 20, 2011. Retrieved October 16, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
3. Burton W. Peretti (February 1, 1998). Jazz in American Culture. Ivan R. Dee. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-4617-1304-3. One of them, Elvis Presley, brilliantly blended black blues and gospel with the white actor James Dean's movie persona.
4. David R. Shumway (January 19, 2015). "Rock Stars as Icons". The SAGE Handbook of Popular Music. SAGE Publications. p. 304. ISBN 978-1-4739-1099-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
5. ^ Lawrence Frascella; Al Weisel (October 4, 2005). Live Fast, Die Young: The Wild Ride of Making Rebel Without a Cause. Simon and Schuster. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-7432-9118-7.
6. Ralph Brauer (1989). "Iconic Modes: The Beatles". In Timothy E. Scheurer (ed.). American Popular Music: The age of rock. Popular Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-87972-468-9.
7. Yuwu Song (March 26, 2015). "James Dean (1931–1955)". In Gina Misiroglu (ed.). American Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History. Routledge. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-317-47729-7.
8. Nicholas Ray (September 10, 1993). I Was Interrupted: Nicholas Ray on Making Movies. University of California Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-520-91667-8.
9. ^ Peter Winkler; George Stevens (August 1, 2016). Real James Dean: Intimate Memories from Those Who Knew Him Best. Chicago Review Press. p. 365. ISBN 978-1-61373-474-2.
10. Beath (2005) p. 21
11. Robert Tanitch (October 30, 2014). The Unknown James Dean. Pavilion Books. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-84994-249-2.
12. Claudia Springer (May 17, 2013). James Dean Transfigured: The Many Faces of Rebel Iconography. University of Texas Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-292-75288-7.
13. Wayne Robins (March 31, 2016). A Brief History of Rock, Off the Record. Routledge. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-135-92345-7.
14. Michael D. Dwyer (June 10, 2015). Back to the Fifties: Nostalgia, Hollywood Film, and Popular Music of the Seventies and Eighties. Oxford University Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-19-935685-0.
15. Joel Dinerstein (May 17, 2017). The Origins of Cool in Postwar America. University of Chicago Press. pp. 341–342. ISBN 978-0-226-15265-3.
16. Peter Guralnick (December 20, 2012). Last Train to Memphis: The Rise of Elvis Presley. Little, Brown. p. 338. ISBN 978-0-316-20677-8.
17. Doug Owram (June 1997). Born at the Right Time: A History of the Baby-boom Generation. University of Toronto Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-8020-8086-8. The sense of alienation from society and distrust of authority that was inherent in the leather jacket of James Dean or the blue jeans of Elvis Presley was incorporated into the modern sensibility of youth
18. Stephen Glynn (May 7, 2013). "The Primitive Pop Music Film: Coffee Bars, Cosh Boys and Cliff". The British Pop Music Film: The Beatles and Beyond. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-230-39223-6.
19. Wayne Robins (March 31, 2016). A Brief History of Rock, Off the Record. Routledge. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-1-135-92346-4.
20. Jason Gross (October 1, 2012). "1997". In Joe Bonomo (ed.). Conversations with Greil Marcus. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-61703-623-1.
21. Paul Anthony Johnson; Will Scheibel (February 1, 2014). ""You Can't Be a Rebel If You Grin": Masculinity, Performance, and Anxiety in 1950s Rock-and-Roll and the Films of Nicholas Ray". In Steven Rybin, Will Scheibel (ed.). Lonely Places, Dangerous Ground: Nicholas Ray in American Cinema. SUNY Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-4384-4981-4.
22. John Howlett (November 1, 2016). James Dean: Rebel Life. Plexus Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-85965-867-6.
23. Marc Spitz (October 2010). Bowie: A Biography. Crown/Archetype. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-0-307-71699-6.
24. Lee Marshall (April 24, 2013). Bob Dylan: The Never Ending Star. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-7456-3974-1.
25. David Dalton (2001). James Dean: The Mutant King, a Biography. Chicago Review Press. p. 333. ISBN 978-1-55652-398-4.
26. David Dalton (June 1, 2012). Who Is That Man? In Search of the Real Bob Dylan. Omnibus Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-85712-779-2.
27. Bob Spitz (1991). Dylan: A Biography. Norton. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-393-30769-6.
28. "The Beach Boys – A Young Man Is Gone". genius.com. Genius Media Group. Archived from the original on July 13, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
29. Larry Birnbaum (December 14, 2012). Before Elvis: The Prehistory of Rock 'n' Roll. Scarecrow Press. p. 367. ISBN 978-0-8108-8629-2.
30. "Eagles – James Dean". genius.com. Genius Media Group. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
31. Sam Riley (2010). Star Struck: An Encyclopedia of Celebrity Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-313-35813-5.
32. "Goo Goo Dolls – James Dean". genius.com. Genius Media Group. Archived from the original on December 4, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
33. Keith Elliot Greenberg (August 1, 2015). Too Fast to Live, Too Young to Die: James Dean's Final Hours. Applause Theatre & Cinema Books. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-4950-5041-1.
34. ^ Garry Wotherspoon and Robert F. Aldrich, Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: from Antiquity to World War II (Routledge, 2001), p.105.
35. Randall Riese (1991). The Unabridged James Dean: His Life and Legacy from A to Z. McGraw-Hill/Contemporary. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-8092-4061-6.
36. William Bast, James Dean: a Biography, New York: Ballantine Books, 1956.
37. ^ Cite error: The named reference Bast133183232 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
38. Riese, Randall, The Unabridged James Dean: His Life from A to Z, Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1991, pp. 41, 238
39. Alexander, Paul, Boulevard of Broken Dreams: The Life, Times, and Legend of James Dean, New York: Viking, 1994, p. 87
40. Bast 2006, pp. 133, 150, 183
41. Donald Spoto, Rebel: The Life and Legend of James Dean (HarperCollins, 1996), pp. 150–151. See also Val Holley, James Dean: The Biography, pp. 6, 7, 8, 78, 80, 85, 94, 153.
42. John Gilmore (1997). Live Fast, Die Young: Remembering the Short Life of James Dean. Thunder's Mouth Press. pp. 119–120. ISBN 978-1-56025-146-0.
43. "American Legends Interviews..... James Dean at UCLA".
44. See Lawrence Frascella and Al Weisel, Live Fast, Die Young – The Wild Ride of Making Rebel Without a Cause.
45. Cite error: The named reference Boulevard2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
46. George Perry, James Dean, DK Publishing 2005
47. "Martin Landau: From North by Northwest to Frankenweenie".
48. "Friends, Family and Co-Stars Remember Actor James Dean".
49. Elizabeth Taylor at the GLAAD Media Awards, March 25, 2011, retrieved December 17, 2017 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
50. Sheridan, Peter (March 19, 2016). "James Dean: Hollywood rebel who slept his way to the top". Express.co.uk. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
51. "A PORTRAIT OF JAMES DEAN | Written and Directed by Matthew Mishory". JOSHUA TREE, 1951. Retrieved 2012-08-23.

Further reading

External links

• Template:Curlie
• James Dean at IMDb
• James Dean at the TCM Movie Database
• James Dean at the Internet Broadway Database
• James Dean at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
• JamesDean.com
• James Dean Archives Seita Ohnishi Collection,Kobe Japan

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